There are replete numbers of reports which have apparently shown that established patterns of methylation are critical for normal mammalian development. DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) gene contains three different isoform transcripts, Dnmt1s, Dnmt- 1o, and Dnmt1p, are produced by alternative usage of multiple first exons. Dnmt1o is specific to oocytes and preimplantation embryos, whereas Dnmt1s is expressed in somatic cells. Here we determined that porcine Dnmt1o gene had differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in 5’-flanking region, while those were not found in the Dnmt1s promoter region. The methylation patterns of the porcine Dnmt1o/Dnmt1s DMRs were investigated using bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing analysis through all preimplantation stages from one cell to blastocyst stage in in vivo or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The Dnmt1o DMRs contained 8 CpG sites, which located in ‒ 640 bp to ‒ 30 bp upstream region from transcription start site of the Dnmt1o gene. The methylation status of 5 CpGs within the Dnmt1o DMRs were distinctively different at each stage from one-cell to blastocyst stage in the in vivo or SCNT, respectively. 55.62% methylation degree of the Dnmt1o DMRs in the in vivo was increased up to 84.38% in the SCNT embryo, moreover, de novo methylation and demethylation occurred during development of porcine embryos from the one-cell stage to the blastocyst stage. However, the DNA methylation states at CpG sites in the Dnmt1s promoter regions were hypomethylated, and dramatically not changed through one-cell to blastocyst stage in the in vivo or SCNT embryos. In the present study, we demonstrated that the DMRs in the promoter region of the porcine Dnmt1o was well conserved, contributing to establishment and maintenance of genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation in early embryonic development.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of protein patterns in granulosa cells and corpus luteum during the estrus cycle in bovine ovary by proteomics ^techniques. Our study was devided into five steps for follicular, ovulatory, early-lteal, midluteal and late-luteal. The protein was extracted from glanulosa cell and corpus luteum proteins by using M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent. Proteins were refined by clean-up kit and quantified by Bradford method until total protein was 700 μg. Immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strip was used 18 cm and 3 11 NL. SDS-PAGE was used 10% acrylamide gel. The protein spots were visualized by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining, analyzed by MALDI mass spectrometry and searched on NCIBlnr. As the result, 61 spots of total 85 spots were repeated on follicular stage and 51 spots of total 114 spots were repeated on ovulatory stage. 40 spots of total 129 were repeated on early-luteal and 49 spots of total 104 spots were repeated on mid-luteal stage. Also 41 spots of total 60 spots were repeated on last-luteal stage. There were differences in the ovulation (follicular∼ovultory stage) in which the spots of follicular stage 19 was only and in ovulation stage was 10 spots. The difference between the luteinization (ovultory∼mid-luteal stage) was the spots counted in each stage. The spots of ovulatory stage was 1, early-luteal stage was 1 and in mid-luteal stage was 2. Eleven spots were found in mid-luteal stage and 2 spots were found in last-luteal stage. In conclusion, we confirmed that there were 7 spots in ovulation, 4 spots in luteinization and 2 spots in luteolysis. Spot No. 89-93 from ovulation were transferrin, and spot No.94 and 95 were HSP60. Spot No. 103 were Dusty PK, spot No. 135 were OGDC-E2, and spot No. 175, 176 were Rab GDI beta from luteinization. Spot No. 178 and 179 from luteolysis were vimentin.

