잎응애 토착천적인 응애혹파리의 대량증식을 위한 기주식물을 선발하기 위하여 기주식물별 점박이응애의 증식수를 조사한 결과 처리후 30일째 강낭콩이 873마리, 미니장미가 536마리, 접시꽃이 1,032마리였다. 응애혹파리의 실내 대량증식용 기주식물로는 증식수가 많고, 잎의 노후화도 늦어지는 접시꽃이 선발되었다. 기주식물별 응애혹파리의 증식수를 시험한 결과 응애혹파리를 10마리 처리한 후 90일째 강낭콩, 미니장미, 접시꽃에서의 증식수는 각각 87.2마리, 미니장미 82.4마리, 접시꽃 187.0마리로 접시꽃에서 증식수가 가장 많았다. 또한 기주식물체별 특징은 강낭콩은 증식수가 적고 자주 식물체를 교체해야 하는 번거로움이 있으나, 소자본 및 협소한 곳에서는 어울리는 기주식물체였다. 미니장미는 잎의 크기가 적고 점박이응애의 밀도가 증가하면 잎이 탈색되어 낙엽이 지는 단점이 있어 응애혹파리의 증식용 기주식물로는 적합하지 않았다. 접시꽃은 잎이 크고 점박이응애의 밀도가 높아져도 잎이 노화되거나 낙엽화가 늦어 응애혹파리의 대량증식에 적절한 기주식물이었다.
Aphids feed on host plants by penetrating the stems or leaves with stylets. The feeding behavior of aphids consists of probing, penetration, salivation, and sap ingestion. To assess the effects of sound on feeding behavior, we monitored the stylet activity of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), using electrical penetration graph (EPG). The use of EPG was critical for determining the stage, frequency, and duration of feeding in aphids. We played back four acoustic stimuli of sine waves with frequencies of 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 Hz to adult aphids. When the sound was treated, the frequencies of probing, penetration, and salivation increased, whereas the duration of sap ingestion decreased. The 100 Hz and 500 Hz was significantly effective to disturb ingestion of phloem sap. The results of EPG revealed that the acoustic stimuli may restrict aphid feeding by disturbing sap ingestion.
A bacterium was isolated from feces of Allomyrina dichotoma larva that feeds on well-rotted sawdust of woods. The isolate was identified as a Gram-positive and spore-forming stain. We named the isolate as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties as well as 16S rRNA gene sequences. The culture of bacteria beneficially increased root and shoot growth of tomato, pepper and cucumber plants compared to the distilled water control. In addition, the bacterial culture strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of several fungal phytopathogens. The drop collapse assay with this culture showed a surfactant activity that is a major indicator for the selection of biocontrol agent. Also, a bacterium has ability of wastewater treatment. These data demonstrate the potential application of B. amyloliquefaciens as a biocontrol agent.
This study treated the list and key to the 8 species of the subfamily Typhlodrominae from Korea including a newly recorded species, T. coryli Wu and Lan, 1991. This subfamily comprises four genera: Kuzinellus Wainstein, Paraseiulus Muma, Galendromus Muma, Typhlodromus Scheuten. Key characters of the genera in Typhlodrominae have been well known as the number and position of the dorsal setae. Therefore, Typhlodrominae was previously referred to one genus, Typhlodromus in Korea. However, the nominal species in the Phytoseiidae has increased in number exponentially more than 2,280 in the world today, so the current classification of the family is taken more genera by other characters, not only dorsal chaetotaxy but also the setation and the nature of the posterior margin of the sternal shield, the shape and setation of the ventrianal shield, setation of legs I-IV and the relative lengths of the setae Z4 and Z5. Thus, Korean Typhlodrominae includes four genera, Kuzinellus Wainstein, Paraseiulus Muma, Galendromus Muma and Typhlodromus Scheuten.
복숭아심식나방(Carposina sasakii)은 한국, 일본 및 중국 동북부 지방에 분포하며 사과, 배, 복숭아 등 수출관련 과수의 중요한 식물검역해충이다. 방사선 처리에 의한 수출과실의 복숭아심식나방 소독을 위하여 살충 및 발달억제에 필요한 방사선 조사량을 분석하였다. 복숭아심식나방 유충이 심식한 사과를 채집하여 0, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300Gy의 감마선을 처리하였다. 감마선 처리한 과실을 실온에 보관하면서 과실로부터 유충의 탈출율, 용화울, 우화율을 측정하였다. 유충의 탈출율은 무처리를 기준으로 했을 때에 각 조사량별로 100Gy(85.8%), 150Gy(55.4%), 200Gy(27.9%), 250Gy(13.2%), 300Gy(5.2%)로 나타났다. 용화율은 100Gy(48.8%), 150Gy(21.4%), 200Gy(7.7%), 250Gy(1.1%), 300Gy(0%)이고 우화율은 100Gy(5.4%), 150Gy(0%), 200Gy(0%), 250Gy(0%), 300Gy(0%)였다. 즉, 감마선 처리에 의한 복숭아심식나방 유충의 살충율은 300Gy조사했을 때에 95%였으며 우화 억제율은 150Gy 조사했을 때에 100%로 나타났다. 또한, 100Gy 조사했을 때에 일부 성충이 우화하였지만(5.4%) 산란율은 0%였다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 복숭아심식나방과 같은 심식류 검역해충의 방제를 위하여 방사선 처리가 효과적으로 활용될 수 있다고 판단된다.
