Diapause duration of Paratlanticus ussuriensis is prolonged as an egg that enter both initial and final diapause stgaes. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, can modify the duration of initial diapause. Eggs enter initial diapause at 20℃, but continued early embryonic development at 30℃. Final diapause at a fully developed embryonic stage is obligatory regardless of temperature conditions. To determine temperature effects on initial diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs, we compared weights, DNA and RNA amounts of eggs incubated at either 20℃ or 30℃ for 50 days after oviposition. We identified small heat shock protein (shsp), heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and three heat shock protein 70 (hsp70a, hap70b, hsp70c) genes of P. ussuriensis and determined those expression levels at different temperature conditions. The levels of shsp, hsp70a, hsp70b and hsp90 was not detectable until 20 days after oviposition at both temperature conditions, but highly increased at 50 and 60 days when incubated at 30℃. In contrast, hsp70c level was rapidly peaked at 20 days after oviposition, which is the time of initial diapause entrance. We analysis of temperature sensitivity of P. ussuriensis eggs. Hsp70a is expressed after the first cold treatment of mature eggs. Hsp70b is highly expressed just before hatching. Both shsp and hsp70c was highly expressed at the heat shock condition into immature egg stage. Our results suggest that high temperature breakdown initial diapause and one hsp gene, such as hsp70c, may be involved into the mechanism of initial diapause of P. ussuriensis eggs.
노린재목(Hemiptera) 물장군과(Belostomatidae)에 속하는 물장군(Lethocerus deyrollei)은 근래에 개체수가 극감하여 환경부에서 멸종위기 Ⅱ급 보호종으로 지정 관리하고 있다. 그러나 이들 물장군의 증식 및 복원 관련 체계적인 연구가 미흡한 관계로, 본 연구에서는 물장군 인공증식 관련 최적의 환경조건 규명하기 위한 체계적인 사육법 개발을 목표로 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 2011년 6월 30일부터 9월 17일까지 생물종다양성연구소 곤충생태관(제주도 서귀포시 남원읍 소재)에서 사육중인 수컷 물장군 3개체와 제주시 구좌읍 덕천리에서 채집된 암컷 3개체들 사이에서 산란된 326개의 알을 대상으로 부화율, 각 령기별 기간, 성충까지의 생존율을 파악하였다. 사육기간 동안 동족포식을 방지하기 위해 각 수조(20cm(D) × 30cm(W) × 18cm(H))에 1개체씩 개체별 사육을 하였고, 무미류(Anura)의 유생, 미꾸리(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), 금붕어(Carassius auratus) 등을 먹이로 공급하였다. 그 결과 물장군의 부화율은 82.5%이었으며, 각 령기별 기간은 1령(4.26일), 2령(4.27일), 3령(5.32일), 4령(7.98일), 5령(14.68일)으로 조사되었다. 그리고 물장군이 성충으로 성장하기까지의 생존률은 34.2%로 조사되어, 기존의 결과(환경부, 2011, 서식지외보전기관 성과보고서)인 부화율(66.3%), 생존률(11.4%)를 상회하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 계속하여 수온, 수심 등 물장군 인공증식에 필요한 환경조건의 최적화가 진행함으로써, 물장군의 부화율 및 생존률 증대가 가능하게 되어, 이들 멸종위기종 물장군의 인공증식 및 복원 기술의 체계화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.
Rhynchium brunneum is a widely distributed wasp species in South Eastern Asia. R. brunneum females were collected from rural provinces of Cambodia, and their total RNA and venom were extracted on site. To search for novel substances in venom, a subtracted cDNA library specific to the venom gland and sac was constructed. A total of 1118 expressed sequenced sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced and assembled into 349 contigs (107 multiple sequences and 242 singletons). In this result, we found the putative neurotoxin (DTX protein precursor), antimicrobial peptides (teratocyte-specific caboxylesterase) together with typical major components of wasp venom (venom hyaluronidase, arginine kinase, phospholipase A2, serine/theonine protein phosphatase). Additional in-depth annotation would be required for further characterization of many unidentified genes found in the EST library.
