Background : Panax ginseng C. A. meyer is currently cultivated throughout the Korea Peninsula except for Jeju Island. We divided into 3 sectors according to latitude, north, middle, and south, and compared ginseng growth and environmental factors. Methods and Results : We surveyed 11 farms, and while temperature, plant density, sunshade material, and soil properties were varied between the farms, most north part used sunshade film and transfer-seeding, and middle-south and south part used sunshade net, and direct-seeding. From 1st to 10th of June, 2018, the temperature inside of sunshade of each farm which ranged 20.5 - 24.5℃ did not concerted with the local meteorological air temperature nor latitude. The average plant length was 66.0 ± 8.1 with a significant difference between local farms (p < 0.001). Plant length showed high correlation with stem length, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width, but not with chlorophyll content, thus plant length was used to compare the effects of environmental factors on plant growth. The temperature had negative correlations between plant length (r = -0.396, p = 0.056) and stem length (r = -0.420, p = 0.041), but not with others. When local farms grouped into 3 sectors, the temperature inside sunshade was lowest in south than others, and stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width of north sector were higher than other sectors. Conclusion : The temperature of local farm might affected by micro environment such as sunshade and geometrical properties, and partially devote on the growth difference between the local farms.

Background : The chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as non-destructive imaging methods have been used widely for efficiently early detection of plant responses to various stresses. The information from images acquired from different condition has the potential to generate specific signatures for particular stresses. Light-energy absorbed by plants is distributed over three competing processes: photosynthesis, thermal dissipation and chlorophyll fluorescence emission. An increase in Chl-FI thus implies a decrease in photosynthesis. The stresses in growing stage will change the efficacy of photosynthesis. As a example, Chl-FI of plant infections was carried out previously for a number of different viral and fungal plant–pathogen systems. Therefore, image can be used for differentiation of various stress index. Methods and results : 2-years-old ginseng plants were transplanted to plastic pots and each stress factors were treated. The stress factors used in this study were high temperature, low temperature, fungicide, and fungal pathogen. High temperature stress was induced by placing pots inside incubator adjusted at 35℃. For treatment of low temperature stress, ginseng plants were stored at 5℃ refrigerator for 5 minutes. Pathogen stress was carried to inoculate mycelial disk. Alternaria panax was inoculated potato-dextrose-medium and cultured for 10 days at 25℃. Mycelial disk obtained from cultured plate were placed on the one leaf of ginseng. Azoxystrobin wp was diluted 500, 1,000 times in tap water and sprayed to ginseng plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence image was acquired from each plant that stress treated and analyzed with sigma plot software. Conclusion : Important value, Fv/Fm (maximum efficiency of photosystem II), Fp (peak fluorescence during the initial phase of the operating efficiency of the Kautsky effect), NPQ-lss (steady-state, non-photochemical), etc., were significantly changed by variable stress index. But it was impossible to differentiate kind of stress by acquired value.

Background : Cnidium officinale M. is a medicinal plant used a lot of herbal and functional food ingredients. Recently, the area of cultivation has been increased due to the increase in domestic demand. By the way, this plant is very vulnerable to high temperature, and recently it is difficult to cultivate due to abnormal high temperature and so on. Therefore, in this study, in order to effectively reduce the high temperature of the field, we investigated the degree of temperature reduction and the growth condition of the plant after installed mulching, irrigation and the fog facilities. Methods and Results : In order to reduce the temperature of C. officinale M. cultivation field, the black and white double vinyl mulching, drip irrigation and fog spray treatment were applied and the results were as follows. The survey was conducted at about 2:00 pm on a clear day in August, and the temperature was about 33℃ at the time of measurement. In the case of only black vinyl mulching without watering, the soil temperature was 43.5℃, the surface temperature was 61.4℃, and the mortality rate of the C. officinale M. was 98.0%. The temperature of soil and surface were lowered to 33.1℃ and 38.6℃, respectively, when treated with black vinyl mulching and drip irrigation and fog spraying. In the case of black and white double vinyl mulching, the effect of temperature reduction was better. The soil surface temperature of the non-irrigation treatment was 37.9℃, the surface temperature was 48.5℃ and the mortality rate was decreased to 6.7%. In case of combined drip irrigation and fog spraying, soil temperature was reduced to 31.5℃, surface temperature was 35.8℃, and mortality rate was 0%. Conclusion : As a result of this study, the temperature of soil and surface dropped by up to 12. 0℃ and 25.6℃, respectively, when combined with black and white double vinyl mulching and drip irrigation and fog spray treatment. The mortality rate declined from 89.0% to 0%. Therefore, Therefore, if the results of this study are applied to the cultivation of C. officinale M., it is expected that the production stability will be improved.