The present study was performed to identify the role of plasminogen activator (PA) and the location of PA expression in porcine uterus tissues during the estrous cycle. Porcine uterus tissues were obtained from ovary in pre-ovulatory (Pre-Ov), post-ovulatory stage (Post-Ov) and early to mid-luteal stage (Early-mid L). The uterus tissue was immediately fixed by PBS with 10% formalin. There were fixed porcine uterus tissue for 24 hours at room temperature and porcine uterus tissue dehydrate for 12 hour in sucrose solution. For immunohistochemical staining, porcine uterus tissues were cut to 4 μm by micro frozen section microtome. The nucleus and cytoplasm of porcine uterus tissues were stained by Hematoxin and Eosin. Porcine uterus tissues were evaluated by Immunofluorescence using anti-tissue type PA (tPA) and urokinase type PA (uPA). The location of PA expression was identified by observing the PA fluorescence using fluorescent microscope and optical telescopes. As a results, when Pre-Ov and Post-Ov were identified endometrial blood vessel in an inner layer that were observed tPA and uPA. Especially, expression of PA was observed around secretory gland. But the expression of PA were not confirm in Early-mid L. Also, The expression of PA were higher in Post-Ov than Early-mid L. In conclusion, during the estrous cycle, the expression of PA were increased from Pre-Ov to Post-Ov and was decreased from Post-Ov to Early-mid L.

The present study was performed to identify the role of plasminogen activator (PA) and the location of PA expression in porcine uterus tissues during the estrous cycle. Porcine uterus tissues were obtained from ovary in pre-ovulatory (Pre-Ov), post-ovulatory stage (Post-Ov) and early to mid-luteal stage (Early-mid L). The uterus tissue was immediately fixed by PBS with 10% formalin. There were fixed porcine uterus tissue for 24 hours at room temperature and porcine uterus tissue dehydrate for 12 hour in sucrose solution. For immunohistochemical staining, porcine uterus tissues were cut to 4 μm by micro frozen section microtome. The nucleus and cytoplasm of porcine uterus tissues were stained by Hematoxin and Eosin. Porcine uterus tissues were evaluated by Immunofluorescence using anti-tissue type PA (tPA) and urokinase type PA (uPA). The location of PA expression was identified by observing the PA fluorescence using fluorescent microscope and optical telescopes. As a results, when Pre-Ov and Post-Ov were identified endometrial blood vessel in an inner layer that were observed tPA and uPA. Especially, expression of PA was observed around secretory gland. But the expression of PA were not confirm in Early-mid L. Also, The expression of PA were higher in Post-Ov than Early-mid L. In conclusion, during the estrous cycle, the expression of PA were increased from Pre-Ov to Post-Ov and was decreased from Post-Ov to Early-mid L.

본 논문은 최근까지 한자 讀音의 시비로 인해 발생한 구체적 사례 몇 가지를 통해서 한자 독음을 통일해야 할 당위성과 필요성에 대한 문제 제기를 하였고, 아울러 20세기를 전후하여 한자 독음의 극심한 변화 양상을 세 가지 경우로 나누어 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 우리나라 한자 독음은 기본적으로 중국에 그 뿌리를 두고 있지만 세월이 지나면서 조금씩 변하기 시작하였고, 결국 우리식의 독음이 생기게 되었다. 이 속음이 광범하게 유포되자, 18세기의 음운학자들은 가능한 속음을 폐기하고, 중국의 독음과 가까운 正音으로의 회복을 시도하였다. 18세기 이후부터 20세기 초까지의 여러 韻書와 자전들은 이를 목적으로 발간된 책자이었다. 그러나 그러한 노력과 시도는 결국 실패하였다. 당시 발간된 책자에서 속음으로 처리된 독음이 오히려 오늘날 출간된 사전에서는 그 한자의 독음으로 자리를 잡고 있기 때문이다. 한자 독음에 대한 언어 대중의 관습을 거스를 수 없었던 것이다. 이러한 한자 독음의 극심한 변화는 결국 한자를 배운 사람들의 나이에 따라서, 혹은 출판된 사전에 따라서 그대로 반영이 됨으로서 한자 독음에 대한 시비를 여전히 생기게 만들었다. 한자 독음의 시비에서 어떤 독음이 옳고 그른가에 대한 문제는 특정 개인의 주장이나 특정 출판사의 책으로 정할 문제가 아니라고 본다. 보다 한자 한문을 전공한 학자들이 참여하여 학술적 토론을 거치고 또 공론화 과정을 거쳐서 정하는 것이 옳다고 본다. 이 중요한 문제에 대해서 이제 ｢한자․한문교육연구회｣는 주도적으로 대처하는 주체가 되어야 할 것이다. 이는 학회가 떠맡아야 할 책임과 의무이기도 하다.