강원지역 내의 백두대간(진부령, 설악산, 오대산, 태백산, 석병산, 두타산)에 서식하는 딱정벌레상을 조사하였다. 딱정벌레는 2011년 6월부터 9월까지의 기간 동안에 함정트랩(pitfall trap)을 이용하여 채집하였다. 조사지역 내에 5속 8종(Eucarabus sternbergi, Leptocarabus seishinensis, Leptocarabus semiopacus, Damaster(Coptolabrus) jankowskii, Morphocarabus venustus, Tomocarabus fraterculus, Damaster smaragdinus, Damaster mirabilissimus)의 딱정벌레가 확인되었다. 지역별로는 향로봉이 5속 8종으로 가장 많은 종이 확인되었고, 태백산이 3속 3종으로 적었다. 향로봉과 오대산지역에서 종풍부도는 표고가 낮은 지역(300m-700m)보다 표고가 높은 지역(1000m-1100m)에서 다양하게 나타났으며, 두지역에 우점하는 종은 Leptocarabus seishinensis, Eucarabus sternbergi 이었다. 우점하고 있는 2종의 표고별 서식 개체수는 조사지에 따라 서로 다르게 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 오대산지역에 서식하는 Eucarabus sternbergi는 6월 하순에 가장 많은 개체가 출현하였으며 이후 9월까지 점차 감소하였다.
The large bumblebee, Bombusterrestris, indigenous to Europe and adjacent area, and used extensively for high-value crop pollination, has been artificially introduced to several parts of the world. Here we show the interspecific hybridization between the bumblebee species, B.hypocrita sapporoensis and B.terrestris, under laboratory conditions. The mating and oviposition percentages resulting from the interspecific hybridization of a B.terrestris queen with a B. h. sapporoensis male were higher than those resulting from the intraspecific mating of B. h. sapporoensis. Furthermore, a competitive copulation experiment indicated that the mating of B. h. sapporoensis males with B.terrestris queens was 1.2-fold more frequent than the mating of these males with B. h. sapporoensis queens. The interspecific hybridization of a B.terrestris queen with a B. h. sapporoensis male produced either B.terrestris workers or the B.terrestris male phenotype, and the hybridization of a B. h. sapporoensis queen with a B.terrestris male produced B. h. sapporoensis males. Our results indicated that interspecific hybridization occurred between B. h. sapporoensis and B.terrestris. The results suggests that such hybridization will have a negative competitive impact and will cause genetic contamination of native bumblebees.
미국선녀벌레[Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830)]는 2009년 우리나라에서 처음으로 발견된 선녀벌레과(Flatidae) 외래해충이다. 이 해충은 원산지인 북미지역에서는 피해가 미미하였으나 1979년 이탈리아를 시작으로 2000년대 중반까지 유럽지역에서 꾸준히 분포가 확대되면서 농작물 및 산림해충으로서 널리 알려지게 되었다. 과수, 채소 등 농작물 피해는 약(성)충의 흡즙과 분비물(밀납)에 의한 직접적인 피해 이외에도 잎, 줄기에 서식하는 약충 집단의 감로 분비에 따른 그을음에 의한 피해가 매우 위협적이다.
다른 많은 외래해충과 마찬가지로 이 해충의 분포확대는 알이나 약, 성충이 부착된 식물의 국가간 수출입 또는 자국내 이동에 따른 것으로 추정되고 있으나, 다른 한편으로 일부 유럽국가(예를 들면, 스위스)에서는 승용차, 버스, 트럭 등 교통수단에 의해 확산되는 것으로 추정하고 있다. 본 연구는 최초 발견 이듬해인 2010년부터 2011년까지 미국선녀벌레의 확산상황을 파악하고 경기, 충북 등 중부지방을 중심으로 주요 발생지점을 집중적으로 조사한 결과로부터 우리나라에서도 이 해충의 분포확산 경로의 하나로서 성충이 고속도로(특히 중부고속도로, 영동고속도로)나 국도 등을 왕래하는 차량에 부착하여 이동했을 가능성이 매우 높다는 점을 제시하고자 한다.