Background : Foliar fertilizer materials are used in the field of ginseng farming to enhance the growth of ginseng. The law for ginseng industry prohibits the use of chemical fertilizer as a material for growing ginseng, but in recent years, various organic materials derived from natural materials have been produced and used in farming sites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar fertilizer on the growth and soil properties of ginseng during continuous use. Methods and Results : For the test materials, native seedlings were used and the amino acid solution, liquid silicate, microbial liquid and fermentation enzyme were treated from 2 to 5– year-old ginseng after transplantation. The test plots were carried out to 3 repetitions by randomized block design. The area of one plot was 3.24 ㎡. The treatments were foliar application three times at intervals of 10 days from the late of May when leaf development was completed. The chemical properties of each foliar fertilizer pH was the highest at 9.63 for liquid silicate and lowest at 5.85 for amino acids. Ammonium nitrate had the highest amino acid content (56 ㎎/ℓ). Phosphorus was the highest with 113.7 ㎎/ℓ of fermentation enzyme. As a result of foliar fertilization for 4-years up to 5-years of ginseng, the pH was similar in soil chemical properties. EC and nitrate nitrogen contents tended to be higher in foliar application than in non-treatment. In the photosynthesis of ginseng, fermentation enzyme and microbial treatment tended to be high. Thickness of ginseng leaf was the thickest in microbial treatment. Microbial treatment was the highest in the underground part. Soil chemical properties were also affected but there was no significant change to inhibit the growth of ginseng. Conclusion : The treatments of the foliar fertilizer were more effective than the no treatment on the growth of ginseng. Among the foliar fertilizers distributed on the market, those derived from natural products can be used in ginseng cultivation.

Background : Currently sprout ginsengs are produced in extensive variations of cultivation times, methods and specifications that are different in each farm in Korea. Also, regardless the effective ingredient content of ginseng, overgrown sprout ginseng are distributed so that the quality standardization of sprout ginseng is urgently required. The sprout ginseng market is only a segment of the Korean ginseng market still. However, If development of processed products utilizing the functionalities is connected, the market may exponentially grow. Also, if the use of sprout ginseng is extended to productions of drinks, cosmetics, facial masks and others in the cosmetics and health functional food industries, the export competitiveness to the global market is expected to increase. Therefore, this study aims the quality standardization of sprout ginseng to secure the market competitiveness in Korea and overseas by examining the property change following the cultivation period. Methods and Results : Growth of sprout ginseng were investigated on 20 th, 30 th, 40 th and 50 th days after planting on May 30 th. Growth of above-ground parts and underground parts of 2-years-old sprout ginseng increased with longer growing period. As the growing period became longer, the sprout ginseng weight increased, that is the result of the increase of the above-ground part. Also, according to the examination on the leaves, stems and roots properties of 2-year grown sprout ginseng in each growing period, a trend that, as the growing period is longer from 20 days to 50 days, the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and fracture of leaf, stem and root are higher. Conclusion : In case of cultivating sprout ginseng in a green house, as the growth period of 2-years-old sprout ginseng was prolonged, the growth of above-ground parts and underground parts was improved. And, as the growing period of sprout ginseng was prolonged, the properties of leaves, stems and roots tended to increase.

