It is well known that modified 9Cr-1Mo steel has a low thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity with excellent high temperature properties compared to austenitic stainless steel. For these advantages, the steel is very popular for the boiler tube of thermal power plants. Normalizing is commonly utilized to obtain martensite in this steel, which shows an unusual toughness for martensite. However, some accidents related to this steel have been reported recently, opening the necessity for further study. As a particular behavior of the steel, an abrupt drop of the impact value has been identified upon tempering at 750˚C for about 1 hour. It is well known that Fe3C forms during autotempering and turns to Cr2C at an early stage and then transforms to Cr23C6. In this study, the cause of the abrupt drop of the impact value was investigated with an impact test, microstructural observation, nanodiffraction and phase analyses using instruments such as optical and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) with an extraction carbon replica of the carbides. The analyses revealed that the M2C that formed when retained for about 1 hour at 750˚C causes a drastic decrease in the mechanical properties. The sharp drop in mechanical properties, however, disappeared as the M2C transformed into M23C6 with longer retention.
목적 : 임상실습 과정에서 병원의 일과가 끝난 후에 고시원에서 생활하는 학생들의 경험은 실습 전체에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 고시원의 일상에 대한 연구는 임상실습 학생들을 보다 잘 이해하는 기초자료가 될 것이다. 따라서 본연구의 질문은“작업치료 임상실습 학생들의 고시원 생활 경험은 어떠한가?”이다.
연구방법 : 참여자는 작업치료 임상실습을 마치고 돌아온 학생 5명에게 심층인터뷰를 3~4회 실시하였다. 이들이 임상실습 과정에서 일상생활에서 겪는 경험들을 더 이상 새로운 내용이 나오지 않는 포화상태까지 자료를 수집하였다. 그 기간은 2008년 10월에서부터 2009년 1월까지 이루어졌다. 연구 참여자의 윤리적 측면을 보호하기 위하여 연구자는 연구목적과 방법, 연구 참여에 대한 참여자의 자발성 및 연구 참여를 중단할 수 있는 권리의 보장, 비밀유지를 위한 익명처리, 면담 내용의 메모, 녹음 등 기록에 대해 서면 동의서를 받았다. 자료수집 및 분석은 지오르기의 4가지의 구체적 절차에 따라 이루어졌다. 결과 : 연구결과는 86개의 의미단위, 14개의 하위 구성요소, 6개의 구성요소로 도출되었으며, 작업치료 학생들이 낯설고 삭막한 고시원에서의 생존에 대한 구성요소들은 다음과 같다.‘ 좁은 고시원 공간의 버거움’,‘ 공동생활의 어려움’,‘ 심한 심리적 스트레스를 경험함’,‘ 가족의 사랑으로 힘을 얻음’,‘ 공동생활에서 생존전략을 터득함’,‘ 낯선 생활에서 생존전략을 터득함’으로 나타났다. 결론 : 작업치료 임상실습생들은 고시원에서 생존을 위한 나름의 다양한 전략들을 사용하고 있었고, 이들을 지원하기 위한 다양한 접근방법이 모색되어야 할 것이다.
Although Guleopdo is small island of only 1.71 ㎢, the endangered butterfly species, Argynnis nerippe, is abundant there. This study was carried out to estimate the abundance of A. nerippe in Guleopdo, using quadrate, mark-recapture, and line-transect methods. Although the study was insufficient, the population size was estimated at 4,467 to 6,700 larvae and approx. 1,000 adults. A. nerippe was the most abundant among butterfly species in Guleopdo, and it comprised 32% of the total butterflies. A total of 28 butterfly species were observed in this study, and 3 species of these species were migrating species. When the abundance of A. nerippe throughout the country during the period from 1938 to 2010 was studied, we found that it decreased abruptly in the 2000s. Presently, A. nerippe inhabits a few locations in the mid-northern region and western islands. The relatively high numbers of A. nerippe in Guleopdo was due to conservation of natural grasslands and grazing of livestock, which provides adequate habitat for this species.
일반적으로 바늘구멍(pinhole)카메라는 사물을 육안으로 바라볼 때 물체들의 중첩현상으로 인하여 시야(view) 이미지을 극히 제한적으로 볼 수이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완하여 우리가 원하는 3D 시야 이미지에서 중첩현상으로 보지 못하는 부문을 단일 이미지로 생성을 시켜서 관찰할 수 있도록 개발한 그래프 카메라를 소개하려고 한다. 이러한 기술들은 3D 게임개발에 적용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 다양한 기술을 적용하여야 하는 그래픽 응용표현기술에 적용할 수 있겠다.
