sources of flavonoid, including quercetin, rutin and catechin. The flavonoid content of Tartary buckwheat is 9 - 300 times higher than the common buckwheat. The objective of this study was to compare phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of tatary buckwheat and common buckwheat in different plant parts. Methods and Results : Total polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was measured in seed, stem and leaf of tatary buckwheat followed by cultivation period. Total polyphenol content was higher in tatary buckwheat compared to common buckwheat. Total polyphenol contents was 347.33 ㎍/㎖ in tatary buckwheat seed extract and 57.24 ㎍/㎖ in common buckwheat stem (2 month). Total flavonoid content was also higher in tatary buckwheat than common buckwheat. Total flavonoid contents of tatary buckwheat seed extract was 45.68 ㎍/㎖, where as common buckwheat seed content 21.29 ㎍/㎖. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in tatary buckwheat than common buckwheat. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 85.76% in tatary buckwheat leaf (2 month) and 54.44% was in common buckwheat stem (2 month). Conclusion : This study indicates that polyphenol contents of tatary buckwheat extract depend on their part and the chronology is the seed> leaf > stem. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of leaf and stem is in inverse proportion to cultivation period. But, DPPH free radical scavenging activity make no difference according to plant cultivation age.

Background : Zinc (Zn) is one of dietary micronutrients and it is second highest trace element in the body. Over 95% of Zn is located in the cells, but its dominant storage site is absent in the body. Deficiency of Zn may result in anorexia, dysgeusia, dysosmia, skin rash, infection, alopecia, growth failure, and impaired wound healing. Therefore, adequate supplementation of Zn is very important to maintain normal physiological conditions. Methods and Results : Zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4)-loaded nanocomposites (NCs) were fabricated by using a hot-melt extruder (HME) system. Soluplus (SP) was adopted as an amphiphilic polymer matrix for HME processing. The micro-size of ZnSO4 dispersion was reduced to nano-size by HME processing with the use of SP. ZnSO4 could be homogeneously dispersed in SP through HME processing. ZnSO4/SP NCs with a 75 ㎚ mean diameter, a 0.1 polydispersity index, and a -1 mV zeta potential value were prepared. The physicochemical properties of ZnSO4/SP NCs and the existence of SP in ZnSO4/SP NCs were further investigated by solid-state studies. Nano-size range of ZnSO4/SP NC dispersion was maintained in the simulated gastrointestinal environments (pH 1.2 and 6.8 media). No severe toxicity in intestinal epithelium after oral administration of ZnSO4/SP NCs (at 100 ㎎/㎏ dose of ZnSO4, single dosing) was observed in rats. Conclusion : These results imply that developed ZnSO4/SP NC can be used as a promising nano-sized zinc supplement formulation. In addition, developed HME technology can be widely applied to fabricate nano formulations of inorganic materials.

Background : Mountain ginseng adventitious roots are being produced in large quantities by using plant tissue cultivation techniques to overcome the disadvantages of recent cultivation techniques. In this study, we intend to provide basic data on the development of cosmetic products by measuring the antioxidants of mountain ginseng adventitious roots extracted from each ethanol concentration and the activity of tyrosinase and elastase enzyme inhibition. Methods and Results : After drying, the mountain ginseng adventitious roots, it was crushed to less than 0.5 ㎜. for testing. It was then extracted at 70℃ for 180 minutes, adding 10 times its weight to each ethanol concentration (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%) and filtered. The extract is depressurised and used in experiments after freeze-drying. The total phenols and flavonoids content measurement showed the most content in 80% ethanol extract. However, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power showed the best ability in 60% ethanol extract. In addition, the active measurements of tyrosinase and elastase enzyme inhibition performed to check skin whitening and wrinkles improvement showed the highest activity in the 80% ethanol extract. Conclusion : As a result, the optimum conditions for the use of natural antioxidants and functional foods were maximized when it is extracted with 60% ethanol. It is also expected to be valuable as a natural cosmetics material when extracted with 80% ethanol as a solvent when combined with the results of enzyme inhibition activity.