Background : For cultivation of varieties of ginseng, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield trials and regional adaptation trials before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Although there are 25 registered varieties of ginseng in Korea, the quality of ginseng is declining together with the amount of harvest being decreased by 15 - 20% due to the heat injuries and diseases from the warming & abnormal climate. Thus, the needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving through high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study is to cultivate disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation trials. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the selected 2-6-years-old varieties used in the study, among the 6-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 and Eumseong 10 showed superior growth in aboveground parts, Eumseong 10 showed superior growth in underground parts, among the 5-years-old crops, Eumseong 15 showed superior growth in both above and below aerial parts, and among the 4-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 and Eumseong 16 showed superior growth while the growth in the underground parts were satisfactory in the order of Eumseong 16 > Eumseong 10 > Eumseong 12 > Eumseong 9. Among the 3-years-old crops, the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts was observed in Goryeo 2 with the weight of the underground part, in the 2-years-old crops, Eumseong 26 showed the most superior growth in both above-ground and underground parts. Conclusion : Based on the above results, Eumseong 10 among the 6-year-old crops, Eumseong 15 among the 5-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 & Eumseong 16 among the 4-years-old crops, Goryeo 2 among the 3-years-old crops and Eumseon 26 among the 2-years-old crops showed the most superior growth among the selected varieties. The growth characteristics of both above and below aerial parts in each year will continuously be monitored.

Background : The insufficient soil moisture due to spring drought causes the germination rate of ginseng seeds to be remarkably lowered and the low seeding depth causes the roots not to be settled but remain in the surface soil containing moisture, resulting in the ill-shaped ginseng. Especially, in the case of paddy soil, the soil environment is often over-humidified or over-dried, resulting in high rate of occurrence of physiological disorders such as rough skin, yellow-colored root and red-colored root, etc. compared to the upland soil, requiring more care in managing the soil. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effects of stamping treatment on the direct seeding cultivation in the paddy soil and to investigate the survival and growth characteristics according to the seeding method. Methods and Results : We investigated the effects of stamping on the emergency rate and growth by using rollers (15, 20, 25, 30 ㎏), and also investigated the growth characteristics according to the direct sowing methods (broadcast planting, motorized seeder, semi-automatic seeder, manual seeder, hoop-type seeder). In the emergency rate of 1-year-old ginseng group directly sowing and treated with trampling, the group treated with 25 ㎏ & 30 ㎏ showed the highest emergency rate & growth, and above-ground & underground parts growth of 1-year-old ginseng by sowing method, there was no significant difference between sowing methods, the emergency rate of motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder was high. Conclusion : In the paddy soils, the 25 – 30 ㎏ stamping after direct seeding showed superior above-ground growth and emergency rate, and there was no significant difference in growth, but motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder had a higher rate of emergency in 1-year-old ginseng.

Background : Recently, the quality of ginseng is degrading while the yield decreases by 15 - 20% due to the high-temperature injury, the physiological disorder and the diseases caused by the climate warming so that development of disaster tolerant varieties strong against high temperatures, salts and diseases are demanded. For such reason, three lineages showing excellent overground and underground growing were selected from the gene resources collected from 1997 to 2000. And the productivity test has been conducted with these lineages having Cheonpung and Yeonpung, the existing varieties as the reference varieties. For the lineages excellent in growing, the variety registration will be performed after the regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : The results of preliminary yield trial on the 3 lines (GS98-3-4, GS00-58 and GS97-69) show that the above-ground and underground growth of the 4-years-old ginseng group selected as superior lines were superior to that of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. eference varieties. Especially, GS98-3-4 shows excellent root weight and root diameter, while GS97-69 shows excellent leaf length and leaf widths. Replicated yield trial on the 3 lines (GS97-62, GS98-1-5, GS00-44) show that the above-ground and underground growth of three lines were superior to that of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. In particular, the underground root weight of GS00-44 was the heaviest. Conclusion : According to the productivity tests on the 3 lines selected for excellent growing, the selected lineages are excellent in both above-ground and underground growing compared to the reference varieties of Cheonpung and Yeonpung. On the 4-years-old ginseng, GS00-44 & GS98-3-4 show excellent underground growing while GS98-1-5 & GS97-62 show excellent overground growing.

