This experiment was carried out in experiment field at Hoengseong from March to July 2015 to evaluate the seed productivity and feed value of oats (Avena sativa L.) according to the difference of seeding date. The experiment was arranged randomized complete design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three seeding dates (12, 22 March and 2 April). The emergence and heading of oat showed a tendency to accelerate as the seeding date was delayed while the number of days taken for the flowering after the heading remained unchanged. The plant height, panicle length, number of culm, and number of panicle all tended to decrease with the delay of seeding date. The seed yield showed a significant difference with 3.55 ton/ha in 12 March and 2.38 ton/ha in 2 April (p<0.05). The dry matter yield also showed significantly different in 12 March and 2 April which were 6.57 ton/ha and 4.56 ton/ha, respectively (p<0.05). The feed value measured as CP (crude pretein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber) and DMD (dry matter digestibility) showed no difference according to the seeding date. In the case of RFV (relative feed value), a decrease with the delay of seeding date was observed but only an insignificant difference (p>0.05). As the purpose of this study was not production of roughage but that of the seed, cultivation was in the full-ripe period, hence a relatively low feed value. In conclusion, it is considered that the appropriate seeding date for a spring cultivation of oats for the purpose of seed production in Hoengseong is in early March regarding growth characteristics, seed yield, and feed value.

In this study, we analyzed the concentration of cadmium and mercury in urine and lead in blood from 668 residents in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang-si and Yeosu-si, from July 2013 to December 2015. According to the lifestyle (past smoking, current smoking, passive smoking, drinking and exercise), the concentration of cadmium in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. However, the concentration of cadmium in urine according to the lifestyle except drinking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking and current smoking, the concentration of mercury in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang, but the passive smoking, drinking and exercise showed similar concentration levels both in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang. The concentration of mercury in urine according to the past smoking and current smoking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu, but the concentration of mercury in urine according to the drinking and exercise was lower in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking, the concentration of lead in blood showed similar concentration levels in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang, but regarding current and passive smoking, it was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. Especially, the concentration of lead in blood according to the drinking in Gwangyang showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The concentration of lead in blood according to the lifestyle was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Yeosu.

The objective of this study was to determine the growth characteristics of cool (C1) and warm season grasses (C2) in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses and to evaluate the effect of pastures mixed with tall and short type grasses on the intake characteristics of horses. C1 used in this study was Kentucky bluegrass, redtop (short type grass) and tall type grasses were orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively. Treatments of this study were consisted of four groups and the short type grass used in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 was mainly bermudagrass. Four treatment groups were follow as; Treatment 1 (bermudagrass + Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 2) Treatment 2 (bermudagrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass) 3) Treatment 3 (Kentucky bluegrass + redtop) 4) Treatment 4 (tall fescue + orchardgrass). Bermudagrass was a little winter killing and inhibition of plant growth at an altitude of 400 m. Plant heights in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 were grown better than that in pastures mixed with C1. Especially, plant height in Treatment 4 was higher than other treatments. Dry matter yield was in the following order: Treatment 4> Treatment 3> Treatment 2> Treatment 1. Dry matter yield in pastures mixed with C1 increased as compared with pastures mixed with C1 and C2. Dry matter yield in Treatment 3 was higher than other treatments. In the first investigation regarding vegetation distribution, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 11.7 and 13.3%, respectively. The growth of bermudagrass in winter was low due to the cold damage. However the growth of Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, tall fescue and orchardgrass was good. In the second investigation, bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 5.0 and 11.7%, respectively. Growth of forage in the second investigation was poor as compared to the first investigation. nutritive values(crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, acid detergent fiber content, digestibility) were good in pastures mixed with C1 Especially, nutritive values in pastures mixed with tall was higher than those of pastures mixed short grasses. P content among minerals in Treatment 1 was higher than other groups. However, the content of Ca, Mg and Mn were lower. The contents of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 2 were higher. However, the contents of K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Fe in Treatment 3 were lower. Therefore, we suggest that cool season grasses with short grasses were sowed to establishing pasture suitable for grazing horses at an altitude of 400 m in Jeju island.