Background : The Dolwoe is a native plant to Asia and a medicinal plant belonging to the family of cucurbitaceae. It is generally consumed in the form of tea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of roasting treatment and the extracts of ethanol and water on antioxidant activity and to examine the possibility of raw materials for health functional food. Methods and Results : In this study, each specimen was extracted as water and ethanol by dividing it into Dolwoe leaves that were treated with roasting treatment, or hot air drying. To compare each extract, the total phenol and flavonoids content were measured, and the TEAC experimental method was conducted in which ABTS radical was indexed to trolox to measure antioxidant activity. Also, The degree of reduction of iron ions was measured using the FRAP experimental method to compare the reducing power of each extract. As a result of the experiment, the total phenol content was between 35.54 and 71.52 ㎎·GAE, the ethanol extract of roasted leaves showed more than twice the amount of phenol than the ethanol extract of dried leaves. The total flavonoids content was 5.37 to 28.91 ㎎·QE/g, with roasted leaves ethanol extracts with high total phenol content. In particular, antioxidant activity with TEAC 153.90 ± 1.72 mM·TE/g, FRAP 320.78 ± 1.44 mM·FE/g in ethanol extract of roasted leaves showed high activity in proportion to the total phenol and flavonoids content and hydroxyl radical scavenging was found to be the highest in the ethanol extract of roasted leaves. Conclusion : Total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant effects were highest when the Dolwoe leaves were processed for roasting treatment and extracted as ethanol. Therefore, extraction under the following conditions will have a useful effect as a health functional food.

Backgoound : Various varieties of Schisandra chinensis (Omija) are grown in various regions of Korea. However, there is no study on varieties with excellent efficacy for each variety. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to select the excellent lineage by analyzing the active compounds of Omija collection species Methods and Results : 154 lineage of Omija was collected from Muju of Jeollabuk-do, Jangsu of Jeollabuk-do and Hoengseong of Gangwon-do. They were cultivated in test-research farm in Rural Development Administration at Eumseong of Chungcheongbuk-do and used as materials. In order to analyze the active compounds (Shizandrin A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A, Gomisin N) in Omija, the HPLC method described in the Korean Pharmacopoeia (compounds of Omija indicator) was used. As a result of analysis of functional compounds, SC-003, SC-005, SC-013, SC-015, SC-019, SC-020, SC-022, SC-023, SC-040, SC-042, SC-045, SC-066, SC-069 and SC-072 were collected from Jangsu, Jeollabuk-do, SC-082 was collected from Hoengseong, Gangwon-do and SC-139 was collected from Muju, Jeollabuk-do showed higher contents of functional compounds than other collected species. Conclusion : As demand for high income crop has increased, new cultivar breeding is required to produce high quality Schisandra chinensis (Omija). In this study, Shisandra A, Shizandrin C, Gomisin A and Gomisin N were analyzed as functional compounds of Omija. They can be used for new Omija breeding. Especially SC-003, SC-019, SC-022, SC-040, SC-045, SC-069 and SC-082 can be superior lineags with high functional compound contents.

Background : The interest in paddy-converted fields to be used as an alternative new farming area for the stable ginseng production is increasing, and made up -32% of the total ginseng cultivation area in Korea in 2014. Therefore, this study examined how soil types and fertilizer regimes influence fatty acid (FA) and vitamin E (Vit-E) variation in 6-years-old ginseng root. Methods and Results : Ginseng variety “Jagyeongjong” was cultivated upland and paddy-converted field, and three organic fertilizers were applied to both fields, at 0, 1, 2, and 4 tons per 1,000 ㎡, prior to the ginseng seedling transplantation. The 37 FAs and 8 Vit-E were analyzed with GC-FID. We observed significant variation in both FA and Vit-E contents owing to the type and quantity of organic fertilizer used in each soil type during cultivation. Unsaturated FAs were approximately 2.7-fold higher in ginseng than in saturated FAs. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs detected in ginseng roots. Additionally, α-tocopherol was the major Vit-E detected. In particular, the increased application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer elevated the quantity of nutritionally desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots showed that soil type might be the main cause of differences in FA and Vit-E levels in ginseng. Specifically, the PLS-DA model indicated that palmitic acid is a suitable FA marker in determining whether ginseng plants were grown in a paddy-converted field or an upland field. Moreover, linoleic acid levels were highly correlated with α-linolenic acid (r = 0.8374) according to Pearson's correlations and hierarchical clustering analysis. Conclusion : This study investigated how soil type, as well as organic fertilizer type and amount, altered the FA and Vit-E profiles in ginseng roots. Therefore, these preliminary data should be beneficial to ginseng farmers and any industries involved in the production of high quality and nutritional ginseng products.