Our society is changing rapidly to a multicultural society, but if we disrespect migrant workers, married immigrants and multicultural family children, who came from foreign countries and have been incorporated as our society members, only because of their different skin color, appearance and language and treat their culture with prejudice, such racial discrimination will cause cultural conflicts and undermine the stability of Korea society. In order for them to be the true members of our society, we need to give much consideration not only to national policies but also to social consensus and school education for minimizing their social and psychological conflicts with our culture and reduce social consumption resulting from such conflicts. Culture refers to internal ways of thinking, external behaviors, etc. shared by a specific group through a long process of life experience. Traditional culture is formed and developed collectively by a life community, and reflects their production activities and sentiments, so it has unique characteristics distinguished from the culture of other groups. Traditional culture defines the order and sentiment of life in the group members, and gives a sense of belonging to the community so that the members have identity. Multi‐culture originally meant the coexistence of diverse native cultures retained by minority races and people with their originality preserved rather than being integrated into the dominant culture in multi‐racial and multi‐ethnic countries like the U.S. These days, however, it has an expanded meaning, that is, respecting the originality of minority cultures and pursuing the coexistence of such cultures in the native culture of the mainstream society. In the process that a nation develops its culture, it may receive foreign cultures and change its traditional culture. What is important in this process is developing new culture without losing traditional culture. If traditional culture declines and fades away, overwhelmed by powerful foreign culture, it cannot be desirable succession and development of culture. Multicultural education originated from education for understanding the national background and cultural contributions of American immigrants in the late 1920s, and is also related to the term ‘national studies’ for enhancing the self‐identity of minority peoples in the early 1960s. From the late 1960s, the term ‘multiethnic education’ was used to mean that all children should learn various cultures in the U.S., and in the 1970s, the term ‘multicultural education’ began to be used as its meaning today. Banks, a representative scholar in multicultural education, defined multicultural education as “A reform movement for giving peoples from diverse genders, languages, social classes, races and groups equal opportunities for learning,” and Bennett explained it as “an approach to teach and learn based on democratic values and beliefs in order to promote cultural diversity in a culturally diverse society or an independent world.” Moreover, Morrison said that multicultural education is education for preparing students to understand, perceive correctly and respect others from different races, genders, socio‐economic statuses, languages and cultural backgrounds, and ultimately to live, communicate, and act for common goals in multicultural society.In this way, multicultural education is a concept based on diversity and pluralism as well as on democracy, equality, human rights, social justice, etc. Furthermore, targeting not only children from migrant worker, married immigrant and multicultural families with minority culture but also all students from mainstream culture, it aims to help them recognize that our society is now entering into a multiethnic and multicultural society and be able to develop harmonious relations in the multiethnic and multicultural society. In other words, multicultural education is to emphasize and teach that, in the present age of globalization, groups of different culture, race and society should maintain their own native language and culture and, at the same time, coexist with the mainstream culture and make various contributions to the society. Multicultural education can be divided into ‘multicultural education for mutual understanding among cultures,’ ‘education responding culturally,’ ‘cross‐cultural education,’ ‘cultural pluralism of education,’ ‘multicultural education as human experience,’ etc. Moreover, multicultural education has been developed through processes such as multiple culture education, international understanding education, anti‐prejudice education, and globalization education, and may share conceptual denotations with human right education, anti‐war peace education, and ecological environment education. In other words, multicultural education intends to help students understand the diversity of people with various backgrounds in terms of culture, race, gender and social class, have positive attitude and perception toward the diversity, admit cultural differences from the viewpoint of cultural relativism, and acknowledge values in other cultures. It was from the 7th National Curriculum that Korea began to take interest in multicultural education. At that time, people began to recognize the importance of international understanding education and global citizen education and the necessity to understand culture diversity in other countries. In response to these demands, the 7th National Curriculum introduced some contents for international understanding and multicultural understanding mainly in subjects related to foreign languages and social studies. Later the 2007 Revised National Curriculum reflected multicultural education in all the subjects. That is, the Generals of the 2007 Revised National Curriculum suggest multicultural education as one of 35 interdisciplinary themes of learning, and furthermore, direct that it should be reflected in the development of textbooks. The