본 연구는 2014년 7월부터 2015년 9월까지 제주 한국마 사회 제주육성목장(해발 450m) 시험포장에서 여름 동안 생산성이 유지될 수 있는 남방형 목초를 도입하여 재배에 이용하기 위하여 Bermudagrass 품종(Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. : Giant, Cheyene, Mohawk, Panchero Frio, Common) 과 Bahiagrass 품종(Paspalum notatum : TifQuik, Tifton 9, Argentine), 그리고 Teff grass(Eragrostis tef : Tiffany) 품종 의 생육특성 및 건물 수량을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험설계는 품종을 처리로 10처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치 하였다. 1차년도 1차 수확은 8월 31일, 2차 수확은 9월 21일이며 2차년도 1차 수확은 7월 22일, 2차 수확은 8월 14 일, 3차 수확은 9월 11일로 성장단계를 고려하여 수확하였 다. 1차년도 남방형 품종의 건물 수량은 Teff grass의 Tiffany가 산파와 조파 각각에서 2.59와 2.00Ton/ha로 가 장 높은 건물수량을 나타내었으며, Bermudagrass의 Common이 산파에서 1.21Ton/ha로 다년생 남방형 목초 중 가장 높은 수량을 나타내었다. 2차년도 남방형 품종의 건물 수량은 Bahiagrass의 Tifton9이 산파에서 15.06Ton/ ha로 가장 높은 수량을 나타내었으며 Bahiagrass의 Tifquik이 산파에서 14.68Ton/ha로 두 번째로 높은 수량을 나타내었다. 조단백질 함량은 Bahiagrass의 Argentine이 19.75%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 NDF 함량은 Bermudagrass 의 common이 61.69%로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한해 에 의한 피해의 경우 대부분의 Bermudagrass 품종의 경우 에 동절기 적응성이 떨어졌으나 Bahiagrass의 Tifton 9 품 종의 경우 한해에 대한 피해를 거의 받지 않았으며 출현, 내병성, 내습성, 도복성은 품종 간 차이가 거의 없었으며 Teff grass의 Tiffany이 도복과 습해에 의한 피해가 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 제주지역에서 Bermudagrass와 Bahiagrass의 일부 품종은 월동할 수 있어 여름철 조사료자 원으로 활용이 가능하지만, 품종 간 내한성 능력과 재생능 력이 다르므로 이를 고려하여 품종을 선택할 필요가 있다.

본 연구에서는 강풍 위험 모델과 강풍 취약도 모델을 개발하여 옥외 광고물의 강풍 위험도를 정량적으로 평가하였다. 강풍 위험 모델과 강풍 취약도 모델 모두 확률론적 접근법인 몬테카를로 모사 모형을 적용하여 개발되었으며, 강풍 위험도 모델은 평가된 강풍 위험과 강풍 취약도의 수학적 계산을 통해서 평가되었다. 강풍 위험은 국내 내륙과 해안지역의 대도시인 서울과 부산 지역에 대하여 평가되었으며, 강풍 취약도 모델은 현장 조사와 문헌 조사를 통하여 파악된 10종의 벽면 이용형, 8종의 돌출형 옥외 광고물을 대상으로 개발되었다. 강풍 위험도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 지표조도구분, 옥외 광고물의 형태, 설치 지역, 설치 높이 등에 따른 강풍 위험도를 정량적으로 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 강풍 위험도 평가 방법은 강풍으로 인한 옥외 광고물의 손실 추정 및 피해 저감 대책 수립을 위하여 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction with school meal service and the food preference in elementary school students who are in their growth period. A total of 484 students (242 boys) participated and completed a questionnaire survey. The results indicated that the merit of school meals was the highest in ‘balanced diet’. 'Food hygiene' and 'delicious food' were the most important factors in school meals. Most of the students wanted ‘balance between eastern and western foods’ and ‘new dishes’ for the menu of school meals. For the distribution of meals, ‘various kinds of side dishes’ and ‘warmth of dishes’ were mainly required. The main problems of the current environment of school meals were ‘long waiting time’ and ‘noise of the cafeteria’. In satisfaction with the school meal service, the highest satisfactory factor was 'staffs’ cleanliness', following 'arrangement of furniture in cafeteria' and 'nutrition information-providing'; whereas, the lowest factor was 'staffs’ kindness'. In the preference of foods, students preferred ‘white rice’; whereas they did not like ‘bean rice’; and ‘fried rice' was preferred. In side dishes with meat and fish, most of the meats including ‘Tangsuyuk’ and ‘Bulgogi’ were preferred. For fish, ‘fried hairtail’ was preferred; whereas, ‘fried Spanish mackerel’ was not. In case of kimchi, ‘Chinese cabbage kimchi’ and ‘cubed radish kimchi’ were especially preferred. Considering these results, intensive improvement is required to increase school meal satisfaction by understanding the students' needs. An effort to allow the students’ preferences to be reflected in the menu is also needed