Background : This study was conducted to select candidates from among plant resources with the potential to improve Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. AD has been linked to a deficiency in the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), and is also correlated with cholinergic system abnormalities coupled with progressive cognitive impairment and altered behavior. The activity of ACh in the brain is terminated by the hydrolysis action of cholinesterase (ChEs). An inhibitor of these enzymes could contribute to improving the level of ACh and to augmenting the activity of surviving cholinergic neurons in patients with AD. Methods and Results : Plant extracts were prepared by solvent extraction and tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity by using the Ellman colorimetric method. One hundred and eighty-four extracts at a final concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖ were preliminarily screened for their AChE inhibition capacity. From the experiment, the AChE inhibitory activity of five extracts including a methanol extract of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), a methanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (stamen/ovary), a methanol extract of Persicaria tinctoria H.GROSS (flower), and both a methanol extract and a water extract of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr (bark) showed comparatively higher AChE inhibitory effects, ranging from 38.3 to 63.1%, than other extracts. The five selected extracts were retested for their AChE inhibition activity at final concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ㎍/㎖, and compared with tacrine (0.1 ㎍/㎖) as the positive control. In the experiment, the five extracts effectively inhibited AChE at each of the set concentrations. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that the five plant extracts mentioned above could be utilized as candidates for improving the ACh level and for ameliorating AD.

Background : Lythrum salicaria L. (LS), a herb that is found all around the world, has long been used as medicinal plant to treat inflammation, external wound bleeding, and diarrhea, while its sprouts (young leaves) can be utilized as a food material. The antioxidant and hepato-protective activities of LS have been reported in several articles. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and cell proliferation of LS leaves according to their growth period, and to obtain information on the optimal harvesting time of LS as a food resource. Methods and results : LS leaves were collected at ten-day intervals between April 27 and June 26, 2016 in Eumseong-gun, South Korea. The LS leaves were extracted with 50% ethanol at room temperature, and seven LS extracts (LSE) were obtained. A peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenging assay and a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed to compare the antioxidant effects of LSE, while a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed on the BV-2 cell lines to determine cell viability. The total phenol contents of LSE were quantified by using the calibration curve of tannic acid. From these assays, LSE harvested on April 27 showed the lowest value, while LSE harvested on June 6 showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity at 10 ㎍/㎖. There was no difference among the extracts in terms of their peroxynitrite scavenging activity. The extract prepared on April 27 showed the highest value in terms of BV2 cell viability, while that obtained on June 6 showed the lowest value. The value in terms of the total phenol content of the LSE harvested on June 6 was the highest, whereas that of the LSE harvested on April 27 was the lowest. Conclusion : When comparing the activity of LSE according to its harvesting time, the extract dated June 6 showed the highest effect in terms of its antioxidant activity and its total phenol content, whereas the extract dated April 27 showed the highest cell viability. As such, this study suggests that LS leaves harvested in the early season could be utilized as a food material even though they display low efficacy.