Proteomics may help to detect subtle pollution-related changes, such as responses to mixture pollution at low concentrations, where clear signs of toxicity are absent. Also proteomics provide potential in the discovery of new sensitive biomarkers for environmental pollution. We utilized SELDI-TOF MS (surface enhanced laser desorption. / ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) to analyze the proteomic profile of Heterocypris incongruens exposed to several heavy metals (lead, mercury, copper, cadmium and chromium) and pesticides (emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, cypermethrin, mancozeb and paraquat dichloride). Several highly significant biomarkers were selected to make a model of classification analysis. data sets obtained from H. incongruens exposed to pollutants were investigated for differential protein expression by SELDI-TOF MS and decision tree classification. Decision tree model was developed with training set, and then validated with test set from profiling data of H. incongruens. Machine learning techniques provide a promising approach to process the information from mass spectrometry data. Even thought the identification of protein would be ideal, class discrimination does not need it. In the future, this decision tree model would be validated with various levels of pollutants to apply field samples.
덕적군도는 인천시 옹진군 서남쪽 약 82km 지점에 있는 덕적도를 비롯한 소야도, 문갑도, 선갑도, 선미도, 백아도, 굴업도, 울도 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 대체로 해안선의 굴곡이 심하고 곳곳에 소만입이 발달해 있다. 도서생물 지리학적으로 섬은 육지와 전혀 다른 혹은 독립된 생태적 특징을 가진다. 도서지역에서는 한정된 공간과 먹이자원의 한계가 있는 특성상, 종의 침입에 대한 저항성이 내륙보다 상대적으로 낮기 때문에 안정화 단계의 종 군집이 유지되지 않고, 여러 종들이 불안정한 군집을 이루며, 정착과 소멸을 반복하는 등의 변화가 심한 구조를 갖는 과정에서 종 다양성이 높게 나타나는 경향(Webb and Vermaat, 1990)이 있다.
본 연구는 덕적군도 도서지역의 곤충상을 파악하여 덕적군도 주변 섬들의 곤충상 비교를 통해, 도서지역의 곤충 다양성에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고, 덕적군도의 주요도서인 백아도, 굴업도, 지도 및 선갑도의 곤충상을 판단하여 보다 객관적인 자료를 제시하는데 목적이 있다.
조사는 총 4회에 걸쳐 덕적군도 도서를 대상으로 정량조사 및 정성조사를 병행 실시하였다. 조사결과 덕적군도 내의 4개 도서에서 총 11목 71과 272종이 확인되었다. 조사 기간이 여름에만 한해 있던 것을 감안하면 실제 서식종은 더 많을 것으로 판단된다. 법적 보호종은 굴업도에서 멸종위기야생동물II급에 해당하는 애기뿔소똥구리와 왕은점표범나비 2종이 확인되었으며, 백아도에서 멸종위기 야생동물II급에 해당하는 물장군이 확인되어 총 3종이 확인되었다.
Up to days, approximately 150 species of the subfamily scolytinae have been recorded from Korean peninsula. We have examined the collections of the Museum in Seoul National University, Korea Forest Research Institute, Research Institute of Forest Insects Diversity and National Plant Quarantine Service. And we have collected the bark beetles with Malaise traps and Lindgren funnel traps from 2007 to 2011 in the central part of the Korean peninsula.
As a result of this study, we report 4 species, Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius 1787), Sueus niisimai (Eggers 1926), Scolytogenes expers (Blandford 1894) and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff 1878) to Korean fauna with brief descriptions and illustrations of diagnostic characters.