Anaphothrips Uzel, 1895 is a large genus in the family Thripidae with about 80 species in the world. Members of the genus are generally found on plants of the grass families, Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Anaphothrips was formerly paraphyletic group until critical review by Bhatti (1978), who elevated six subgenera to generic status. Only one species, A. obscurus (Muller, 1776), has been known in Korea. It widely distributes and rarely damages to forage crops.
As a result of this study, Anaphothrips asahi Kudo, 1989 is found for the first time in Korea. A. asahi easily distinguished from A. obsurus by undivided 8th antennal segment and C-shaped glandular areas on abdomen of male. Although not frequent, A. asahi also widely distributes in our country. For identification, morphological characters of two species in Korea are described and figured. In addition, biological information about distribution and plant relationship is also presented.
Cydia Hübner is a large genus in the family Tortricidae, including over 230 described species worldwide (Brown, 2005) and mainly in the Holarctic region. Nine species of the genus reported from Korea.
We found a new species of Cydia feeding on the cones of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zucc.) Carrière in Mt. Deogyu.
The adults and the early stages of Cydia picicola sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Korea. The life history and larval feeding habits are briefly discussed.
The time-zone of pollinating activity relative to numbers released of Apis mellifera in the strawberry(Janghui var.) houses was together from 9A.M. to 4P. M., and the peak time of pollinating activity was 1P.M.. The effects on pollinating activity relative to the comb numbers in the honeybee hive released in the strawberry houses were ordered 5bee combs(11,000heads), 3bee combs(6,600heads) and 4bee combs(8,800heads). The rate of workers lost in A. mellifera hives with 5bee combs during the strawberry cultivating period were lower than those of 3bee combs and 4bee combs. The rates of fruit set by pollinating activity relative to the comb numbers in the honeybee hive released in the strawberry houses were same level with over 98%. The fruit qualities; number of seeds, sugar content and rate of normal fruit set were same level, but fruit weights was recorded 5bee combs with 40.8g, and 4bee combs and 3bee combs were showed with 37.8g. The marketing income of 5bee combs was 8% higher than that of 4bee combs and of 3bee combs, respectively.
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is one of the most important insect pests in the world. We have explored the possibility of using sounds as a stressor to control this species. Five sine wave frequencies (100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 Hz) with combination of three intensity (66, 78, 90 dB) were used as acoustic stimuli in the playback experiments. For behavioral bioassay, we examined frequencies of honeydew production (HDP) and wagging behavior, and duration of moving behavior. The HDP occurs regularly during each stage of nymphal or mature period, and rate of the HDP indicates a degree of food consumption. Aphids conduct wagging to determine a host plant or to find a feeding site. The moving behavior may be regarded as dispersal. As results, all acoustic stimuli significantly reduced rate of the HDP and increased rate of the moving behavior. There was a significant effect to induce the moving behavior in the test of 5000 Hz. In addition, the acoustic stimuli using 5000 Hz were the most effective to disturb feeding behavior of M. persicae at an individual level.
In this study, the toxic effects of fenoxycarb on biological traits of nontarger arthropod P. rosea, Collembola. The tests were assessed in the OECD artificial soil under two different exposure condtions, one was exposed in the bulk soil, and the other was exposed in the compacted soil which unidirectional force was applied to the soil surface. In the bulk system, survived adults and hatched juveniles were counted after 28-day exposures, and in the compact system, survived adults, eggs, hatched juveniles and molts were counted everyday until no more hatching. The toxic effect of fenoxycarb on survival and juvenile production of P. rosea in the bulk system was more toxic than that of the compact system. Juveniles and eggs were seriously affected as compared with toxic effect for adults. Particularly, toxic effect on hatching rate (3.75 mg/kg EC50juvenile) were very higher than that on oviposition (200.868 mg/kg EC50egg) or survival rate of adults ( >1200 mg/kg LC50). The molting freauency of P. rosea was decreased in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest that the IGRs fenoxycarb exhibit significant impacts on the biological traits of non-target organisms P. rosea and its toxic effects are differently assessed depending on the exposure conditions.