Role of flavonoids in plant against herbivores is well known. Many studies showed that flavonoids are deterrent or have anti-feeding effects to herbivores. In this study phenolic compounds were analyzed as defense materials to brown planthopper (BPH) feeding in four rice varieties using HPLC. Two of them, Chunambyeo and Nackdongbyeo, are BPH-susceptible, and the other two, Chungmo-1006 and Hanambyeo, are BPH-resistant. Changes in flavonoids were investigated by the function of damage period by BPH, Twelve flavonoids were characterized in the four varieties damaged by BPH. Among those flavonoids, apigenin and qurecetin were significantly higher in Chungmo-1006 damaged by BPH. Thus, resistance of Chungmo-1006 to BPH may be attributed to the increase of the two flavonoids contents.

It is expected that the successful nationwide reforestation and the increased temperature would greatly change butterfly fauna in South Korea. We compared current data (2002~2007) regarding abundance and presence of butterfly species at two sites in the central portion of the Korean Peninsula to data from late 1950s and early 1970s for the same sites. The expected changes were documented by abundance change of butterflies at two study sites in the previous study. Using the same data, the greatly changed species and the change of species presence were analyzed. Population changes of 99 butterfly species which occurred at both sites were significantly correlated between two sites. The greatly increased species included three Southern (S) species and one Northern (N) species. However, the greatly declined species included five N species and no S species. This change is coincided with the expectation from the northward movements of butterfly species due to global warming. The current status of the greatly changed species was discussed on the review with other studies. The binary data(presence/absence) in present study support the expected changes of butterfly species based on global warming and reforestation. The interactive effect of two environmental changes was also recognized as like the change of abundance in the previous study.

Pesticide application pattern for agricultural insect pest was modeled and simulated by temperature change scenarios using DYMEX simulator. For modeling pesticide application pattern, we evaluated bioassay using two-spotted spider mites (TSSM) in vitro. Four separated bioassay was evaluated at four different temperature conditions (20, 25, 30, and 35℃). Selected four commercial pesticides were Acrinathrin-Spiromesifen mixture, Fenpropathrin, Abamectin, and Azocyclotin, respectively. All the pesticide was used its recommended dose, except Abamectin (1/10 of recommended dose). Each mortality of TSSM were counted after 24 and 48 hours. Based on the bioassay results, increasing temperature made decreasing mortality in Acrinathrin-Spiromesifen mixture and Fenpropathrin, whereas increasing mortality in Abamectin and Azocyclotin, respectively. A TSSM model was developed and simulated under four temperature increasing scenarios (present condition, average 1, 2, and 3℃ increased conditions) using DYMEX simulator. The DYMEX results showed that the pesticides application pattern were different among four pesticides under climate change scenario. In conclusion, the pesticide application should be changed for sound management of agricultural insect pest under climate change scenario.

Kenaf fibers, cellulose-based natural fibers, were used as precursor for preparing kenafbased carbon fibers. The effects of carbonization temperature (700℃ to 1100℃) and chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and NH4Cl) at various concentrations on the thermal change, chemical composition and fiber morphology of kenaf-based carbon fibers were investigated. Remarkable weight loss and longitudinal shrinkage were found to occur during the thermal conversion from kenaf precursor to kenaf-based carbon fiber, depending on the carbonization temperature. It was noted that the alkali pre-treatment of kenaf with NaOH played a role in reducing the weight loss and the longitudinal shrinkage and also in increasing the carbon content of kenaf-based carbon fibers. The number and size of the cells and the fiber diameter were reduced with increasing carbonization temperature. Morphological observations implied that the micrometer-sized cells were combined or fused and then re-organized with the neighboring cells during the carbonization process. By the pre-treatment of kenaf with 10 and 15 wt% NaOH solutions and the subsequent carbonization process, the inner cells completely disappeared through the transverse direction of the kenaf fiber, resulting in the fiber densification. It was noticeable that the alkali pre-treatment of the kenaf fibers prior to carbonization contributed to the forming of kenaf-based carbon fibers.