Background : Medicinal crop seeds have low homogeneity and quality of seeds and seedlings because they are self-seeded or produced in farmhouses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop systematic technology for establishment and distribution of seed production technology for stable production of domestic medicinal crops. Methods and Results : The test Agastache rugosa O. K. Kuntze. variety was Jeonnam local variety (Naju species) and was carried out in 2017. The research was divided into two types; seed yield test according to seeding time and seed yield test according to fertilization method. Sowing of the seed yield test according to the seeding time was sown on the seedling tray 4 times from 20 th March to 20 th May at intervals of 20 days, and after the nursery, they were transplanting. The fertilization gave the standard fertilization (N-P-K-compost applied at 12-16-10-600 ㎏/10a) amount before implantation. Sowing of the seed yield test according to fertilization method was sowing in the middle of April. The seedlings were grown for 60 days and then transplanted in the middle of June. Four different fertilization methods were applied and cultivated. Planting density of both tests were spaced 30 ㎝ apart in rows 20 ㎝ apart with non-woven fabric mulching cultivation. The plot design was a randomized block 3 repetitions. Seed yields at the seeding time were the highest at 67 ㎏/10a in sowing on March 20, and the yields decreased as the seeding time passed. Seed yield according to fertilization method was the highest at 75 ㎏/10a in 25% increase control and lowest at 46 ㎏/10a in 50% diminish control. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that the seedlings should be cultivated in the middle of March and cultivated by increasing the fertilization rate by 50%.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa L. that is a perennial plant belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae is one of the most popular local income crops. Recently, the cultivation area of Chungnam (2017) accounts for 50.5% (106 ha) of the whole country. In July and August, which is the off-season at the highest price of R, glutinosa L. This experiment was carried out to develop early harvest cultivation technology for the improve farm income. Methods and Results : In order to investigate the growth characteristic and yield of R, glutinosa L. by using the rhizome of 'Tokang' were transplanted four times at intervals of 10 days from mid-March to mid-April 2017 and 2018. Growth characteristics of the above and under ground part were investigated by 3 repetitions for 10 ea harvested in mid-July. Regression analysis was performed on the relationship between the planting time and fresh root weight. The highest emergence rate was 88.7% in the mid-March, and the highest above ground part growth was observed in the plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, and fresh leaves weight. The number of days to flowering tended to be shortened to 60, 53, 52, and 49 days from the mid-March to the mid-April. The growth of underground part was also highest in mid-March and the total root weight per 10 a was also 1,127.4 ㎏ in mid-March. The faster the planting time, the higher the yield. The results of the linear regression on the roots weight according to the planting time showed that there was a negative correlation relation between the planting time, the marketable roots weight, rhizome weight and total roots weight. Conclusion : The total roots weight improved by 80% in the mid-March than mid-April. Therefore, mid-March is considered optimal planting time for off-season production of R. glutinosa L.

Background : The reduction in the area of cultivation and production is a difficult factor to solve in order to expand Boxthorn's culture for the main reasons for the aging agricultural labor and rising unit prices. Increasing the area of cultivation and production requires less labor and ease of work. This experiment was designed to provide improved plant type to increase the area of cultivation and to secure efficient machinery harvest. Methods and Results : The variety of experiment is 'whasu' and was cultivated in 2015 and planted in fields on April 4, 2016. The plant types were 150 × 50 ㎝ T-shaped fence plant type. The number of times to be cut was two, and the branches were extended to produce fruits. The typical T-shaped fence plant type for comparison is made of two stems, 10 ㎝ in length, and a single cut, then a long stretch of branches for harvesting. As a result of the experiment, it was difficult to verify the applicability and quantity of the handy type harvesting machine in order to make the re-ordination, and from the following year it was possible to verify. Major items such as stem number, stem length, quantity, time of harvest, and efficiency of harvest were investigated when applying the handy type harvesting machine. Two stems had 20% more branches than a single stem, while the yield increased by 7%. Two stems, five ㎝ long, and two cuts were numerous and long, and the quantity was 33% higher than the customary T-shaped fence plant type. When working with the machinery harvest work, the ratio of work performed was 62% for harvesting, 19% for collection, and 19% for separation of foreign materials. The proportion of the collector work and the segmentation of design materials was 38%, which was an urgent problem to be remedied. Two stems, five ㎝, and two cuts increased the quantity by 33% compared to the customary method of T-shaped fence plant type, and the machinery harvest work efficiency was 56% higher, making it suitable for handy type harvesting machine. Conclusion : T-shaped fenceplant type of two stems, five centimeters, and two cuts was a good shape for Handy type harvesting machine.