경기북부 DMZ 접경지역의 곤충을 조사하여 지역별 곤충상과 곤충특성을 분석하고, 농가소득원으로 개발할 수 있는 유망한 곤충을 선발하여 곤충산업 발전을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 2007부터 3년간 조사에서 563종의 곤충이 서식하는 것을 확인하여 산업화 유망곤충으로 대벌레(Baculum elongatum) 등 25종을 이미 선발하였고, 2010년의 조사에서는 나비목 52종, 딱정벌레목 23종 등 새로운 곤충자원 95종을 추가로 확인하였다. 지역별로는 연천군 신서면 마전리 군부대 지역과 파주시 군내면 조산리 대성동마을에서 각각 5목 71종, 4목 22종으로 새로운 종이 많이 분포하였다. 접경지 특이곤충으로 멸종위기2급곤충인 애기뿔소똥구리(Copris tripartitus)와 왕은점표범나비(Fabriciana nerippe)가 서식하는 확인하였으며, 한국고유종은 줄우단풍뎅이(Gastroserica herzi) 등 4종, 국외반출승인 대상종은 고마로브집게벌레(Timomenus komarovi) 등 4종, 환경지표종은 이마무늬송장벌레(Nicrophorus maculifrons) 등 7종을 채집하였다. 애완용, 학습용 유용 곤충자원으로 외형적 특성과 산업화 가능성을 고려하여 하늘소(Massicus raddei), 애기물방개(Rhantus pulverosus), 남생이 무당벌레(Aiolocaria hexaspilota) 3종을 추가로 선발하였다. 4년간 조사결과 서식이 확인된 658종은 향후 DMZ 생태조사에서 기초자료로 활용할 수 있으며, 산업화 유망곤충으로 선발된 28종중 대벌레 등 5종은 현재 산업화기술이 개발중에 있다.
It is expected that the successful nationwide reforestation and the increased temperature would greatly change butterfly fauna in South Korea. We compared current data (2002~2007) regarding abundance and presence of butterfly species at two sites in the central portion of the Korean Peninsula to data from late 1950s and early 1970s for the same sites. The expected changes were documented by abundance change of butterflies at two study sites in the previous study. Using the same data, the greatly changed species and the change of species presence were analyzed. Population changes of 99 butterfly species which occurred at both sites were significantly correlated between two sites. The greatly increased species included three Southern (S) species and one Northern (N) species. However, the greatly declined species included five N species and no S species. This change is coincided with the expectation from the northward movements of butterfly species due to global warming. The current status of the greatly changed species was discussed on the review with other studies. The binary data(presence/absence) in present study support the expected changes of butterfly species based on global warming and reforestation. The interactive effect of two environmental changes was also recognized as like the change of abundance in the previous study.
Final instars of cicada typically emerge from the ground and metamorphose into adults. Exuviae are typically left on tree branches or leaves where metamorphosis takes place. We investigated morphological characteristics of final instar exuviae for the most prevalent species of cicada that occur in urban areas of central Korea: Cryptotympana dubia, Meimuna opalifera, Oncotympana fuscata, and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata. The characters analyzed were body length, body width, distance between compound eyes, proboscis length, antennal segmentation, femoral structure, and body coloration. The results of Principal Component Analysis for body-size related characters, body length, body width, distance between compound eyes, and proboscis length, revealed that only the first component (PCA1) was significant. The distribution of PCA1 showed that there were three non-overlapping groups: C. dubia, a complex of O. fuscata and G. nigrofuscata, and M. opalifera. Although O. fuscata and G. nigrofuscata were not distinguishable based on size-related characters, these two species differed in femoral structure. That is, the angle between the femur and femoral claw were generally 120° in G. nigrofuscata, whereas it was usually 90° in the other three species. Exuviae of M. opalifera were pale brown and non-polishing, whereas exuviae of three other species were all brown and highly polishing. Therefor, the exuviae of four cicada species can be easily distinguishable based on body size, femoral structure, and body coloration.
