This study was conducted to estimate the economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, on Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var). The changes of biomass of Chinese cabbage and M. persicae density were investigated after introduction of M. persicae at different density (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 per plant, inoculated at 10d after planting). The densities of M. persicae largely increased from the above initial densities to 0, 92.3, 177.4, 406.9, 440.4, and 471.3 aphids per plant at 18d after the initial inoculation, respectively. The biomass of Chinese cabbage significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of M. persicae: 602.0, 264.2, 262.0, 109.3, 151.0, and 67.3 g in above plots with different initial densities, respectively. The relationship between cumulative aphid days (CAD) and yield loss (%) of Chinese cabbage was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage was estimated 25 CAD per plant based on the yield loss 13%, which take into account of an empirical gain threshold 5% and marketable rate 92% of spring Chinese cabbage. Also, ET was calculated at 80% of EIL: 20 aphids per plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for M. persicae management at early growth stage of Chinese cabbage.

Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic threshold (ET) were estimated for the two spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) on greenhouse eggplants. T. urticae density increased until the mid-July and thereafter decreased in all plots where initial density of the mite were different each 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 adults per plant was innoculated on June 7. Growth variables of were not different among experimental plots but fruit weights were lower in plots with higher initial mite density than in plots with lower initial mite density. Total number of fruits and the number of marketable fruits decreased in plots with higher initial mite density. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing initial mite density, resulting in 0, 3.9, 11.3, 14.5, 22.8% reduction in each of the above plots, respectively. The relationship between initial T. urticae densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 1.085X + 2.474, R² = 0.9659. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 1.8.

RFID system the key technology of ubiquitous era, has been emphasized in logistics. Logistic enterprises are required to apply RFID systems considering their investment costs, actual effectiveness, operational satisfaction and so on. For such a purpose, many applicable methods of RFID system have been developed A method that RFID tags are directly attached to products or pallets is utilized in most cases. However, this method requires expensive investment cost, frequent replacement of damaged tags for the small and medium (SM) third party logistics. In this paper, we analyze statistically the current status and requirements of SM third party logistics. Based on their requirements, we propose the realtime warehousing-delivery management by the method to attach a RFID tag to each warehouse rack, together with the economy analysis index in order to evaluate economical efficiency. Consequently, this method is expected to reduce Investment cost and to improve operational effectiveness and satisfaction.

본 연구에서는 출소자들이 겪게 되는 사회적 차별과 그에 따른 경제적 궁핍에 대한 대안적 경제기반 구축의 일환으로 마이크로크레딧의 활용에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이미 영국에서는 출소자들을 대상으로 하는 마이크로크레딧이 매우 활성화되고 있었으며, 그 성과 역시 매우 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 한국에서도 향후 이에 대한 지속적인 지원과 노력이 절실하다. 특히 출소자들에게 보다 많은 혜택을 제공하기 위해 법무부가 참여하거나 휴면예금 및 지역사회의 다양한 자원을 활용하여 자본금이나 실시기관의 숫자 등 전반적인 외연의 확대를 이루어야 한다. 그리고 제도의 보완과 관련된 측면에서 먼저 대상자의 선정 및 지원금액과 관련하여 대상자를 보다 확대하고 지원금액을 상향조정할 필요가 있으며, 교육훈련 역시 장기간에 걸쳐 보다 다양한 교육이 이루어져야 한다. 또한 사후관리의 측면에서도 생활관리, 재정관리 등의 지속적 관리가 요구되며, 아울러 자금회수와 관련하여 좀 더 장기간의 상환기간을 제공하고 이자상환의 기간을 연장해주어야 할 것이다. 궁극적으로 한국의 출소자 대상 마이크로크레딧이 보다 큰 성과를 보이기 위해서는 사회의 전반적인 인식전환과 더불어 위의 내용들이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 무엇 보다 중요한 것은 이 제도가 출소자들에 대한 혜택이나 서비스의 제공이 아닌 우리 사회를 방위함과 동시에 그들을 교화개선시킬 수 있는 일거양득의 필수불가결한 제도라는 것을 인식하는 것이다.