Background : Polygonati rhizoma is used for medicine using rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute belonging to Liliaceae. This study was carried out to find proper method to establish the guideline of GAP post-harvest management. Methods and Results : Six-years-old polygonati rhizoma harvested in march in Geumsan was used for this study. Steaming was treated for 1, 2, and 3 hours respectively and drying was treated at 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, and 60℃ using hot-air drying machine with checking moisture content at intervals of a day. Moisture contents of polygonati rhizoma according to drying temperature after steaming showed that drying was faster in higher drying temperature treatment after steaming. Moisture content was below 10% as 9.6% and 9.4% at 55℃ drying treatment after steaming for 1 hour and 2 hours respectively. Color value according to treatments was as follows, L-value was lower in longer steaming and higher drying temperature. a-Value was higher in steaming an higher drying temperature. Conclusion : In steaming and hot-air drying treatment to establish the guideline of GAP post-harvest management, moisture content was most proper as 9.4% below 10% in 2-hour steaming and 55℃ hot-air drying for 6 days. L-value was 27.49 and a-value and b-value were 4.38 and 9.73 in this treatment and dried rhizome looked glossy and transparent with higher quality. Proper drying method for polygonati rhizoma was considered as 2-hour steaming and 55℃ hot-air drying for 6 days.

Background : Acanthopanax divaricatus var. is a Korean woody natural plant which can grow in the field placed in low altitude. Cutting is more efficient for propagation than seedling since it takes 3-years to harvest seeds and get seedling. This study was carried out to find out efficient cutting propagation method. Methods and Results : Hardwood cutting (April 10) and semihardwood cutting (September 7) was performed to accelerate cutting propagation rate on 5 type nursery box soil composed of Sand, vermiculite, peat moss, perlite, and perlite + peat moss. In order to verify growth regulators on cutting propagation, rooton, IBA 2,000 ppm, IBA 3,000 ppm, NAA 500 ppm, NAA 1,000 ppm were treated and cutting performed in sand nursery box soil on March 30 and September 7 with 3 replications of 50 plants. In terms of rooting traits of cutting in April 10 according to nursery box soil, rooting rate was higher as 67% in sand and lower as 11% in peat moss. Root length, root number, and root weight was also higher in sand. In terms of rooting traits of cutting in September 7, rooting rate was higher as 60% in sand and root number was higher in sand and perlite. Root weight was higher in perlite. The result of growth regulator effect on cuttings was as follows. Rooton increased rooting rate higher as 68.7% in cutting on March 30 and IBA 3,000 ppm also increased higher root length, root number, and root weight as 5.4 ㎝, 12.3 ea/plant, 3.13 g/10plant respectively. rooton increased rooting rate higher as 67.3% in cutting on September 7 as same as cutting on March 30 with no significant difference and root length, root number, and root weight were all higher in rooton treatment too. Conclusion : The result of cutting treatment in 5 type nursery box soil on April 10 and September 7 to accelerate cutting propagation rate of A. divaricatus var. shows that sand was most efficient with higher root length, root weight, and rooting rate. Most efficient growth regulator for rooting was rooton with higher rooting rate and better rooting traits altogether same in cuttings on March 30 and September 7.