Korean government is executing various multiculturalist policies to cope with transition to multicultural society and resultant problems. That is, as the number of multicultural family children attending elementary and secondary schools is increasing with the expansion of married immigrants and migrant workers and there should be strengthened educational support to them, the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development made Plans to Provide Educational Support to Multicultural Family Children but most of the contents aim to help foreign workers and married immigrants adjust themselves to racially homogeneous Korean society by learning Korean language and traditional culture. This suggests that while our society is changing rapidly to a multicultural society but multiculturalist policies and multicultural education are still insisting on Koreanization through infusing the myth of homogeneous race and culture and forcing assimilation to Korean national culture. What is more, through its Study on Teaching‐Learning Support for Multicultural Education, Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation suggested the objectives of multicultural education as follows: first, to understand cultural diversity and differences and strengthen cultural identity; second, to develop tolerance of understanding and respective native culture as well as other cultures and the attitude of contributing to the recreation of culture; and third, to promote a sense of community, the qualities of democratic citizen, peaceful settlement of conflicts, cooperative attitude, respect for human rights, and social justice. In order to achieve these goals, in addition, it proposed programs: first, to provide opportunities to experience other cultures; second, to understand the own traditional culture; and third, to promote international understanding. However, these proposals focus on education for multicultural family children, so are not sufficient for giving multicultural education to ordinary students. In multicultural society resulting from globalization, our education should seek mutual understanding and coexistence of different languages and cultures of diverse races and people rather than the transfer of traditional culture based on our homogeneous language and race. Moreover, education in multicultural society should place emphasis more on the majority’s understanding and tolerance of minorities’ race, people, and culture than on assimilation of immigrants from foreign countries to the mainstream society. Accordingly, though already late, Korean people should also admit ‘multiculturalism’ as a basic attribute of the society instead of clinging to the purity of language and people, and receive and respect cultural diversity for the coexistence of multiple cultures in one society or one country. That is, school education should include not only education for multicultural family students to understand our language and culture as the mainstream but also education for the majority of our society to understand and tolerate the cultures of minorities including immigrants from foreign countries, half‐blooded children from them, and North Korean defectors. The fundamental objective of Korean education is “to build up the people’s character under the ideology of Hongikingan (devotion to the benefits of mankind) and to equip individuals with abilities for independent life and qualities as a democratic citizen so that they may be able to lead a noble life and to contribute to the development of democratic state and the realization of the co‐prosperity of mankind.”
Co‐prosperity of mankind is impossible without overcoming nationalism, which gives the top priority to the superiority and benefits of my own country. That is,the true co‐prosperity of mankind is possible only when we acknowledge and respect differences in history, culture, religion, language and customs between my people and others. This means that, in order to educate people required in the age of globalization, even the education of traditional culture should concentrate on raising global citizens from the viewpoint of multiculturalism.
When a fire breaks out, it is difficult to find out the causes of the fire, because combustible things around fire scene are usually burnt away. Among many causes of fires are electronic wires, this thesis deal with the destroyed sheath of electronic wires caused by fire. It was studied with the use of measurement devices focusing on the distinctions of wires and conductors. This study especially emphasized the process of deterioration, burning pattern, and composition of electronic wire conductor. It also has a phenomenological approach to the distinctive cause of fire by some partial force. The fire prevention methods have been suggested through the analysing results of fire patterns. This study is expected to be a useful material for analyzing various electrical fires.
본 논문은 벡터오차수정모형(VECM)을 사용하여 8개 나라의 각 산업별 지수의 수익률 사이에 정보전달 과정을 분석하였다. 공적분검정 결과 각 산업별 지수 간에 정상적인(stationary) 장기 균형관계가 존재함을 발견하였다. 분산분해(variance decomposition) 분석과 충격반응(impulse response) 분석 결과 국제주식시장은 산업단위에서 강한 상호작용을 하고 있음을 발견하였다. 회귀분석 결과 국제 시장가치비율(global market value ratio)이 높을수록 다른 나라의 주식 시장에 미치는 영향이 더 큼을 알 수 있다.
본 연구는 의미적 속성을 가진 시각과 청각자극 간의 SOA(stimulus onset asynchrony)가 시청각 통합 현상에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 시청각 통합 현상 중 표적을 의미하는 자극의 양상이 두 개 이상인 경우 표적에 반응이 빠르고 정확한 중복 표적 효과(redundant target effect)와 청각 자극에 비해 시각 자극에 대한 반응이 빠르고 정확한 시각 우세성 효과(visual dominance effect)를 중심으로 살펴보기 위해서 시각과 청각 단일 양상 표적 조건과 다중 양상 표적 조건을 구성하여 조건들의 반응시간과 정확률을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 시 청각자극의 SOA가 변하더라도 중복 표적 효과는 이에 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 두 자극 간의 SOA가 100ms 이상인 조건에서는 청각자극의 우세현상이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 중복 표적 효과의 경우 두 양상자극 간의 SOA가 변하더라도 안정적으로 지속된다는 점을 시사하며, 청각자극의 경우 시각자극에 비해 약 100ms 이상의 시간적 이득조건이 마련되었을 때에 비로소 우세한 정보처리의 행동결과가 도출될 수 있음을 시사한다.