In the present study, we identified differentially methylated region (DMR) upstream of Dnmt1o and Dnmt1s gene in early porcine embryos. Porcine Dnmt1o had at least one DMR which was located between —530 bp to —30 bp upstream from transcription start site of the Dnmt1o gene. DNA methylation analyses of Dnmt1o revealed the DMR to be hypomethylated in oocytes, whereas it was highly methylated in sperm. Moreover, the DMR upstream of Dnmt1o was gradually hypermethylated from oocytes to two cells and dramatically changed in the methylation pattern from four cells to BL stages in an in vivo. In an IVF, the methylation status in the DMR upstream of Dnmt1o was hypermethylated from one cell to eight cells, but demethylated at the Morula and BL stages, indicating that the DNA methylation pattern in the Dnmt1o upstream ultimately changed from stage to stage before the implantation. Next, to elucidate whether DNA methylation status of Dnmt1s upstream is stage-by-stage changed in during porcine early development, we analyzed the dynamics of the DNA methylation status of the Dnmt1s locus in germ cell, or one cell to BL cells. The Dnmt1s upstream was highly methylated in one and eight cells, while less methylated in two, four, morula, and BL cells. Taken together, our data demonstrated that DNA methylation and demethylation events in upstream of Dnmt1o/Dnmt1s during early porcine embryos dramatically occurred, and this change may contribute to the maintenance of genomewide DNA methylation in early embryonic development.

It was conducted the experiment, divided into three groups as normal, poor and polycystic ovary syndrome, to detect the change of protein patterns in follicular fluid on ovarian response following controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for human IVF outcome. In the normal group, it was confirmed reproducible 57 spots in the detected total 81 spots. Then 1 spot was not found in the other groups. In the poor responder group, it was found reproducible 53 spots in the detected total 98 spots. 6 spots were down-regulation and 7 spots were up-regulation comparable with normal group. There were not 5 spots in poor responder group comparable with other groups. In the polycystic ovary syndrome group, it was expressed reproducible 53 spots in the detected total 80 spots and 3 spots were just expressed in this group. However, 4 spots were not found in polycystic ovary syndrome. 9 spots were up-regulation comparable with normal group. Significant up and down-regulation spots among the each groups were identified. The results were a cytosolic carboxypeptidase, a signal-induced proliferation-associated protein 1, a ceruloplasmin, a keratin(type Ⅱ cytoskeletal 1), a polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2, a serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 4. It was identified that 8 spots, 6 kinds of protein are corresponded with NCBInr database research, but 10 spots were failed in the identification. In conclusion, it has been confirmed change and expression of protein on the ovarian response following COH of human.

서남해에 위치한 영산강 하구는 1981년 12월에 하구언이 건설되기 전까지 전형적인 하구의 모습을 보였다. 하지만 하구언이 건설되면서 수질뿐만 아니라 식물플랑크톤이나 동물플랑크톤과 같은 부유생물들의 생물상들도 변화를 나타낼 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 기존에 보고된 자료와 최근 채집한 현장조사 자료를 토대로 식물플랑크톤 군집과 식물플랑크톤 관련 환경인자들의 변화를 조사하였다. 하구언 건설 직후(1984년)의 환경 자료와 최근 자료를 비교 검토한 결과, 담수

Today, the weather is changing continually, due to the progress of global warming. As the weather changes, the habitats of different organisms will change as well. It cannot be predicted whether or not the weather will change with each passing day. In par