Background : We examined the inorganic compounds, compressive strength, yield, and functional substances of five steam-treated deciduous tree species to address the problem of the low degradation activity of conventional oak trees in the cultivation of Gastrodia elata in indoor facilities. Methods and Results : With the exception of Ca in cherry blossom tree (CBT), the content of the major inorganic elements (N, P, Mg, K, and Ca) in alternative trees were 1.5 - 3.6, 1.3 - 2.6, 3.3 - 5.3, 4.4 - 7.5, and 0.9 - 3.9 times those in oak (control group), respectively. The content of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) were equivalent to or slightly lower than those in oak, depending on tree species. The compressive strength of alternative trees was 9.3%–34.9% lower than that of oak. The compressive strength after steaming was lower in the order CBT (8.0%), mulberry tree (MBT: 7.0%), chestnut tree (CNT: 7.2%), Siebold's crab (SBC: 6.9%), black locust (BLL: 6.1%), and oak (5.4%). The total weight of oak was 893 g in comparison with the 1,107, 902, 952, 813, and 813 g of MBT, CNT, CBT, SBC, and BLL, respectively. The mature tuber and seed tuber ratios were 31%, 34%, 32%, 32%, 34%, and 30%, and 67%, 75%, 68%, 70%, 73%, and 65%, respectively. The yield index increased overall by 1% - 14%. Total weight after steaming increased by 10%, 18%, 14%, 16%, 20%, and 12% in oak, MBT, CNT, CBT, SCB, and BLL, respectively. Mature tuber and seed tuber ratios after steaming increased by 1%, 1%, 0%, 1%, and 2%, and 5%, 3%, 7%, 2%, 5%, and 5%, respectively. There were no significant difference among tree species in drying ratio, hardness, chromaticity for quality comparisons, and steaming. However, the results of functional substance analysis revealed significant differences in gastrodin, gastrodigenin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and ergothioneine according to tree species. Conclusion : From the above results, we may believed that five tree species including MBT might have useful as alternative to oak when the cultivation of G. elata in Indoor Facilities.

Background : This study was conducted to select a optimal combination of LED light sources for stable production of sprout ginseng used as vegetables throughout the year. Methods and Results : The treatments to select the optimum LED light source for the production of functional sprout ginseng were ①Blue40%: Green40%: Red40% (B40 + G12 + R20 umol·m-2S-1), ②B50: G25: R10 (B50 + G8 + R5 umol·m-2S-1), ③B50: G20: R40 (B50 + G6 + R20 umol·m-2S-1), ④B35: G20: R35 (B35 + G6 + R18 umol·m-2S-1), ⑤B20: G0: R40 (B20 + R20 umol·m-2S-1), ⑥control (a general fluorescent lamp for plant cultivation, FL40W, PG, 35.0 umol). The ginseng seedlings used in the test were subject to preconditioning process for one week after the cold treatment at 4℃ for at least three months. The root media were composed of porous artificial soil 40% + peat moss 30% + perlite 20% + Vomito (brand name)10%. We planted 35 seedlings (planting density 5 × 7 ㎝) in a 480 × 380 × 295 ㎜ plastic box. The two liters of water were irrigated per a plastic box when water potential reached -33 kPa using a tensimeter. The cultivation room was maintained at 25℃ with 45% of the relative humidity, and 16 hours of lighting for growing conditions. The growing period was 40 to 60 days after planting. The results were as follows; the treatment of LED B50%: G25%: R10% (B50 + G8 + R5 umol·m-2S-1) increased the diameter of the sprout ginseng by 10.3% (4.95 → 5.46 ㎜), root weight 27.3% (1.1 → 1.4 g), fresh weight 38.9% (1.8 → 2.5 g) in comparison with the control. The contents of ginsenoside such as Re, Rg2, Rc, Rb2, and Rd increased 24.2% (24.8 → 30.8 ㎎/g). Conclusion : The optimal light source for sprout ginseng was LED B50%: G25%: R10% (B50 + G8 + R5 umol·m-2S-1), which increased sprout production by 38.9% in comparison with the control.

