The aim of this study was to compare the carcinogen classification systems of developed countries or global organizations with domestic system under Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). We selected the representative institutions which had carcinogen classification system such as International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), National Toxicological Program (NTP), Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), and European Union (EU). We collected the carcinogen lists issued by 5 institutions, and merged by CAS number of each chemical with Microsoft Access 7.0. We found that confirmed human carcinogens, probable human carcinogens and possible human carcinogens were 34, 179, and 252, respectively. All of the institutions classified chemicals as 2 (NTP), 3 (EU) or 5 (IARC, ACGIH, US-EPA) categories based on the weight of scientific evidences for carcinogenicity and periodically updated the carcinogen list by regular procedure. However, a total of 90 chemicals could be classified as carcinogen under ISHA in Korea. There was no procedure or system which periodically update the carcinogen lists. In addition, the status of carcinogen classification according to regulation was confused. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the carcinogen classification and management system should be amended by consideration of systems of advanced institutions and the domestic regulation system.

We studied the influence of different types of metal electrodes on the performance of solution-processed zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin-film transistors. The ZTO thin-film was obtained by spin-coating the sol-gel solution made from zinc acetate and tin acetate dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol. Various metals, Al, Au, Ag and Cu, were used to make contacts with the solution-deposited ZTO layers by selective deposition through a metal shadow mask. Contact resistance between the metal electrode and the semiconductor was obtained by a transmission line method (TLM). The device based on an Al electrode exhibited superior performance as compared to those based on other metals. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) allowed us to measure the work function of the oxide semiconductor to understand the variation of the device performance as a function of the types metal electrode. The solution-processed ZTO contained nanopores that resulted from the burnout of the organic species during the annealing. This different surface structure associated with the solution-processed ZTO gave a rise to a different work function value as compared to the vacuum-deposited counterpart. More oxygen could be adsorbed on the nanoporous solution-processed ZTO with large accessible surface areas, which increased its work function. This observation explained why the solution-processed ZTO makes an ohmic contact with the Al electrode.

This paper inquired into the discourses on material culture in the latter half of Ming dynasty, which including Gao Lian's Eight Discourses on the Art of Living, Xiang Yuanbian's Nine Records from a Banana-shaded Window, Wen Zhenheng's Treatise on Superfluous Things, Tu Lung's Desultory Remarks on Furnishing the Abode of the Retired Scholar, Zhang Yingwen's Pure and Arcane Collecting. The discourses by Jiangnan intellectuals were compiled during the years 1590 to 1630 and dealt with their classification of and the way of seeing material world. Gao Lian and Xiang Yuanbian were rich merchants who cultivated cultural attainments necessary to be a literatus and tried to enter into elite society, Tu Lung passed Jinshi examination as a son of merchant, became an official, and succeeded to enter into elite society. On the other hand, Wen Zhenheng and Zhang Yingwen were members of elite society. Their discourses on material culture can be viewed on the one hand as rich merchant's cultural effort to try to enter into elite society, on the other hand as elite group's cultural capital on which they sought ways to differentiate themselves.

The effects of different dietary fatty acids on the hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci and glutathione related enzyme system were investigated in carcinogen treated rats. Weaning male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed the diets of 15% corn(CO), perilla(PO), and sardine oil(SO), respectively. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was initiated with diethylnitrosamine(DEN) and then fed the diet containing 0.02% 2-acetylaminoflumene(2-AAF) followed by 0.05% phenobarbital for 10 weeks. The hepatic tissues were homogenized and centrifugated to prepare microsoma1 and cytosolic fractions. The enzyme activities of hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) were determined from cytosoIic Mans. The number of GST-P hyperplastic nodules was the highest in corn oil group at 6th week, the early stage of hyperplastic nodule formation. GST activities were increased significantly by carcinogens in a11 dietary groups after 6th wk. GR activities followed the same tread as GST activities. GPx activities were decreased by carcinogens in all dietary groups at 10th week. In this experiment, corn oil diet may have promotive effect on hyperplastic nodule formation during the early promotional stages of chemical carcinogenesis.