This study was carried out to establish most suitable freezing condition, to evaluate the different glycerol concentration of freezing and thawing rates on motility, viability, membrane integrity and acrosome intecrity of frozen Korean Jeju Black Bull spermatozoa, Semen was collected from a Korean Jeju Black Bull using an artificial vagina and transported to the laboratory. The semen was extended gradually 1:5 then cooled slowly for 2 hrs to 4. The semen was diluted 1:1 with cryoprotectant extenders (3%, 5% and 7% glycerol) and equilibrated for 2 hrs at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straws. The semen straws were located above 3 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes, above 5 cm for 10 min and above 8 cm for 10 min. And then the frozen straw was plunged into LN. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at 37 water bath. The viability and membrane integrity immediately post-thawing were significantly higher in samples frozen in 7% glycerol than 3% and 5% glycerol (p<0.05). After CTC staining to assess acrosome integrity, F pattern was significantly increased, but B pattern was significantly decreased in 7% glycerol (p<0.05). Freezing distance of 5 cm from liquid nitrogen and pre-cooling for 10 min yield better survival and membrane integrity, but not significant difference. However, AR pattern according to CTC staining was significantly decreased in 3 cm for 5 min.

The purpose of this article is to suggest what is the desirable direction of economic relationship between Korea and China. The economic relationship between countries is based on how the present network is. As the economic relationship between countries grows, the network between countries will expand. In the past, the economic relationship between Korea and China is cooperative one from the viewpoint of international division of labor. Korean industries was focused on the value-added and mid-advanced technology products, while Chinese was focused on the labor-intensive products. As the China's economy grows for more than thirty years, there is a great change in China's economic policies and environment. China's industry structure is moving from the labor-intensive industry to technology-oriented industry. China's exports to the global market is increasing very fast, and China's domestic market is also growing. The change in Chinese industries' structure bring about severe competition in the global market. The expanding China's domestic market is also good opportunity as the new market in the world. The change in China's industrial structure needs for Korea to establish the 'New Network" between two countries. Korea has to grab the new opportunities in the China's domestic market and find new cooperative network with the products and industries.

광주광역시에 분포하는 보호수는 9분류군 68개체다. 환경백서에 기록된 보호수 가운데 광산구 운남동 신가마을의 떡갈나무는 갈참나무로, 서구 벽진동 벽진마을의 양버들은 왕버들로, 남구 석정동의 소나무는 반송으로 수정되어야 한다. IPCC는 21세기말에 평균기온은 최고 6.4℃ 및 해수면은 59 cm 상승하므로 북극빙하는 완전히 녹아 없어지고 지구상의 생물종 95%가 멸종위기에 빠질 것으로 경고하고 있다. 광주광역시의 보호수를 통해 기후변화

목적 : 본 연구는 만성 요통 클라이언트의 건강관리 방법으로서 가상현실공간훈련이 신체적 측면에서 균형 능력, 심리적 측면에서 신체적 자기효능감과 생활만족도, 그리고 통증에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구자는 균형 능력에 미치는 영향을 회기별로 알아보기 위하여 개별실험 연구방법을 사용하였고, 균형능력, 신체적 자기효능감, 생활만족도, 통증의 훈련 전과 후에 변화를 비교하기 위하여 사전 사후 집단실험 연구방법을 사용하였다. 연구에 참여한 대상자는 총 8명이었고, 연구대상자는 매회기 Nintendo Wii Sports 프로그램에서 세 개의 활동을 스스로 선택하여 운동하였으며, 1회기 총 운동 시간은 45분이었고, 1주일에 3회 수행하였다. 평가자는 기초선에서 클라이언트의 균형 능력과 통증을 측정하였고, 치료선에서 매회기 통증을 훈련 전에, 균형 능력을 훈련 종료 후에 측정하였다. 또한 평가자는 신체적 자기효능감과 생활만족도를 기초선 시작 전과 치료선 종료 후에 측정하였다. 결과 : 만성 요통 클라이언트의 균형 능력은 연구 대상자 두 명의 오른발 서기를 제외하고 치료선에서 기초선에 비하여 유지되거나 향상되었다. 훈련 전후 비교 시 신체적 자기효능감과 생활만족도는 통계학적으로 유의하게 증가하였으나, 통증지수의 유의한 감소는 없었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 Nintendo Wii Sports가 만성 요통 클라이언트의 균형 능력, 신체적 자기효능감, 생활만족도를 유지 혹은 개선시키기 위한 새로운 건강관리 방법으로서 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