In this study, we investigated the correlation between the number of cyanobacterial species and the water quality factors after installation of Nakdong river weirs. Factor analyses of water quality factors were also performed. The results of correlations showed that there was no significant water quality with the cyanobacterial concentration but the correlation coefficient of nutrients increased from the upstream to the downstream. There was a significant correlation between W·T and pH as important water quality factors for the growth of cyanobacteria. In the downstream region of Nakdong river, algae were more frequently detected than in the upstream region, and the blooms of algae species seem to be influenced by the higher pH and the influx of the phosphorus from the upstream tributaries. Nutrient concentration was higher in the downstream region than in the upstream region due to the effects of tributaries Geumho river and Nam river in Nakdong river. As a result of the factor analyses, nitrogen species were the principal factors in the upper region, and phorsphorus species were the principal factors in the downstream region.

도로의 건설에 따른 불가피한 생태계 피해들 중 도로상에서 동물이 차에 치여 죽는 로드킬이 있으며, 특히 산간 지대가 많은 지형적 특성에 따라 국내에서 로드킬은 특별히 관심을 받고 있다. 로드킬은 야생동물 개체군 감소의 한 원인으로 종종 언급되고 있다. 국내에서 포유류, 조류, 양서류 등과 같이 파충강(Reptilies) 중 뱀류의 로드킬 역시 빈번하게 발생하고 있음에도 불구하고 고속도로가 아닌 일반도로에서 뱀류 로드킬 발생 경향에 대한 연구는 매우 미진한 상태이다. 본 연구는 2007년 5월부터 2012년 9월 사이에 강원도 지역을 주로 포함하고 일부 경기도, 충청북도, 경상북도 지역을 포함하는 남한 동북부 지역에 고속도로를 제외한 일반도로를 대상으로 뱀류 로드킬을 조사, 분석하였 다. 분석결과, 총 10종 155건의 로드킬이 발견되었는데, 그들 중 유혈목이(Rhabdophis tigrinus), 쇠살모사(Gloydius ussuriensis), 누룩뱀(Elaphe dione), 능구렁이(Dinodon rufozonatus), 살모사(Gloydius brevicaudus) 5종이 전체 로드 킬의 90% 이상을 차지하고 있었다. 로드킬은 먹이를 찾아다닐 것으로 예상되는 뱀류가 그렇지 않은 뱀류보다 더 빈번하게 발생하였으며, 수컷의 비율이 암컷보다 높았고, 성체의 비율이 아성체보다 높았다. 계절적으로는 9월에 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 해발고도 상으로는 200-400m 사이에서, 도로 가장자리의 환경 특성으로는 산-도로-수계와 산-도로 -농경지 환경에서 빈번하게 발생하였다. 이러한 결과는 국내 뱀류 로드킬의 경향을 파악하고, 해당 지역들에서 뱀류를 위한 로드킬 저감방안 수립 및 시행시 대상 지역 및 위치선정, 대상종의 선정 등에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다

이 연구는 한국-중국 북부 지역(35°-40°N, 110°-130°E)에서 영역평균 된 여름(6-8월) 강수량의 증가경향이 1990 년대 후반에 뚜렷하게 나타났음을 분석하였다. 따라서 한국-중국 북부지역에서 1998년 이후에 여름 강수량이 증가한 원 인을 알아보기 위해 1998-2012년 평균과 1981-1997년 평균 사이에 종관환경에 대한 차를 분석하였다. 850 hPa 유선 분석에서는 북태평양 지역과 호주 동쪽지역에서 거대한 고기압성 순환 아노말리가 강화되었다. 양반구에서 이러한 순환 아노말리에 의해 적도 중태평양으로부터 열대 서태평양에 편동풍 아노말리(무역풍 아노말리)가 강화되었다. 이는 라니 냐 해에 나타나는 순환 패턴의 아노말리였다. 200 hPa 유선에서는 남·북태평양 모두에서 거대한 저기압성 순환 아노말 리가 역시 강화되었다. 이러한 두 순환 아노말리에 의해 적도 중태평양 및 서태평양에서는 서풍의 아노말리가 강화되었 다. 이는 1990년대 후반 이후 한국-중국 북부 지역에서 여름 강수량의 증가가 라니냐 패턴과 연관되었으며, 이 결과는 결국 워커 순환의 강화로 이어졌다. 또한 최근 동아시아 지역에서는 적도 서태평양과 동아시아 중위도 지역에서 상승한 기류가 아열대 서태평양지역에서 하강하는 지역 해들리 순환이 강화되었다.