Background : Cirsium japonicum is a perennial medicinal crop, characterized by the fact that it does not bloom in the first year. Therefore, annual C. japonicum leaves and roots are used as medicinal materials, and biennial do not harvest for seed gathering. In addition, thistle has a very low germination rate, which means that it takes a lot of seed in planting. In order to solve these problems, we conduct to determine the optimum maturity stage and the location of the inflorescence in C. japonicum. Methods and Results : The test material was a biennial C. japonicum. The harvesting time was sampled at intervals of 10 days (7 treatments) from the beginning of June to the beginning of August, and the location of the inflorescence was sampled from 1 to 3 inflorescence, 4 to 6 inflorescence, and 7 to 9 inflorescence. The buds collected for seed selection were dried for 10 days and used as germination test seeds. Seeds to investigated germination rate were soaked in 70% alcohol for 10 minutes and then washed with distilled water. Then, 20 seeds were arranged in a petri-dish, After standing at 25℃ for 7 days, germinated seeds were counted. As a result of the germination rate, at the beginning of June, the germination rate of seeds collected from 1 to 3 inflorescence was the highest at 35%. In the middle of June, it decreased by 2 times to 3.8%, and the germination rate tended to decrease as location of the inflorescence was lowered. In late June, it decreased to 1 - 2%, and most seeds collected after July did not germinate. The decrease of germination rate according to the harvesting time and the location of the inflorescence, it is considered that sufficient nutrients are delivered in the early stage but the number of immature seeds is decreased as the amount of nutrients is decreased. Conclusion : Appropriate sampling methods for the production of high quality seed in C. japonicum, the germination rate could be maximized by sampling from 1 to 3 inflorescence at the beginning of June. but, sufficient nutrient supply is required to increase the ripened seeds. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate further research on the additional fertilizer technology.

Background : Medicinal crops the importance of good agricultural practice (GAP) cultivation is increasing, but the number of GAP-certified farms is decreasing because of the decrease and undeveloped application of medicinal crops. In the case of Artemisia capillaris Thunb., GAP cultivation is difficult because there is no registered application agricultural pesticides. The insect pests that occur mainly in apples are Aphis gossypii. Especially, if the high temperature is continued as in this year, the incidence rate increases rapidly, which greatly affects the growth delay. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the application agricultural pesticides of A. gossypii for the stable production of GAP in A. capillaris. Methods and Results : Three-years-old (Jangsu, Jinan) A. capillaris were used as test materials. The treated medicines (2,000-fold dilution) were acetamiprid wet table powder (WP), clothianidin suspension concentrate (SC), imidacloprid WP and thiacloprid SC. To investigate the phytotoxicity, 2 times of medicine (1,000-fold dilution) was treated. The medicinal effect was confirmed at 3 and 7 days after the treatment of the medicinal stuff, and the phytotoxicity was investigated from symptoms appearing in the stem and leaf. As a result of treatment, in Jinan area, the treatment rate was more than 80% in all treatment chemicals on the 3 day after treatment, but on the 7 day, acetamiprid WP and clothianidin SC remained more than 80%. In the jangsu area, only the imidacloprid WP was less than 80% on the 3 day of treatment, but on the 7 day, acetamiprid WP and imidacloprid WP were maintained more than 80%. In particular, thiacloprid SC had a high control rate of 93% on the 3 day, but as the fell rapidly to 32% on the 7 day, It is considered that the persistence of medicinal effect is low. Conclusion : The results of medicines treatment for A. gossypii control showed that the control efficacy was higher than 80% until the 3 day of treatment, but the efficacy decreased at 7 day. The medicines with high control rate were acetamiprid WP, and the control rate was maintained more than 80% from 3 day to 7 day. Therefore, appropriate conclusions were obtained for the applied medicine.

Background : The cultivation area of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz is 156 ㏊ ('16), which is one of my representative medicinal crops. However, since it grows by roots, the damage of the repeated cultivation and the degeneration of the seedstock are increasing. To solve these problems, we are developing new varieties every year by testing the regional adaptability of high quality system. In recent years, as the quality and quantity of new varieties have been proven to increase, the need for continuous development of excellent varieties is increasing. Methods and Results : The test material used a jihwang-1 as standard variety, the system was planted in 3-year (RGES 20), 2-year (RGES 21, 22, 23) and 3-year (RGES 24, 25). The root lengths were cut at intervals of about 2 to 3 ㎝ and immersed for 20 minutes in a fludioxonil suspension concentrate (1,000-fold dilution) and shaded for 1 day. Sowing was planted on April 30th, and planting interval was 30 ㎝ × 15 ㎝. Growth investigation was carried out on the overground growing (plant length, leaf length, leaf number, plant type, etc) and degree of generation of pests. As a result of the growth investigation, the third year RGES 20, the second year RGES 22, and the first year RGES 25 were excellent. RGES 20 was upright type and superior in overground growing, RGES 22 had strong pest resistance. RGES 25 was characterized by strong at high temperature, but growth is not as good as other high quality system. Conclusion : Recently, the difficulty of cultivation of zucchini has been increasing due to abnormal weather. Especially in this year, high temperature of 35℃ or more continued for about 30 days, and the need to cultivate varieties resistant to high temperatures is increasing. Therefore, it is expected that RGES 25 can be registered as a promising strain that is resistant to high temperature if the yield is corrected.