Histeridae is a family of beetles commonly known as clown beetles and hister beetles and approximately 3,900 species in 11 subfamily have been described to date. In Korea, up to days, 53 species of 22 genera of 6 subfamily of them have been recorded. They can be easily identified by their shortened elytra that leaves two of the seven tergites exposed, and their elbowed antennae with clubbed ends. Most members of hister beetles are predators and found in most kinds of decaying organic matter, such as droppings, decomposing bodies of animals, compost piles and other decaying plant materials. Some species are also used to control livestock pests that infest dung or to control house flies (Ôhara, 1994).
Recently, we have collected several histerid species with Lindgren funner trap for the ecological research on the bark beetles. As a result of this study, we added three newly recorded species, Niponius osorioceps Lewis, 1885, Plegaderus (Plegaderus) marseuli Reitter, 1877 and Trypeticus fagi (Lewis, 1884) to Korean fauna. In this presentation, diagnosis and photographs of characters for each species are presented.
The black-veined white, Aporia crataegi (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), is nearly extinct in South Korea, although substantial numbers of dried specimens are available. One of the common practices for such species is to launch re-introduction program after proper amount of genetic information are analyzed from donor and donee populations. In this study, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of A. crataegi to design species-specific primers for subsequent population works and to further understand the mitogenome evolution in lepodiopteran Papilionoidea. The 15,140-bp long A. crataegi mitogenome that has typical sets of 37 genes is smallest among true butterfly species with overall slightly smaller size in genes and regions throughout the genome. Arrangement of the genome is identical to those of other lepidopteran mitogenomes, in which tRNA cluster located between the A+T-rich region and ND2 gene is translocated into tRNAMet, tRNAIle, and tRNAGln from ancestral arrangement, tRNAIle, and tRNAGln, tRNAMet. The A/T content of the genome at 81.3% is the highest in Pieridae, but lower than that of lycaenid species (81.7% ~ 82.7%) The high A/T content in the genome is also reflected in codon usage, accounting for 41.69% of A/T-composed codons (TTA, ATT, TTT, and ATA). Unlikely the diversified or modified usage of anticodon for tRNASer(AGN) the species of Pieridae including A. crataegi all unanimously have GCT that has been hypothesized as ancestral for Lepidoptera. A total of 111 bp of non-coding sequences are dispersed in 13 regions, ranging in size from 1–49 bp. Among them relatively longer ones (≥ 16 bp) all have relatively higher sequence identity to other regions of the genome, suggesting partial duplication of the sequences during A. crataegi evolution. As has been reported in some species of Lepidoptera, the A. crataegi A+T-region also has typically found conserved sequences (e.g., poly-T stretch, ATAGA motif, ATTTA element, microsatellite-like A/T sequence, and poly-A stretch) and one tRNA-like sequence, and this feature was commonly found in true butterfly species.
Pesticide application pattern for agricultural insect pest was modeled and simulated by temperature change scenarios using DYMEX simulator. For modeling pesticide application pattern, we evaluated bioassay using two-spotted spider mites (TSSM) in vitro. Four separated bioassay was evaluated at four different temperature conditions (20, 25, 30, and 35℃). Selected four commercial pesticides were Acrinathrin-Spiromesifen mixture, Fenpropathrin, Abamectin, and Azocyclotin, respectively. All the pesticide was used its recommended dose, except Abamectin (1/10 of recommended dose). Each mortality of TSSM were counted after 24 and 48 hours.
Based on the bioassay results, increasing temperature made decreasing mortality in Acrinathrin-Spiromesifen mixture and Fenpropathrin, whereas increasing mortality in Abamectin and Azocyclotin, respectively. A TSSM model was developed and simulated under four temperature increasing scenarios (present condition, average 1, 2, and 3℃ increased conditions) using DYMEX simulator. The DYMEX results showed that the pesticides application pattern were different among four pesticides under climate change scenario. In conclusion, the pesticide application should be changed for sound management of agricultural insect pest under climate change scenario.
The leaf beetle, Chrysolina aurichalcea (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae), is a pest damaging plants of Compositae. In order to understand the genetic diversity and geographic variation we sequenced a portion of mitochondrial COI gene (658 bp) and complete nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the species collected from seven Korean localities. A total of 17 haplotypes (CACOI01 ~ CACOI17), with the maximum sequence divergence of 3.04% (20 bp) were obtained from COI gene sequence, whereas 16 sequence types (ITS2CA01 ~ ITS2CA16), with the maximum sequence divergence of 2.013% (9 bp) were obtained from ITS2, indicating substantially larger sequence divergence in COI gene sequence. Phylogenetically, the COI gene provided two haplotype groups with a high nodal support (≥ 87%), whereas ITS2 provided one sequence type group with a high nodal support (≥ 92%). The result of COI gene may suggest the presence of historical biogeographic barriers that bolster genetic subdivision in the species. Different grouping pattern between COI gene and ITS2 sequences were interpreted in terms of recent dispersal, reflected in the ITS2 sequence. Finally, finding of unique haplotypes and sequence types only from Beakryeng-Islet population was interpreted as an intact remnant of ancient polymorphism. As more samples are analyzed using further hyper-variable marker, further fruitful inference on the geographic contour of the species might be available.