목적 : 본 연구는 일반초등학교에 입학한 장애아동이 학교에 적응하는 과정과 장애아동을 초등학교에 입학시킨 부모들의 경험, 변화와 그 의미에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 부모들의 경험과 변화에 대해 심층적으로 이해하고 기술하기 위해 현상학적 연구방법을 이용한 질적 연구를 사용하였다. 연구의 참여자는 초등학교 입학 후 1년간의 과정을 거친 장애아동의 어머니 4명이다. 자료수집을 위해 세 단계의 심층면담을 대상자별로 진행 하였다. 분석은 Colaizzi의 분석방법을 사용하여 연구 참여자로부 터 기술된 내용에서 의미 있는 문장이나 구를 추출하고, 이를 기반으로 일반적이며 추상적인 의미단위를 만들고 주제와 주제 묶음으로 범주화한 후 경험의 본질적 구조를 기술하였다. 결과 : 연구를 통하여 도출된 경험과 의미는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 준비가 되어 있지 않음으로 인한 초조, 불안, 후회를 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 장애 아동이 취학 할 학교를 선택함에 있어 고민과 갈등이 있었다. 셋째, 아이가 잘할 수 있을까 하는 염려, 불안감과 두려움으로 긴장의 연속선상에 있으면서도 기대감을 가지고 있었다. 넷째, 교사와의 관계에서 대화와 시간의 흐름을 통한 신뢰가 바탕이 되어 가까워지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 다섯째, 일 년간의 학교생활을 바탕으로 어렵지만 성장해 가는 어머니 자신과 아이의 모습을 발견하게 되었다. 결론 : 본 연구결과를 통해 나타난 장애아동 부모의 경험과 변화, 어려움을 이해하여 아동의 특성과 취학을 앞둔 아동의 시기적 상황에 맞는 취학 전 학교적응 프로그램(적절한 가족 지원 및 통합지원 작업치료 서비스)을 개발하고 시행하여 성공적인 전이가 될 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 기후변화에 따른 한반도 난온대 상록활엽수의 생육지 변화를 예측하기 위하여 CT-model을 이용하여 현재기후(1961~1990)와 3종류의 미래기후(2081~2100) 시나리오에서의 잠재 생육지를 예측하였다. 반응변수로서 난온대 상록활엽수의 실제 분포에서 추출한 유/무자료와 4가지 기후변수(온량지수, 최한월최저기온, 동경강수량, 하계강수량)를 예측변수로 사용하였다. 현재기후에서 잠재 생육지(PH)는 28,230km2로 예측되었으며, 3종류 미래기후 시나리오(CCCMA-A2, CSIRO-A2, HADCM3-A2)에서는 77,140~89,285km2로 예측되었다. 현재기후에서 토지 이용을 고려한 잠재 생육지(PHLU)는 8,274km2로 예측되었으며, 잠재 생육지의 29.3%를 차지하였다. 미래기후에서 토지 이용을 고려한 잠재 생육지는 35,177~45,170km2로 예측되었으며, 26.9~36.9% 증가하였다. 기후변화에 따른 난온대 상록활엽수의 분포 확대는 토지 이용에 제한되어 생육지 파편 형태로 진행되고 있다. 난온대 상록활엽수의 생육지 증가는 난온대 낙엽활엽수림과의 경쟁이 예상되며, 난온대 상록활엽수림대의 확대 및 북상을 시사하고 있다.