Background : This study was performed to investigate change in OnjisaponinB contents of Polygala tenuifolia depending on drying methods. Methods and Results : For this study, 5-years-old Polygala tenuifolia local cultivars from RDA(Eumseong) were used. Before starting to drying, root was shade-dried for 3 days and separated with the lead. Next, two types of drying methods conducted; natural drying and hot air drying. Hot air drying was controlled at 40℃, 50℃, 60℃ and 70℃ and checked with every 3 hours. Dried root from market was used as control group. The water content of raw root was about 52.04%. When it started to dry, the contents of it significantly decreased. The dried roots from market were 6.25 - 6.84%. To be under 7% of water contents, 6 hours of drying was enough in natural drying methods and 40℃, 50℃hot air drying methods. In case of 60℃, 70℃ hot air drying methods, it took under 3 hours. The OnjisaponinB contents of raw root was 0.53%. The dried root from market had 0.74% of onjisaponinB. During the drying, the contents of OnjisaponinB changed depending on the drying methods. Hot air drying method had more effect on OnjisaponinB contents than natural drying method. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that natural drying methods was enough to drop the water content of Polygala tenuifolia. Because during pre-treatment steps including shade-drying and separating lead, much of water contents already decreased and became easy to lose water. However to get more OnjisaponinB, hot air drying methods can beneficial than natural drying methods.

Background : Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora (Rosaceae) called “Brial wreath” is a deciduous latifoliate shrub that is widely distributed throughout in Northeast Asia. Phytochemical and biological investigation of S. prunifolia have led to the discovery of biologically active compounds. Pharmacological studies revealed that the extract of the root of S. prunifolia possess antioxidant, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Some chemical constituents such as sterols, phenolics, terpene and fatty acid, as well as ethanolic extracts from the roots of S. prunifolia, have previously been reported to modulate the deleterious effects of diabetes, to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity, and to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Our continuing research was carried out to search for other phytochemical constituents from the leavess of S. prunifolia. The chemical structures of compounds were determined by NMR and FAB/MS spectroscopic data interpretation. Methods and Results : Multiple-preparative liquid chromatography (MPLC) purifications were carried out on YMC LC-forte/R instrument (YMC Kyoto, Japan) equipped with YMC-Pack ODS-A columns (ODS gel : 5 ㎛, 10 ㎜ × 250 ㎜). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on Agilent Technologies instrument (Aglient Tec., Santa clara, CA, USA) equipped with YMC–Pack Pro C18 columns (ODS gel : 5 ㎛, 4.6 ㎜ × 250 ㎜). Next, quantitative analysis was carried out on UPLC-QqQ/MS 3200 Q-TRAP instrument (AB SCIEX Toronto, Canada) using a ACQUITY UPLC (waters corp.) with an ACQUITY BEH C18 column (2.1 ㎜ × 100 ㎜, 1.7 ㎛). The metabolite samples was applied to preparative reversed-phase HPLC and UPLC using gradient method, solvent A [water + 0.1% formic acid (v/v)] and solvent B [acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (v/v)]. Conclusion : In this study, we isolated the major metabolites from the stem of Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora by using MPLC and HPLC. UPLC-QqQ/MS was also used to quantify target compounds. Finally, we established methodology and performed the quantitative analysis on target compounds from the stem of Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a medicinal plant corresponding to 'raw materials for food use' in Korean food standards codex, and it is known that it has the same origin although it is classified into wild ginseng, cultured ginseng and red ginseng. It varies morphologically, molecularly, depending on the cultivation or habitat environment. In this study, we carried out experiments for the morphological differentiation of cultured ginseng (Hongcheon, Gunsan, Miryang) and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng (by company). Methods and Results : Morphological observations were made with resin sectioning method (RSM). The test method was sampled, preprocessed, embedded, segmented, slid and then observed with an optical microscope. The epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues were identified in the inner cross section of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Phloem was formed at the center, and xylem was formed at the side. In cultured ginseng, the organs of the vascular tissues were differentiated into two, whereas in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, one vascular tissue was formed due to the thin adventitious. Conclusion : Plant resources have the diversity of using the same or different origins depending on their distribution. The morphological differentiation method of ginseng and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is expected to be based on domestic fair trade to prevent discrimination.