인공조명은 인간의 야간활동을 가능하게 해줌과 동시에 생활의 편리함을 주는 역할을 한다. 그러나 과도한 인공조명은 빛공해를 유발시켜 도시·자연생태계 교란과 농작물 수확 감소 등의 생태계 피해가 증가하는 추세이며, 동물의 경우 먹이사슬의 연속성으로 인해 피해가 더 커지고 있다. 특히 생태계에서 1·2차 소비자, 화분 매개체와 해충의 역할을 하는 곤충은 야간 인공조명에 유인이 되는데, 그 결과 인공조명 근처에서 헤어 나오지 못하고 고정효과·장벽효과·진공청소기효과로 인해 천적의 먹이가 되거나 그대로 죽게 된다(Rich & Longcore, 2006). 특히 도로는 생태적 단절을 만드는 대표적 시설물인데, 도로의 가로등이 설치되면 빛공해로 인한 생태적 단절을 더욱 심화시킨다. 빛공해로 인한 생태계 피해에 대한 체계적인 연구는 몇몇 사례에 지나지 않는다(환경부, 2009).
본 연구는 인공조명으로 인해 생태계에 어떠한 영향이 발생하는지 기초자료 및 근거자료를 제공하고자 한다. 특히 곤충류가 자외선에 민감하게 반응하며 유인되는 것으로 알려져 있어, 인공조명의 색깔과 파장에 따라 곤충이 어떻게 유인이 되는지에 대한 야외조사를 실시하였다. 조사는 2011년 6~8월에 걸쳐 경기도 광주시 태화산, 인천시 계양산 및 강원도 인제군 점봉산에서 3회에 걸쳐 실시하였고, 동일한 조건에서 빨간색·초록색·파란색·흰색·근자외선 5가지의 조명을 일렬로 배치시켜 light trap법으로 곤충을 유인시키고 채집을 하여 동정 및 개체수를 세어 군집분석을 하였고, 실험에 쓰인 조명의 밝기와 자외선량을 측정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 인공조명이 곤충을 유인하는 특성 중 조명의 색깔은 큰 영향을 끼치지 않으며, 자외선 영역의 빛이 많이 나오는 조명일수록 곤충을 더 많이 유인하는 것으로 나타났다.
Larval stages of Callipogon relictus (Semenov) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a gigantic longhorn beetle designated as a natural monument of Korea, has never been studied as it is hardly discovered in nature. The DNA barcoding gene, mt-COI, was used to identify a dead larva found in the Gwangneung forest of the Korea National Arboretum. Based on the result, we provide the morphology of the immature stage, with the illustrations of diagnostic characteristics.
A bethylid genus, Pararhabdepyris Gorbatovskii (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae: Epyrinae) which consists of three species worldwide, is reported for the first time in Korea.
Pararhabdepyris paradoxus Gorbatovskii is redescribed with detail illustrations of morphological diagnostic characteristics. A key to the genus of Epyrinae in Korea is also provided.
The genus Phymatodes Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) distributes throughout the Holarctic region. Approximately 50 species have been recorded from the world, and four species have been recorded in Korea.
In 2010 and 2011, we collected many grape twigs which were severely damaged by unknown larvae of longhorn beetles from Gyeonggi province. They were reared at indoor condition until their emergences in order to see which species inflicted damage on the grape vines.
Two species of unknown longhorn beetles were collected. They were identified as Phymatodes jiangi Wang et Zheng and P. zemlinae Plavilstshikov et Anufriev that are new to Korea.
The diagnosis and illustrations of P. jiangi and P. zemlinae are provided.