Gas turbines for power generating operate in a very high temperature condition and use natural gas for fuel. For this reason, many cases of damage happen at hot gas parts which are severely affected by high temperature gas and many cases of explosion occur by fuel gas. So a lot of efforts should be made to prevent hot gas parts damage and gas explosion accidents. Though there are many damage cases and explosion accidents, it is very difficult to find out the root causes of hot gas parts damage caused by gas explosion due to gas leakage in the heat exchanger for air cooling and gas heating. To prevent gas turbine from damage caused by gas explosion, removal of leakage gas from gas turbine is inevitably required before firing the gas turbine and installing alarm systems is also required for detecting gas leakage at stop valve to turbine while shut down.
The vibration control of a flexible rotor supported on cavitated short squeeze film dampers is investigated. According to Pan's theory, the shape of cavitation in fluid film bearings depends on the level of oil supply pressure, as a result, both the direct and the cross coupled damping coefficients of a cavitated short squeeze film damper are varied widely. In this paper, controling the level of oil supply pressure by fuzzy theory, a significant reduction in journal eccentricity ratio, rotor amplitude and force transmissiblilty of a flexible rotor system is achieved.
본고는 현대 사회에서 그 중요성이 갈수록 커지고 있는 영상 중심의 사회적 소통방식이자 결과인 영상커뮤니케이션을 연구하는데 있어 현상학과 기호현상학의 적용가능성을 하나의 이론적 관점을 제시하는 방식으로 고찰했다. 이를 위해 본고는 커뮤니케이션이 특정 표현형식과 의미내용을 담고 있는 기호 체계를 통해 이루어질 경우, 커뮤니케이터의 내적 경험세계를 바탕으로 형성되는 인식 체계를 연구방법으로 활용 할 수 있기 때문에 개별 현상과 상황마다 각기 다른 시각의 상호주관성이 개입될 수 있음을 전제했다. 연구결과에 의하면, 영상커뮤니케이션 연구는 커뮤니케이션의 주체와 객체 사이에서 영상이 지향되는 방식에 대한 커뮤니케이터 내부의 인식과 영상기호를 통한 일상적인 경험세계를 이론적 배경으로 하는 현상학과 기호현상학의 범주 안에서 전개될 수 있다고 할 수 있다. 또한 연구자와 연구대상 사이에 최소한의 정보적 공유나 정서적 공감이 없다면 커뮤니케이션이 쉽지 않다는 점을 영상커뮤니케이션 연구의 전제로 설정할 수 있으며, 영상커뮤니케이션에 대한 이해와 해석의 과정이란 결국 영상을 중심으로 발생하는 특정 현상에 대한 이해의 불확실성과 해석의 불완전성을 해소하는 것이라는 점을 논증할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과에 따르면, 영상커뮤니케이션에서 영상으로 재현되는 연구대상의 현실감을 정확히 파악하기 위해서는 커뮤니케이션 과정에서 발견되거나 발생된 현상 자체를 설명하는 과정이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.
지구과학 탐구 대상은 다른 학문의 탐구 대상과 달리 거대한 시 공간적 규모, 접근 불가능성, 통제 불가능성, 복잡성 등을 지니고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 지구과학의 탐구 대상을 실험실 내에서 실제 조작을 통해 탐구하는 것은 매우 어렵거나 심지어 불가능하다. 따라서 지구과학에서는 실제 조작을 하지 않고도 탐구를 할 수 있는 대안이 필요하다. 실제 조작을 하지 않고 탐구를 수행하는 대표적인 탐구인 사고실험으로부터 추론의 역할을 재조명하고 추론을 사용한기존의 탐구 수업 모형들의 특징을 조사하였다. 각 탐구 모형들을 지구과학에 적용하는데 있어서의 시사점을 살펴보고 이들을 바탕으로 지구과학적 현상의 탐구에 적합한 추론 중심 탐구수업 모형을 제안한다.
본 연구에서는 갤로핑/플러터와 웨이크 갤로핑과 같은 공력불안정현상을 이용한 에너지 수확 장치에 대한 적용가능성을 검토하였다. 이를 위해서, 작은 규모의 에너지 수확 장치를 설계 및 제작하였고, 이 장치들의 효율성과 효과를 증명하기 위한 일련의 실험을 수행하였다. 이러한 시험 결과로부터 공력불안전형상(갤로핑/플로터 및 웨이크 갤로핑)을 이용한 에너지 수확 시스템의 적용 가능성이 증명되었다.
Gas turbines generating power operate in high temperature condition and use natural gas as fuel. For that reason, there are many cases where damage is done to the hot gas parts caused by the high temperature and many accidents occur like gas explosions, then various efforts are needed to maintain the hot gas parts and prevent accidents. It is difficult to find the root causes of damage to the hot gas parts from the gas explosion caused by gas leakage through rotor cooling air line from fuel gas heat exchanger during the shut down. To prevent gas turbine from damage, removal of gas leakage inside of gas turbine is required by purging the turbine before firing, improving the fuel gas heating system and installing alarm systems for detecting gas leakage from stop valve to turbine while the gas turbine has shut down.