새로운 항치매성 건강식품을 개발하기 위해 아세틸콜린에스터레이즈(AChE)를 강력하게 저해하는 추출물을 곡류와 두류의 다양한 추출물로부터 선발한후 최적 추출 조건을 조사하였다. 추출물 중 수수 메탄올 추출물이 63.4%의 가장 높은 AChE 저해 활성을 보였다. 수수를 80% 메탄올로 40℃ 에서 12시간 추출했을 때 최대의 AChE 저해 활성을 나타내었다. AChE를 저해하는 수수 메탄올 추출물의 영양성과 생리 기능성을 조사하였다. 메탄올 추출물은 유리당으로 고형물 100g당 4.78g의 포도당과 4.13g의 자당 및 0.97g의 과당을 함유하였다. 또한, 수수 메탄올 추출물의 고형물 100g에 linoleic acid 273.82㎎, stearic acid 4.96㎎을 함유하고 있었고, 주요 유기산으로 주석산 27.45㎎, 말론산 15.43㎎, 사과산 9.94㎎이 메탄올 추출물 1g에 함유되어 있었다. 수수 메탄올 추추룰은 항치매 활성 외에도 콜레스테롤 합성을 저해하는 HMG-CoA reductase 저해 활성이 50.2%이었고, 항산화 활성은 56.1%를 보였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the residue amount of harmful materials on the 153 commercial medical herbs in Gwangju area. It was performed using the GC-ECD, GC-NPD, GC-MSD and the LC-UVD,LC-FLD, LC-MSD to analyze 200 pesticides. The heavy metals were determined using a Mercury analyzer and AAS. The sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. The residual pesticides were detected in 7samples, and were over MRLs (Maximum Risk Levels) in 2 samples (1.3%). The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) were Pb, 0.570; Cd, 0.081; As, 0.082; Hg, 0.0093. The measured values of Pb, As, Hg showed within MRLs. The excess samples of MRLs were 3 samples (changchul 2, cheongung 1) on Cd. The sulfur dioxides were over MRLs in 7 samples (4.6%), hwanggi and gugija. These results will be used to establish on the regulation of commercial medical herbs in Gwangju area.

This study was conducted to show the odor emission characteristics between the well maintained environment fundamental facility and the poorly maintained environmental facility. It also draws major components of odor emission based on facilities, stages, and suggest the proper way to reduce the level of odor for insufficient facilities. Insufficient facilities" air direct sensory and air dilution value levels are following: foodwaste ＞ livestock ＞ wastewater ＞ night-soil ＞ sewage. For the sewage and waste water facilities, the common characteristic of odor emission on each fundamental facility showed higher air dilution value in depositing reservoir and concentrator. And sulfur and aldehyde compounds came out to be the major odor causing components. In the case of night-soil and livestock facilities, the air dilution value was high in flow equalization tank and liquid erosion tank. And sulfur as well as ammonia component was the major malodorous substance. Foodwaste facility showed higher air dilution value than other facility, which sulfur and acetaldehyde compounds were acting as major malodorous substances.

In this study, we attempted to evaluate the relationship between dilution‐to‐threshold (D/T) ratio derived by air dilution sensory (ADS) test and the concentration levels of both individual odorant (using H₂S and acetaldehyde (AA)) and their mixture. For the purpose of our comparative study, we prepared both standard gases of two individual compounds and their mixture at 9 concentration levels. Each of all these samples were analyzed by ADS test, and the results were analyzed in relation to their odor intensity. The results of individual odorant samples showed the two contrasting characteristics of each individual compound. H2S generally showed sensitive detection at low concentration but less sensitive detection with increasing concentration. In contrast, AA showed fairly contrasting trend with slow increasing sensitivity. When the D/T ratios estimated from individual samples were used to predict those of mixed samples, the results were reflecting the mixed effects of the basic characteristics owned by each individual compound. As the lower and upper odor intensities of mixed samples were best reflected by AA and H2S, respectively, the D/T ratio of mixed samples complied with the larger D/T values of each compound at a given odor intensity.

In this study, Complex odor was measured by direct sensory method on site. Air samples of the fish factories were sampled with polyester aluminum bag and were analyzed by GC/FID/O and GC/MS. The feature of the complex odor was fishy, boild fish paste and dried slices of file fish. The odor active compounds of individual odor which chotribute these smell were mainly Hydrogen sulfide, Heptanal, 1-Hexanal, 2-Heptanal, TMA. Also contribution level of The designated malodor materials were higher than other industrial complex.