Pyrausta panopealis is the major pest in green perilla. The larva weaves a web on the shoot of green perilla and damages. In case of extreme, The larva cuts the main branch of green perilla and the leaf of green perilla isn’t harvested anymore. A field study was conducted to estimate economic injury levels (EILs) and control thresholds (CTs) for P. panopealis injuring green perilla in green-houses. Different densities of P. panopealis ranged from 1 to 20 crops (2 units per crop) per 100 crops on 13. June, early inoculation. The number of injured leaf and the rate of injured crop were increased by 23. June, on the other hand were decreased after that day. Also, the amount of yield sow the same result above. The economic loss time calculated by the ratio of cost managing this moth to market price (C/V) (C: cost managing a moth, V: Market price) was 4.0%. The economic injury level was 5.1 larval per 100 crops. The control thresholds calculated by 80% level of economic injury level was 4.1 larval per 100 crops.

  This paper considers a topological optimization of a computer network design with a reliability constraint. The objective is to find the topological layout of links, at minimal cost, under the constraint that the network reliability is more than a given

  The purpose of computing economic depreciation value is to find valuation of assets closely in line with market prices. The valuation of industrial assets are called Engineering Valuation. The two representative techniques for such valuation are Hulten-

  The estimation of mortality characteristics of industrial property is an important adjunct to engineering valuation and depreciation estimation. Once the important of depreciation estimation is determined, it is desirable to understand the processes upo

In this study, as the result of analyzing the relationship and influence between economic outcome and R&D supporting investment, the number of supporting subjects among the technological innovational areas of SMEs, it is as below. First, as the economic result of analyzing companies from the investment in R&D of technological innovational areas of minor companies, the number of supporting subjects and amount of R&D have relationship with increase of sales and export amount, employee reduction & the effect of new job creation shows positive correlation with the effect of import replacement. Second, as analyzing the influence of the investment in R&D has economic effect from of technological innovational minor companies. This is thought that the financial and R&D support increase a significant effect on economical, technical against SMEs.

Economic injury levels and economic thresholds were estimated for the american serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on greenhouse eggplant. Liriomyza trifolii density was increased until the late June and decreased after the July in innoculation on may 17. Growth of an aerial plants and fruits were not different in treatment respectively. But total number of fruits and yields were decreased on higher inoculation density. Whereas the rate of yield loss was increased. The rates of damaged leaf by L. trifolii were increased on higher inoculation density and the peak was 65%. The number of commodity fruits and the rates of commodity fruit were become lower than non-treatment (72.2%). The rates of damaged leaf area were 5.3, 11.7, 19.7, 25.7% on inoculation densities and the rates of yield loss were 0.6, 4.8, 9.8, 14.7%, respectively. There existed close correlation between rate of yield loss and inoculation density (Y = 0.76779X + 0.298354, R² = 0.9599). Considerated of the results, the economic injury levels of L. trifolii on eggplant greenhouse was 6.1 adults per 4 plant and the economic thresholds was 4.9 adults per 4 plant

This research was carried out to develop economical artificial diets of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.). Diets were mixed with malt or sugar instead of whole honey for cheaper ones. Fecundity, developmental period, pupation rate, emergence rate and adult longevity of G. mellonella depending on diet were examined. The head width and length of larvae were not significantly different among diets tested. However, the weight of larva was the heaviest, 255.5 ㎎, at 1/2 honey + 1/2 malt diet and lightest, 144.3 ㎎, at sugar diet. The weight of pupa was also the heaviest at 1/2 honey + 1/2 malt representing 196.7 ㎎. Larval period was the shortest at honey diet as 30.9 days but the longest at sugar diet as 36.5 days. Pupation and emergence rates were over 79.3% at all diets. The longevity of mated females was ranged from 6.3 to 8.0 days and those of mated males ranged from 7.9 to 11.2 days. The highest number of eggs, 1269, was obtained at sugar diet. Artificial diets replaced by rice bran, malt, and sucrose reduced costs compared with wheat bran plus honey diet. The cost of rice bran was only 10% of wheat bran. Honey was much more expensive than malt and sugar, that is 6 and 13 times, respectively.

