In vitro fermentation was conducted to figure out alternative fiber sources for horse feed. For the development of value-added products as a horse feed resource, the pomaces from apple, carrot, grape, and citrus were fermented under solid-state conditions in the presence of 60% soybean meal with 40% of each fruit pomace at 60% of moisture content. Lactobacillus plantarum SK3873, Lactobacillus plantarum SK3893, Weissella cibaria SK3880, and Bacillus subtilis SK3889 were isolated from the fermented fruit pomace by inoculation of horse feces. For the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Lactobacillus plantarum, they were inoculated in 3-step order at 0, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The fruit pomace was fermented for 48 h at 35°C. The pH of the apple, carrot, grape, citrus and all mixed pomaces decreased from 5.45~6.25 to 4.40~4.77. Microbial growth was maintained at 108~109 cfu/g. After 12 and 24 h incubation, dry matter of carrot pomace were highest at 54.84 and 56.66%, respectively (P<0.05) and that of grape pomace was lower than others during fermentation (P<0.05). Dry matter was generally reduced by about 20%. NDF decreased gradually or maintained after 24 h, indicating the fiber degradation. Ash content tended to decrease during fermentation. After 48 hours fermentation, Bacillus, yeast and Lactobacillus showed an excellent growth by using juice by-products. These results suggest that fermented juice pomace has a potential as horse feedstuff with probiotics to maintain beneficial microflora in horse gut.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effect of shading degrees on yields and nutritive values of forage in forest-grassland. This experiment was conducted this study under different natural shading at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea, for 2 years (from 2015 to 2016). This experiment was consisted of four different shading degrees, such as full sunlight (control, 10% below), 25% of shading, 35% of shading, 50% of shading. Pasture species used in this study were orchardgrass ‘Kodiwin’, perenial ryegrass ‘Linn’, tall fescue ‘Purumi’, kentuky bluegrass ‘Kenblue’, and white clover ‘Ladino’. Botanical composition of orchardgrass was higher than that of perenial ryegrass, tall fescue and kentuky bluegrass. Dry matter (DM) yields of forage decreased as increasing shading degrees. DM yields of forage significantly decreased as increasing shading degrees and lots of cutting times under increasing shading degrees decreased DM yields of forage. The content of crude protein increased as increasing shading degrees and the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro digestibility (IVD), and relative feed value (RFV) were similar in control and different shading. This study suggests that orchardgrass is major component for forest-grassland and establishment of orchardgrass can be improved by increasing shading degrees.

This study was carried out to introduce of agronomic characteristics, forage yields and quality of Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrids ‘Cadan 99B’ and ‘Sweet Sioux WMR’ from 2015 to 2016 in middle and southern regions of Korea. The field experiment design was complete in seven varieties with three repetitions. Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrids were sown on mid-May in middle region, and end-May in southern region of Korea, in 2015 and 2016. The observed average heading date of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were July 22. The heading dates of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 8 days earlier than SX-17 and 5 days earlier than brown mid-rid (BMR) Revolution. The sugar contents of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.5 and 6.9 Brix°, respectively. Comparison with BMR variety, the sugar contents of Candan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 0.2 and 0.6 Brix° higher than Revolution, respectively. The average of dry matter (DM) yield for 2 years and 2 regions of Cadan 99B (24,587kg/ha) were the highest among the seven varieties, but there was no significant difference among other varieties except headless control variety Jumbo (19,119kg/ha) and LATTE (20,778kg/ha) (p>0.05). The crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Cadan 99B were 7.5% and 60.2%, and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.9% and 60.7%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrids Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR are earlier heading dates and higher than SX-17, and high yields of DM in middle and southern regions of Korea.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) of Flammulina velutipes on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic characteristics of Hanwoo steers. A yeast strain (Saccharomyces sp. UJ14) and Bacillus strain (Bacillus sp. UJ03) isolated from fresh spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes were used as probiotics to prepare F-SMS. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (14 months old) were allocated to three dietary treatments via a randomized block design and were slaughtered at 30 months of age. These treatment groups included Control (TMR), T1 (TMR containing 10% of F-SMS) group, and T2 (TMR containing 30% of F-SMS). Body weight gain was not influenced by the experimental diets. DM and TDN intakes in the finishing period were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T1 than in other groups. CP intake was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T2 than in other groups during the whole experimental period. Among carcass traits, rib-eye area and back fat thickness tended to increase with F-SMS supplementation. The appearance rate (%) of a meat yield more than grade A was the highest in group T1. The net profits increased by 1.2% and 13.3% in groups T1 and T2, respectively. In conclusion, if a proper feeding program (including feed safety) can be ensured, spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes can prove to be a highly profitable feed source for Hanwoo steers.