To determine the contents of sodium and potassium in side dishes, 92 samples from 22 different kinds of side dishes that can be classified into 3 groups were collected in Seoul area and analysed using ICP-OES. The highest sodium content was detected in pepper doenjang muchim, while potassium content was the highest in kong jorim. When comparing the content of sodium and potassium in 3 groups, namely namul, muchim, and jorim, the sodium content of namul group was significantly different from those of jorim and muchim (p-value < 0.05). Sodium intake per serving size was the highest in parae muchim among the samples as estimated to 20.2% of WHO recommendation that is 2,000 mg/day. The amount of sodium by simultaneously intake of soybean sprouts namul, anchovy jorim and parae muchim per one serving size was estimated to 1,000 mg. The potassim/sodium ratios of spinach namul and kong jorim were 1.70 and 0.81, respectively, while that of bracken namul was very low as about 0.1. Foodborne pathogens were not detected out of 92 side dishes.

This study aimed to analyze the beverage usage behavior according to the food-related lifestyle in Seoul, Gyeonggi province area. Group 1, named ‘health & safety seeking’ group, consists of high percentage of women in their 40s, as well as a high percentage of high income and highly educated. Group 2, was group of ‘high interest in dietary life’, consists of a high percentage of women in their 30s, highly educated, earned 3~5 million won. Group 3, named ‘convenience seeking’ group, had a high percentage of men and of those in their 20s who earned less than 2 million won. In verifying the difference between food-related lifestyle groups in terms of their behaviors and attitudes towards the usage of beverage specialty shop, group 1 showed significantly high score in the number of visit beverage specialty shops, the intention to spend higher average expenditure per visit per person, importance of selection attributes of beverage specialty sho

Seismic analyses of a pile under a large rigid basement foundation embedded in the homogeneous soil layer were performed practically by a response displacement method assuming a sinusoidal wave form. However, it is hard to take into account the characteristics of a large mat foundation and a heterogeneous soil layer with the response displacement method. The response displacement method is relevant to the 2D problems for longitudinal structures such as tunnel, underground cave structure, etc., but might not be relevant with isolated foundations for building structures. In this study, seismic pile analysis by a pseudo 3D finite element method was carried out to compare numerical results with results of the response displacement method considering 3D characteristics of a foundation-soil system which is important for the building foundation analyses. Study results show that seismic analyses results of a response displacement method are similar to those of a pseudo 3D numerical method for stiff and dense soil layers, but they are too conservative for a soft soil layer inducing large soil pressures on the foundation wall and large pile displacements due to ignored foundation rigidity and resistance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate ash and mineral contents of agricultural products that are widely and specifically grown in Korea, including 23 fruits, 11 cereals and specialty crops, and 11 leaves and vegetables. Pre-treatment of mineral was performed by microwave method. Mineral contents were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometry Mass (ICP-MS). Ash contents ranged from 0.20 to 0.69 g/100 g in fruits, 1.62 to 3.80 g/100 g in cereals, and 0.28 to 2.93 g/100 g in leaves and vegetables. Among the 45 samples, the highest contents of ash were found in quinoa (average 3.80 g/100 g), the highest contents of calcium (Ca) were found in Hansan ramie leaves (average 894.79 mg/100 g), the highest contents of phosphorus (P) were found in yellow amaranth(average 661.88 mg/100 g), the highest contents of potassium (K) were found in quinoa (average 1,455.38 mg/100 g), the highest contents of magnesium (Mg) were found in red amaranth (average 434.02 mg/100 g), the highest contents of molybdenum (Mo) were found in moringa (average 482.50 μg/100 g), and the highest contents of selenium (Se) were found in apple mango(average 23.67 μg/100 g).

The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to the consumption of energy drinks among male and female high school students in Daejeon. The research data, derived from the self-administered questionnaire method, was collected from 664 students in fifteen high schools during the spring of 2016. A total of 542 complete questionnaires were analyzed (response rate: 79.8%). Approximately 73% of the students self-reported having consumed energy drinks, with a greater percentage of male (as opposed to female) students self-reporting as having done so. The most common reasons given for the consumption of energy drinks were to stay awake (54.8%), the good taste of the drink (28.0%), to concentrate during studying (17.2%), and to relieve fatigue (16.9%). The adverse effects were palpitation (59.3%), insomnia (35.6%), and experiencing difficulty in waking up (30.5%). More than two in three (67.8%) students who experienced adverse effects still consumed energy drinks. The average level of health consciousness was lower than 3 out of 5 points. The results of the logistic regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between monthly allowance (OR=1.01 for male and female students) and the consumption of energy drinks by both male and female students. Among the male students, freshmen (OR=0.23) were less likely to have consumed energy drinks than juniors. Male students’ sleeping hours (OR=0.65) and perceived school life satisfaction scores (OR=0.63) were negatively associated with the consumption of energy drinks. In the case of female students, study hours (OR=0.83) and energy drinks consumption were negatively related. These factors affecting energy drinks consumption could be considered in the development of dietary education programs aimed at protecting high school students from the adverse health impacts of energy drinks