곤충자원 및 작물해충을 포함한 농업곤충의 분류동정은 농업인의 소득과 관련된 주요한 민원 사항으로 신속한 종 동정을 필요로 한다. 이에 비해 국내외 분류학자의 인력은 감소되고 있으며, 주요 핵심 분류군을 제외하고는 문제가 발생하더라도 단기간에 종 동정을 이루어내기 어려운 실정이다. 최근 mtCOI의 전반부(650bp)를 DNA barcode로 이용하여 생물 종을 신속히 동정하려는 적용 연구들이 국내외에서 진행되어 왔다. 이에 따라서 국립농업과학원 농업생물부에서는 2009-2011년까지 국내외 농업곤충 1,000종의 G-DNA stock 및 DNA barcode 구축을 목적으로 연구를 진행하여 왔다. 그 결과, DNA stock의 제작 및 초저온 보존은 총 4목 44과 1,476종 4,958개체에서 완료하였고, DNA 바코드 분석은 총 4목 44과 1,182종 2,968개체에서 진행하여 왔다. 특히, 연구된 주요 분류군으로는 곤충자원에서 남한산 나비류 150종, 무당벌레과 40종, 병대벌레과 33종이 있으며, 농업해충으로는 밤나방과 253종, 자나방과 139종, 풍뎅이과 90종, 방아벌레과 177종, 잎벌레상과 67종 등이었다. DNA 바코드 분석을 통하여 10종의 신종 및 신아종을 발굴하였고, 기존 분류의 결과와 다른 10여 종의 혼동종을 찾아냈으며, 이들의 명확한 종 판정을 위하여 형태분류와 연계된 종합분류(intergrative taxonomy)가 수행 중에 있다. 또한, DNA stock 제작 및 DNA 바코드가 분석된 종의 개체 정보를 형태 분류와 유기적으로 연결한 라이브러리를 갖추기 위하여 ‘한국의곤충자원관(http://www.genebank.go.kr/pb/main.jsp)’내에 곤충분자분류관을 연차적으로 구축 중에 있다. 최종적으로 2016년까지 농업곤충 2,500종의 DNA 바코드 라이브러리를 구축하고자 계획하고 있으며, 이를 통해 형태분류와 접목하여 주요 농업곤충 종의 어떤 성장단계에서든지 신속하고 정확한 종 진단을 이루어 내고자 한다.
Field survey to estimate extent of damage to Reticulitermes species were conducted from 2009 through 2011 in the various locations of Korea. We discovered Reticulitermes species from three different locations of Jeju island. Partial COII sequences of mt DNA and morphological characters were collected and compared with previous reports. As result of comparative sequence analysis and taxonomic study, it was identified as Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto 1968 and this is first report of Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis from Jeju island in Korea which can be used as estimation of population structure and tool of control strategy.
To determine differential gene expression profiles in the salivary gland of a predatory flower bug species, Orius laevigatus Fieber, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Digestion-related genes, including trypsin, hemolysin, lipase, cathepsin, and peritrophin, occupied 35% of the EST library. The major transcripts encoded trypsin-like serine proteases (223 ESTs, 28.8% of the total ESTs). A hemolysin gene occupied ca. 8% (42 ESTs) of the library. Hemolysin in saliva may be cytotoxic against the prey cells, thereby allowing O. laevigatus to facilitate feeding. An anticoagulation factor, lumbrokinase, also appears to act as a feeding-facilitating factor. Carbonic anhydrase, glutation peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and glutation S-tranfterase are expected to function as antioxidants, pH regulation- or homeostasis-related reagents in the saliva. Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein and peritrophin might protect insects from microbial infection. Interestingly, a neuroendocrinein and a huntingtin-interacting protein that could disturb the neuronal system were found in the salivary gland-specific EST library.