Characteristics of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are consistent with those of embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, exogenous genes integrated by using retrovirus delivery systems cannot be completely removed from the cells. In a recent report, activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) can induce pluripotency state in mouse differentiated cells through the process of DNA demethylation. Thus, we hypothesized that the two reprogramming factors may convert efficiently bovine differentiated cells into pluripotency state. So, genes of AID and TDG were integrated into pCMV6-AC-IRES-GFP-Puro expression vector, which was transfected into bovine differentiated cells. As results, the colonies derived from AID+TDG-induced bovine cells were formed on day 7 after culture. The number of AP positively colonies in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells was significantly higher than in AID-induced bovine cells (p<0.05). Additionally, expression of pluripotent genes (OCT-3/4, NANOG, SOX2) was slightly increased in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells, as compared to AID-induced bovine cells. Protein expressions of OCT-3/4, NANOG and SOX2 in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells were slightly increased rather than AID-induced bovine cells. Finally, DNA demethylation in the promoter regions of pluripotent markers in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells was increased than that of AID-induced bovine cells. In conclusion, pluripotent stem cells could be efficiently produced from bovine differentiated cells by using non-integrating delivery system with the reprogramming factors (AID and TDG).

Although the main objective of Free Trade Agreements (FTA) is market integration among member countries, there are limited studies supporting this impact. Our study explores whether FTA has enhanced market integration between South Korea and its FTA partners, focusing on South Korea’s fishery product import market. We investigate two research questions concerning FTA impacts: first, whether trade costs declined when South Korea imported fishery products from its FTA partners after the FTA; second, if the speed of the convergence of South Korea-its FTA partners’price differential of imported fishery products on trade costs result to occur more quickly after the FTA. To determine these outcomes, we utilize a Threshold Autoregressive Model covering the sample periods from January 2002 to April 2017. Our findings demonstrate the effects of FTA on market integration are different among FTA partners. FTA has enhanced the market integration between South Korea and Norway, Vietnam, and Spain, respectively, but not for others. Therefore, we find positive evidence of FTA on fishery import market integration between South Korea and Norway, Vietnam and Spain, respectively.

본 연구의 목적은 뇌 영상 기술을 활용한 정서 연구를 근거로 기본정서 이론을 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위해 기능적 자기공명영상(functional magnetic resonance imaging, f MRI) 연구들에 대한 메타분석을 수행했다. 기본정서 이론을 확인하기 위해 즐거움, 행복, 공포, 분노, 혐오, 슬픔의 6개 개별정서를 선정했다. 개별정서의 f MRI 자료를 수집하기 위해 최근 10년간 289편의 f MRI 연구를 조사했으며, 이중에서 69편이 포함 기준을 충족시켰다. 6개 정서에 대해서 건강한 피험자들을 대상으로 실험한 f MRI 자료를 수집했으며, Talairach 또는 MNI 표준 좌표로 보고된 연구만을 포함시켰다. Talairach와 MNI 좌표 체계간의 차이를 없애기 위해 Talairach 좌표를 기준으로 분석하였다. 활성화 가능성추정(ALE) 기법을 이용한 GingerALE 2.3 프로그램을 사용하여 메타분석을 수행했다. 연구 결과 기본정서 이론의 관점에서 개별정서들이 일관되고 구별 가능한 국부적인 뇌 반응과 관련 된다는 것을 확인했다. 각각의 개별 정서들과 관련된 뇌 반응 영역에 대한 본 연구의 결과는 선행연구들의 결과와 대체로 일치하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 일반화에 있어서 극복해야 할 제한점을 기술하고 후속 연구에 대해 몇 가지를 제언하였다.

이 연구는 치매노인을 대상으로 미디어를 활용한 통합예술치료를 실시하여 치매노인의 인지와 정서에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 B시에 소재한 J종합사회복지관을 이용하는 12명의 치매노인이며 주 2회 60분씩 15회기 동안 미디어를 활용한 통합예술치료 프로그램을 실시하였다. 연구방법은 양적 질적 혼합적 방법론을 사용하였으며, 양적방법으로는 한국형 인지기능 척도(권용철, 박종한, 1989)와 정서 측정도구(Synder et al., 1997)를 사용하여 사전사후 검사를 실시하였다. 질적방법으로는 이 연구의 제 1연구자가 주 치료사로서 참여관찰을 실시하였으며, 프로그램 녹취, 관찰일지, 담당 복지사와의 인터뷰를 연구자료로 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 미디어를 활용한 통합예술치료는 치매노인들의 인지와 정서에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 프로그램 진행 시 고려할 사항으로는 악기 수 제한, 15회기 이상의 프로그램 구성, 충분한 진행 시간이며, 주의해야 할 진행기법으로는 지시적인 진행 자제, 특정대상자에게 편중된 관심 자제, 영상 미디어 시청 시 치료사의 부가적인 설명 추가, 성급한 대상자들의 오류 수정 등으로 분석되었다.