Background : Bokbonja the Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) fruit derived product, which is native to Korea. They contain potential anti-aging, anti-oxidants, depurative activities. Bokbonja refers to an immature berry of Rubus coreanus in the Korean pharmacopeia, Rubus chingii in Chinese pharmacopeia. Recently several Rubus species are available in the Korean drug markets which could easily find their way into drug prescriptions. Methods and Results : Hence we tried to detect the presence of these contaminating species in bokbonja products using SNP marker assisted by multi-plex PCR. We found a SNP region in the 26S region of these species and evaluated their potential to discriminate Rubus species. We designed a set of primer pairs such as, BokR primer has distinguished R.coreanus by producing a band at 852 bp and the primer sanF has differentiated R. crataegifolius by amplifying a band at 129 bp, while chiF has produced a band at 83 bp to distinguish R.chingii. These primer pairs effectively distinguished the bokbonja samples collected from various local markets as well as form drug store in Korea as well. The results were shocking as the bokbonja (R.coreanus) has a limited usage in Korea and either R. crataegifolius or R.chingii has been found in these samples. Taken together the primer pairs bokR, sanF, chiF along with 26S universal primers could effectively distinguish Rubus species in a single multiplex PCR reaction. Conclusion : Our results based on the 26S rDNA derived SNP region have shown that, the usage of R. coreanus is extremely limited and its often mistaken or adulterated with R. crataegifolius and R. chingii. It presses a panic situation in Korean peninsula to preserve bokbonja and the species R.coreanus which is endemic and superior in efficacy.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. It is also considered as a valuable medicinal plant in Asia including Korea, China and Japan because of its anti-anemic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-senescence effects. Unfortunately it is difficult to propagate seeds due to poor seed viability and low propagation rate. Therefore, this plant is propagated vegetatively, but its vegetative propagation increases the incidence of virus infections in commercial fields, which can induce the production loss critically. So we have tried to compare the efficacy of virus elimination from R. glutinosa by thermotherapy, chemotherapy and shoot tip culture to find an optimal micropropagation for healthy and virus-free plant production. Methods and Results : For virus elimination, thermotherapy (heat treatment at 37℃ for 4 weeks), chemotherapy (addition into medium with antiviral agent) and shoot tip culture (meristem culture) were accomplished. After treatments, RT-PCR and ELISA methods were used for detection of three viruses including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), broad bean wilt virus (BBWV). Conclusion : Efficiency of virus elimination was enhanced up to 59% in shoot tip culture, however, lowest at 5 - 10% after chemotherapy using antiviral agent (ribavirin). Most samples were verified to have multiple virus infection. From these results, we can suggest that combination treatment of shoot tip culture and thermotherapy may be more effective for the elimination of major viruses from R. glutinosa.

Background : Recently there has been an increasing demand for well-being and health food products. Foreign special and medicinal crops which were not cultivated in Korea before are widely introduced and cultivated in Korea. Therefore, in order to provide the basic information necessary for stable cultivation of the introduced crops, we conducted a survey on the actual condition of cultivation of farms and sought to suggest future work. Methods and Results : The survey was conducted in cooperation with the Rural Development Administration and local rural organizations in the year 2015 based on cultivation area, number of farms, and cultivation scale. In thes case of Lepdium meyenii and Asimina triloba, we surveyed the status of management technology by stage of cultivation through the field case study of farms. As a result, 14 crops were cultivated in 1,015 farms in 329.9 ha area including, Allium hookeri, Amaranthus blitum, Annona muricata, Asimina triloba, Chenopodium quinoa, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Gynura procumbens, Lepdium meyenii, Moringa oleifera, Ocimum americanum, Psidium guajava, Silybum marianum, and Stachys japonica. The cultivation scale decreased in the order of C. longa, G. uralensis, A. hookeri, P. guajava, L. meyenii, M. oleifera, and A. triloba. Generally, L. meyenii seeds were sown generally in September and the roots were harvested from mid April to early May in the following year after wintering. A. triloba was cultivated using emerged seedlings or grafted seedlings. The emerged seedlings were more 5 years, and the grafted seedlings were more 4 years so that the fruit can be harvested. Conclusion : In order to stabilize the cultivation of special and medicinal crops introduced from foreign countries, it should be safe and economical in terms of cultivation environment based on domestic cultivation adaptability test, and the use of products and sales channels should be established first. Also, national support and countermeasures for benefit sharing under the Nagoya protocol are needed.