문화는 국제 비즈니스부문에 있어서 기업경쟁력을 결정하는 핵심적 요소가 되어가고 있다. Perlmutter가 문화는 다국적 기업의 성공과 실패에 중요한 영향을 미치는 요소라고 언급한 이래 많은 학자들이 문화와 비즈니스에 관한 연구에 관심을 가져왔다. 그 가운데서 Hofstede 모델이 가장 널리 알려져 있으며, 대부분의 국제경영연구들이 이에 바탕을 두고 있다. 그러나 Hofstede 모델은 몇 가지 약점을 가지고 있으며, 종종 비판을 받아왔다. 이에 대하여 본 연구는 Hofstede 모델의 근본적인 문제점을 개선한 새로운 문화모델인 OUI 모델을 제시하였다. 또한, 문화를 경영·경제적 부문에 적용하여 경쟁력을 향상시킬 수 있는 능동적 요소로 파악하고, OUI 모델을 바탕으로 문화와 경제적 성과에 대한 실증분석을 하였다. 실증분석의 결과 개방성, 불확실성 회피, 개인주의라는 문화적 요소는 경제적 성과와 정(+)의 관계를 보여주고 있다. 또한 하위 문화요소의 불균형을 고찰하여, 경제발전단계 및 상황에 따라 경쟁력을 가장 효율적으로 향상시킬 수 있는 문화적 요소를 찾아내는 전략적 시사점도 제시하였다.

The damage aspects of soybean by common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different larval density and different growth stage of soybean were studied in soybean field. The percent yield reduction(Y) of soybean infested by different densities of S. litura (X, no. of larvae/plant) under outdoor conditions for a three week period were estimated by the following equations: (1) Y = 1.655X - 6.025 (R² = 0.952) for the R1 (flowering stage), (2) Y = 0.725X - 0.475 (R² = 0.986) for the R3 (beginning pod stage), and (3) Y=0.635X - 1.325 (R² = 0.986) for the R5 (beginning seed stage). Based on the relationships between the densities of S. litura larvae and the yield index of soybean, the number of larvae (2nd-3rd instar) which caused 5% loss of yield (Tolerable injury level) was estimated to as approximately 6.7 for the R1, 7.5 for the R3, and 10.0 per plant for the R5, respectively. Average soybean leaf areas consumed by 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th larvae of Spodoptera litura during 24 hr at 28℃ was 0.3, 0.7, 2.6, 4.0, 20.1, and 55.8 ㎠, respectively.

This study was carried out to determine the economic injury level of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis G.. The damage aspects of rice plant (at tilling stage) by leaf folders at different larval density per plant were studied in pot experiment (24 ㎝ in diameter, 18 ㎝ in height). One leaf folder consumed 6-7 leaves during larval stage. The damage by leaf folders was simulated by cutting off 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90% of leaves before and after heading stage July 15th (at panicle initiation stage) and August 15th (at milk stage), respectively. When leaves were cut before the heading of rice, the linear relationships between the leaf cutting rate (X) and each factors of yield (Y) were as following, for grain maturity it was Y = -9.379X + 83.630 (R² = 0.493), Y = 0.139X + 0.490 (R² = 0.925) for yield, and Y = -4.880X + 81.116 (R² = 0.665) for head rice. When leaves were cut after the beading of rice, it was Y = -23.014X + 83.589 (R² = 0.915) for grain maturity, Y = 0.141X + 3.466 (R² = 0.842) for yield, and Y = -13.795X + 81.964 (R² = 0.898) for head rice. We found that when leaf cutting after the heading stage caused more damage than before the heading in terms of yield and yield components. Based on theses results the economic threshold level was estimated to be 30% and 7% leaf loss before and after heading stage.