Recent high efficiency electronic devices have been found to have heat emission problems. As for LEDs, an excessive increase in the device temperature causes a drop of the luminous efficiency and circuit lifetime. Therefore, heat release in the limited space of such electronic parts is very important. This is a study of the possibility of using a coating of carbon materials as a solution for the thermal emission problem of electronic devices. Powdered carbon materials, cokes, carbon blacks, amorphous graphite, and natural flakes were coated with an organic binder on an aluminum sheet and the subsequent thermal emissivity was measured with an FT-IR spectrometer and was found to be in the range of 5~20 μm at 50˚C. The emissivity of the carbon materials coated on the aluminum sheet was shown to be over 0.8 and varied according to carbon type. The maximum thermal emissivity on the carbon black coated-aluminum surface was shown to be 0.877. The emissivity of the anodized aluminum sheets that were used as heat releasing materials of the electronic parts was reported to be in the range of 0.7~0.8. Therefore, the use of a coating of carbon material can be a potential solution that facillitates heat dissipation for electronic parts.

본 연구는 최종 해양에 배출되는 하수슬러지에 함유된 오염물질의 농도와 분포특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구에 사용된 시료는 하수 슬러지 발생업체의 최종 저장조에서 20점을 채취하였고 시료의 조제를 비롯하여 최종 기기분석까지 해양환경공정시험기준을 적용하였으며, 다 환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)는 U.S EPA 기준에 맞춰 16종을 분석하였다. 분석결과 중금속인 비소는 최대 15.29 ㎍/g, 카드뮴 2.04 ㎍/g, 크롬 632.98 ㎍/g, 구리 2,388.28 ㎍/g, 납 77.71 ㎍/g, 아연 2,928.28 ㎍/g이었고, 폴리염화비페닐(PCBs) 7종 중 최대값은 0.80 ng/g이고 7종의 합은 ND ～ 2.50 ng/g으로 나타났다. 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)의 각 항목별 최대값은 나프탈렌 1,199.5 ng/g, 아세나프틸렌 35.48 ng/g, 아세나 프텐 104.94 ng/g, 플루오렌 424.86 ng/g, 페난트렌 606.91 ng/g, 안트라센 121.96 ng/g, 플루오란텐 683.64 ng/g, 피렌 1045.70 ng/g, 벤죠(a)안트 라센 270.49 ng/g, 크리센 288.76 ng/g, 벤죠(b)플루오란텐 175.81 ng/g, 벤죠(k)플루오란텐 162.22 ng/g, 벤죠(a)피렌 185.84 ng/g, 인데노 (1,2,3-cd)피렌 136.22 ng/g, 디벤즈(a,h)안트라센 21.60 ng/g, 벤죠(g,h,i)페릴렌 320.00 ng/g으로 나타났다. 한편 분석시료 20점 중 해양배출처리 기준 제1기준을 초과한 시료는 구리 1점이었고, 생물독성시험이 필요한 제2기준을 초과한 시료는 크롬 1점, 구리 10점, 아연 2점, 나프탈렌 3점 으로 나타났다.

The binding affinity constants (p(Od)50) and molecular docking scores (DS) between porcine odorant binding proteins pOBP (1HQP) and pPBP (1GM6) as receptor and a series of tetrahydrofuran-2-yl (A & B) analogues as substrate, and their interactions were discussed quantitatively using three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models. The statistical qualities of the optimized CoMFA models for pOBP were better than those of the CoMSIA models. The binding affinity constants and DS between substrate and receptor molecules were dependent upon steric and hydrophobic interaction. The DS constants of the substrates into the binding site of OBP (1HQP) were bigger than those of PBP (1GM6). The resulting contour maps produced by the optimized CoMFA model were used to identify the structural features relevant to the binding affinity in binding site of pOBP.

With the increase of the use of antibiotics and invasive procedures, infections caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(MRAB) are increasing. We screened the antibiotic producing strain B-51 for antibacterial activity against MRAB from the soils and studied the effects of culture medium on the antibiotic production of B-51. The medium conditions for maximum antibiotic productivity of B-51 was 2% glycerol, 0.5% soybean meal, 0.01% CaCl2, 0.01% MgSO4, 7H2O and 0.01% KH2PO4 at an initial pH of 6.0, at 30℃ for 76 h.