Background : Endophytes are generally regarded as beneficial microorganisms that live in plant tissues without disease symptoms. The endophytic species may differ depending on the plant age, the sampled time, the plant genotype, and the tissue. Although numerous endophytes have been identified from various plants, little is known about the endophytic bacteria of Panax quinquefolius, a useful herb plant. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate diversity and distribution of endophytic bacteria from 2-years-old to 6-years-old P. quinquefolius and to evaluate antimicrobial activity of isolates. Methods and Results : Initially, 2-years-old to 6-years-old plants were collected and sterilized with 70% ethanol and sodium hypochlorite, subsequently we prepared individual suspensions which were mixed with sample and sterile distilled water. A total of 88 single colonies were obtained from the LB agar plates spreading suspension. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, the taxonomic status of the isolates were determined consequently 42 species were identified. The 42 species were classified into 4 phylum; Proteobacteria (64%), Firmicute (27%), Actinobacteria (8%), and Bacteroidetes (1%). Based on age, the isolates of 5-years-old plant showed highest diversity. Moreover, Actinomycetales, Bacillales, and Pseudomonadales were equally dispersed as predominant orders in 5-years-old plant. The antagonistic activities of isolates against a phytopathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 : GFP (Pst : GFP) were performed using dual culture assays. We measured antibacterial activity by quantifying fluorescence of Pst:GFP which representing pathogen growth. As a result, 36 isolates inhibited growth of Pst:GFP. Interestingly, all species belonging Pseudomonas in this study showed strong antibacterial activity against Pst : GFP. Conclusion : These results improve our understanding of the structure and diversity of the endophytic bacteria of P. quinquefolius. Furthermore, we suggest that bacterial endophytes with antimicrobial activity might have useful as materials for biocontrol agents.

Background : The soil-borne ascomycete fungus Ilyonectria rdicicola species complex is commonly associated with root rot disease symptoms in ginsneg. Its virulence has been attributed, among other factors, to the activity of hydrolytic cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDE). Methods and Results : To establish a rapid and accurate detection of Ilyonectria rdicicola, a species-specific primer was developed based on the putative genes of cell wall–degrading enzyme (pectinase, polygalactose, xylanase, xylosidase). Species-specific primer based on the DNA sequences of gene amplified about 200 - 300 bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product for Ilyonectria mors-panacis. Conclusion : The primer pair yielded the predicted PCR product size exactly in testing with target pathogen DNAs, but not from the other species of Ilyonectria and species of other phytopathogenic fungi. The primer pair also showed only the species-specific amplification curve on realtime PCR on target pathogen DNA. The detection sensitivity of real time PCR using species-specific primer pair was 10 to 100 times higher than conventional PCR, with 1 to 10 pg/㎕. The approach outlined here could be further utilized as a rapid and reliable tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of the root rot of ginseng.

Background : A soil-borne pathogenic fungus, Ilyonectria radicicola (Cylindrocarpon destructans) species complex causing ginseng root rot is the major pathogen on ginseng. DNA extraction from soil is necessary to confirm the presence of ginseng root rot pathogen, I. radicicola. Methods and Results : In order to the increase the detection sensitivity of pathogens present in the soil, the existing soil DNA extraction method was modified to inctease the efficiency of the PCR reaction and to increase the amount of soil samples that can be analyed once by 500 times. For increase the DNA concentration, phenol : chloroform : isoamylalcohol (25 : 24 : 1) were used instead of chloroform : isoamylalcohol (24 : 1), and the sensitivity of PCR was increased by using purification kit. Conclusion : The modified DNA extraction method can detect ginseng root rot pathogen (I. radicicola) with DNA extraction and purification higher than the conventional method.