Genus Spilonota is a small group of the family Tortricidae, including over 29 described species worldwide (Brown, 2005). Most larvae of the genus feed on various plant families including Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, and Juglandaceae, with economical importance (Park, 1983, Zhang & Li, 2005). Even though this genus has been relatively well investigated in East Asia: five species from South Korea (Byun et al., 2009); ten species from China (Zhang & Li, 2005); eight species from Russian Far East (Kuznetsov, 2001); thirteen species including four unidentified species from Japan (Kawabe, 1982, Oku, 2003), it has been very poorly studied from North Korea with only two recorded species to date (Razowski, 1999, Byun et al., 2009)
The aim of the present study is to clarify the fauna of the genus Spilonota from North Korea, including two new records, based on the material deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (HNHM). In the present study, the author examined all available material from North Korea. In this study, four species of Spilonota are recognized. Among them, two species, Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick, 1932 and Spilonota ocellana (Denis et Schiffermüller, 1775), are reported for the first time from North Korea. A key to the species is provided. Photos of adults and the genitalia are provided with brief comments on the distribution.
New record of family of arhynchobdellid leeches (Hirudiniformes: Haemadipsidae) from Korea is presented. We have surveyed for land leeches in Korea from July to September in 2011 and found 1 species. This is Haemadipsa rjukjuana Oka, 1910, reported for the first time in Korean Peninsula. This species is terrestrial blood-feeding leech which attacks medium or large sized mammals primarily, including human and originally distributed in East and South East Asia, including Indochinese Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan. In Japan, the number and areas of habitats of land leech have been rapidly expanded since 1970s and many leeches attack forest workers, hikers and resident during May to September. As a result of climate change, same situation can be reproduced in Korean Peninsula. We firstly report the occurrence of blood-feeding land leech, the behavior on human being and distributions in Korea. Also, we obtained the sequence of the mitochondrial gene (COI) and additional biology is discussed for this species according to collection data.
The entomopathogenic fungi were an important natural pathogenic of insects that has been developed as potential biological control agents for many important agricultural, forest and medical pests. Several these fungi produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with high therapeutic value as antibiotics, cytotoxic substances, insecticides, compounds that promote or inhibit growth, attractor and repellent. Therefore, this study was performed to select the antibacterial activity of liquid culture filtrates of 347 entomopathogenic fungi form Korea soils against two pathogenic bacteria including Ralstonia solanacearum and Escherichia coli using novel method which represents a quick and easily applicable tool obtaining large number of samples. As results, eight-five strains (24%) and seventy-six strains (22%) of these fungal metabolites produced anti-R. solanacearum and anti-E. coli compounds, respectively. The preferential antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum and E. coli gives evidence that these entomopathogenic fungal metabolites might be useful as an agent for bacteria control and the technique was simple to operate and allowed a large number of samples to be handled concurrently.
Vollenhovia emeryi chosenica (Wheeler) (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) is an ant species frequently found in forests. In nature, two phenotypically distinct forms are found e.g. long winged and short winged. Unlike other hymenopteran insects, the ant is unique in its mode of reproduction. In this species, queens are clonally reproduced from unfertilized eggs. On the other hand, workers develop from fertilized eggs. Strikingly, haploid males are reproduced from fertilized eggs after destroying the maternal half of the genome e.g. maternal genome loss (MGL) consequently only with the paternal half of the genome.
We collected the ant colonies nationwide in 2011. In this study, we demonstrate that the ant is infected with Wolbachia, the bacterial reproductive manipulator in various insects. Interestingly, only the long winged morphs seem to be infected. Furthermore, most colonies are mulitple-infected except two colonies collected from Chuncheon and Mt. Deogyu. We will discuss potential interactions among the Wolbachia infection polymorphism and wing morphology, and evolution of clonal reproduction and MGL.
논 생태계의 변화에 따른 생물다양성을 진단하기 위하여 세 개 지역의 다양한 벼 재배방법 및 양식별로 수서 무척추동물의 종 다양성을 조사하였다. 영천, 칠곡, 군위 세 개 지역을 선발하여 벼 재배방법별로 2년간(‵10-‵11) 조사를 실시하였다. 실험결과, 수서무척추 동물은 무처리(제초제무처리)의 경우 종다양도 지수가 가장 높게 나왔으며 다른 논에 비해 모이나물벼룩과 꼬마물방개 개체수가 현저히 높았다. 우렁이농법 논에서는 종풍부도가 가장 높았고 채집된 개체수도 가장 많았으며 참물벼룩, 참거머리, 긴깨알소금쟁이 등의 많은 종이 발견되었다. 특히, 참거머리는 무농약 지표생물로서 알려져 있다. 쌀겨재배지에서는 종다양도 지수와 종풍부도가 가장 낮게 나타났는데 조사 횟수가 다른 재배지에 비해 적었기 때문으로 판단된다. 관행재배지의 경우 종다양도 지수에서는 우렁이농법에 비해 0.06으로 큰 차이가 없었으나 종풍부도 면에서는 종풍부도 지수가 7정도 차이로 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 이것은 우렁이농법의 60% 정도에 해당하는 수치이다.