Although it has been well known that the Saemaul Undong had a direct relation with the water resources development during 1970’s, its contribution to the water resources and increased income in rural communities has not been thoroughly quantified so far. In order to assess the contribution of the Saemaul Undong in terms of rural water resources development, we investigated various historical data produced by the central and local governments in relation to water resources development. The results show the direct and indirect contribution of the Saemaul Undong to the water resources development in rural communities such as sewage works, water supply facilities, shared wells, and river works. The results also showed a positive relation between per-house income in rural communities and areas of irrigated paddies, which were rapidly increased during 1970’s. These results can be utilized to transplant the positive aspect of the Saemaul Undong to developing countries focusing on water resources development in rural areas.

Geographical isolation may lead to the populations having different ecological characteristics. Geographic isolation have been known to cause echolocation call differences in bats. In order to look at geographic differences of echolocation calls of Great Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), populations of inland and Jeju island habitats were examined in Korea. The study areas were some abandoned mines in the inland and caves of Jeju island, which were known as rest sites of Great Horseshoe Bats during the active season. Recording was done in two ways: Hand-held, Free-flying. Recording pulse was analyzed into five parameters: Maximum Frequency (FMAX), Minimum Frequency (FMIN), Peak Frequency (PF), Duration (D), Inter pulse Interval (IPI). Interestingly, The present study shows that the difference in echolocation between the inland and island populations. The PF of bats inhabited inland was 69 kHz. but, the PF of bats inhabited island (Jeju) was 71 kHz. There was a difference between regions. Discriminant analyses also showed clear difference between the inland and the island populations. Especially, PF of Korea population is lower than that of Europe (82 kHz) and higher than that of Japan (65 kHz).

Waterbirds using rice fields has increased due to a decline of natural wetlands. The rice field is an essential habitat to supports the waterbird population. Although use of rice field by waterbirds has been widely documented, little information is available on distribution patterns of waterbirds under the pesticide use in rice fields. The current study conducted to understand the relationship between habitat use by waterbirds and pesticide applicatioins in rice fields. We monitored the distribution of waterbirds at Daeho reclaimed area in July 2013 to June 2014 and September 2014 to August 2015. As a results, three heron species (Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Eastern Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus and Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia) are more sensitive to pesticides use than other waterbird species in rice fields. Future studies are necessary to explore the relationship between bird’s distribution and management practices including pesticide use at different spatiotemporal scales.

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number (416.7 per m2) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number per m2. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

The objective of this study was to determine the growth characteristics of cool (C1) and warm season grasses (C2) in pastures mixed with C1 and C2 suitable for grazing horses and effect of pastures mixed with tall and short grasses on the intake characteristics of horses. C1 used in this study was Kentucky bluegrass, Redtop (short type grass) and tall type grasses were orchardgrass and tall fescue, respectively. The short type grass used as C2 was Bermudagrass. This study had the following four treatment groups: 1) Treatment 1 (Bermudagrass + Kentucky bluegrass + Redtop) 2) Treatment 2 (Bermudagrass + tall fescue + orchardgrass) 3) Treatment 3 (Kentucky bluegrass + Redtop) 4) Treatment 4 (tall fescue + orchardgrass). There was no winterkilling or lodging problem at an altitude of 200 m. Plant heights in mixed pasture of Treatment 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 53.9, 58.2, 57.5, and 78.1 cm, respectively. Plant height was the highest in Treatment 4. Dry matter yield was in the following order : Treatment 4 > Treatment 3 > Treatment 2 > Treatment 1. In the first investigation regarding vegetation distribution, Bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 70% and 66.7%, respectively. Overall, other grasses showed poor growth. In the second investigation of vegetation distribution, Bermudagrass ratios among grasses in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 80% and 60.7%, respectively. Crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber content, acid detergent fiber content, digestibility value, and nutritive values were the lowest in Treatment 4, followed by those in Treatment 1, Treatment 2 and Treatment 3.