Background : During 2016 to 2017, Bacterial Rot symptom has been observed on Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. in Yeongju-si, Mungyeong-si, Jecheon-si and Eumseong-gun. This experiment was carried out to identify pathogenic bacteria that has not been reported up to now from A. macrocephala and to test pathogenicity of isolated bacteria against A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Nine types of representative bacteria strains depending on colony size and color were isolated from surface disinfested symptomatic tissue that was macerated and streaked onto lysogeny broth (LB) medium with agar. Fungi were not recovered from any tissue that was surface disinfested and placed into acidified potato dextrose agar. Only one strain cause dark brown leaf rot symptom on A. macrocephala leaves soaked in bacterial suspensions. Potted A. macrocephala plants were used to test for pathogenicity. Inoculum was prepared by suspending the bacteria in sterile distilled water (SDW) for a final concentration of approximately 105 CFU/㎖. Suspensions were sprayed until runoff onto three replicate plants. Control plants were sprayed with SDW until runoff. Plants maintained in a dew chamber with 100% relative humidity at 30℃. After 3 days, leaf rot lesions developed on all inoculated plants; lesions later turned dark brown and appeared similar to symptoms observed in the field. Plants treated with water developed no symptoms. Same bacteria re-isolated onto LB from symptomatic tissues. Conclusion : On the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain isolated from A. macrocephala was identified as Pseudomonas viridiflava. Biological assay method using Potted plants confirmed the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas viridiflava. This is the first report of bacterial rot caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava on A. macrocephala.

Background : Ginseng is perennial, frequently damaged by various diseases and insect pests, due to this, quantity and quality decreases. Particularly, Alternaria blight greatly damages the stem in its germination and the leaves after leafing. Here, this research conducted a test by investigating the control effect of lime-sulfur mixture in the market on 5 ginseng Alternaria blight, in order to utilize it as the disease control measure for disease and pest for eco-friendly cultivation of ginseng. Methods and Results : This research investigated the control effect of 5 types of lime-sulfur mixture in market on ginseng spotting disease by distributing the solvents to 5-years ginseng by 100 times and 200 times on April 29, May 15, and May 27. Also, this research investigated spore germination inhibition effect on Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria spore germination inhibition effect was investigated with spore germination inhibition ratio by manufacturing 100 times’ culture and 200 times’ culture per lime-sulfur mixture medium. There were two materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which didn’t damage during the leafing period of ginseng, and this research selected Sulfur 153, effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 was effective for Alternaria blight control due to its 82.2% control effect when treating by 200 times. Sulfur 153 was effective for spore germination inhibition of Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria and the rates of spore germination inhibition were 71.5, 100, 19.5% respectively. Conclusion : There were 2 materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which did not damage leafing period, and sulfur 153 was selected as the material effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 appeared to suppress germination of spore of Alternaria panax and Colletotrichum sp.

Background : Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary air pollutant that negatively affects numerous agricultural crop and forest. The tropospheric ozone is constantly increasing due to fossil fuel air pollutants. Here, we study the response of tartary buckwheat to ozone gas includes physiological and biochemical changes such as change in gene expression and metabolism. Methods and Results : Tartary buckwheat plants have green stems and leaves under normal conditions, while the plants exposed to the ozone have red stems and reddish green leaves. The expression of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly upregulated in ozone-treated buckwheat plants, exceting the expression of FtF3’H2. The contents of two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, were significantly increased by ozone treatment. From the metabolic profiling based on the GC-TOF-MS analysis, we identified the effect of ozone on thirty-five metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Most of the metabolites result in significantly decreased or nearly remain unchanged in the ozone-treated plants compared with untreated plants, excepting alanine, proline, tryptophan, sucrose, and raffinose. To identify the effect of ozone on the leaf, we analyzed the epidermal cells on the leaf surface by scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, amount of epidermal cells were partially destructed in ozone-treated plants. Conclusion : By analyzing both primary and secondary metabolites of tartary buchwheat without or with ozone, we identified that ozone affects the modulation of the metabolites as well as gene expression in tartary buchwheat.