Background : In this study, We will compare germination rate for each bed soil moisture content and find optimal seed germination on bed soil condition. This study was carried out germination efficiency related percent germination, germination energy, mean germination time and germination seed treated bed soil moisture content by volume on dehisced Korean ginseng seeds. Methods and Results : This study was used for conventional seeds of dehisced Korean ginseng seeds. In order to bed soil moisture treatment, We was dried on the soil until 1.5% moisture content and treated 12 different bed soil, soil 100 g volume up water 10 ㎖ for 10% soil moisture content, that contain moisture content (1.5 - 59.66%) at intervals 5 - 10% moisture content in Wagner ports. For bed soil moisture content test, We was sowed 61 Korean ginseng seeds each port on 18-May. In order to maintain the moisture content, The top of the port was covered with vinyl for blocked from the outside air. After sowing seeds, We was examined the germination rate, germination strength (GS), mean days per germination (MDG), and germination speed (GR) at every two days. Our results showed that germination rate was 94.5% at 47.07% moisture content. It had over 90 percent germination rate from 40.90 to 59.96% moisture content. High germination rate treatments also was higher with another traits such as germination strength (GS), mean days per germination (MDG), and germination speed (GR). Conclusion : The germination rate is very important in Korean ginseng cultivation of direct sowing. The soil moisture content is one of the most important environment related germination rate of ginseng seeds. According to our result, 40.90 to 59.96% bed soil moisture content had over 90 percent germination rate. These finding could be used to increase high germination rate, is required to proper irrigation. We will need to proper moisture content to increase high germination rate not only bed soil but also soil.

Background : Rural communities were facing labor difficulties due to old age and increasing number of women in the labor force. These factors have caused decrease in effectivity and productivity of ginseng production. Also, due to repetitive ginseng cultivation, salt accumulation in soil becomes more evident. When too much salt is present, ginseng plants appeared to have red colored roots and this caused the fall down of marketability of ginseng. In this study, we tested the use of wide shade facilities to enhance the growth traits of ginseng. Wide shade facilities can also reduce the working expenses of transfer cultivation and replacement by around 1,500,000 won/10a. In addition, this might also reduce the consequences of continuous cropping, thus obtaining a stable and safe field. Methods and Results : We set up 3 kind of facility as wide shade, supply type wide shade and conventional shade in Ginseng & Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. Wide shade facility used three different types of shade material, black, red, and blue films. Supply type wide shade facility and conventional shade used polyetylene (PE4 + PE2) film. The planting size were 10 ㎝ × 18 ㎝ (9 × 10 plants), planting number: 90 plants/3.2㎡ in wide shade (include supply type wide shade) and 10 ㎝ × 18 ㎝ (8 × 10 plants), planting number: 80 plants/3.2㎡ in conventional shade. Our results showed that temperature was lower (-0.5℃) in wide shade facility than in supply type and conventional shade. conventional shade was lower (-0.5℃) or similar than in supply type shade. We investigated growth of Korean ginseng 3-years-old root for each facility. Results showed that total growth such as root weight, length was higher in supply type facility than in wide shade and conventional shade facility. Root rot was lower in supply type facility. Conclusion : Wide shade facilities was shown in low temperature than in supply type and conventional shade. Supply type was good for root growth and root rot disease. These finding could be used for place fixed cultivation for ginseng using wide shade facility.