A metal mesh TCE film is fabricated using a series of processes such as UV imprinting of a transparent trench pattern (with a width of 2-5 μm) onto a PET film, filling it with silver paste, wiping of the surface, and heatcuring the silver paste. In this work nanosized (40-50 nm) silver particles are synthesized and mixed with submicron (250-300 nm)-sized silver particles to prepare silver paste for the fabrication of metal mesh-type TCE films. The filling of these silver pastes into the patterned trench layer is examined using a specially designed filling machine and the rheological testing of the silver pastes. The wiping of the trench layer surface to remove any residual silver paste or particles is tested with various mixture solvents, and ethyl cellosolve acetate (ECA):DI water = 90:10 wt% is found to give the best result. The silver paste with 40-50 nm Ag:250-300 nm Ag in a 10:90 wt% mixture gives the highest electrical conductance. The metal mesh TCE film obtained with this silver paste in an optimized process exhibits a light transmittance of 90.4% and haze at 1.2%, which is suitable for TSP application.

To improve photocatalytic performance, a PbS/ZnO/TiO2 nanotube catalyst was synthesized, and its surface characteristics and photocatalytic efficiency were investigated. The hybrid photocatalysts were produced by anodic oxidation and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction(SILAR). The photocatalytic efficiency was evaluated using the dye degradation rate. The PbS/ZnO/TiO2 photocatalyst significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity for dye degradation, which was ascribed to the synergistic effect of their better absorption of solar light and a decrease in the rate of excited electron-hole recombination.

In this study we manufacture a Ni-Cr-B-Si +WC/12Co composite coating layer on a Cu base material using a laser cladding (LC) process, and investigate the microstructural and mechanical properties of the LC coating and Ni electroplating layers (reference material). The initial powder used for the LC coating layer is a powder feedstock with an average particle size of 125 μm. To identify the microstructural and mechanical properties, OM, SEM, XRD, room and high temperature hardness, and wear tests are implemented. Microstructural observation of the initial powder and LC coating layer confirm the layer is composed mainly of γ-Ni phases and WC and Cr23C6 carbides. The measured hardness of the LC coating and Ni electroplating layers are 653 and 154 Hv, respectively. The hardness measurement from room up to high temperatures of 700°C result in a hardness decrease as the temperature increases, but the hardness of the LC coating layer is higher for all temperature conditions. Room temperature wear results show that the wear loss of the LC coating layer is 1/12 of the wear level of the Ni electroplating layer. The measured bond strength is also greater in the LC coating than the Ni electroplating.

In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling caused by water temperature in the Membrane bioreactor(MBR) process and try to derive the membrane fouling control by chemical enhanced backwashing(CEB). The extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) concentration was analyzed according to the water temperature in the MBR, and the membrane fouling characteristics were investigated according to the conditions, with sludge & without sludge, through a lab-scale reactor. As shown in the existing literature the fouling resistance rate was increased within sludge with the water temperature was lowered. However, in the lab-scale test using the synthetic wastewater, the fouling resistance increased with the water temperature. This is because that the protein of the EPS was more easily adsorbed on the membrane surface due to the increase of entropy due to the structural rearrangement of the protein inside the protein as the water temperature increases. In order to control membrane fouling, we tried to derive the cleaning characteristics of CEB by using sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl). We selected the condition with the chemicals and the retention time, and the higher the water temperature and the chemical concentration are the higher the efficiencies. It is considered that the increasing temperature accelerated the chemical reaction such as protein peptide binding and hydrolysis, so that the attached proteinaceous structure was dissolved and the frequency of the reaction collision with the protein with the chemical agent becomes higher. These results suggest that the MBRs operation focus on the fouling control of cake layer on membrane surface in low temperatures. On the other hand, the higher the water temperature is the more the operation strategies of fouling control by soluble EPS adsorption are needed.

쌀에 발생하는 해충인 머리대장가는납작벌레를 대상으로 포스핀 훈증제 감수성 평가를 수행하였다. 머리대장가는납작벌레 알, 후기유충 및 성충을 대상으로 수행하였으며, 포스핀은 0.025, 0.051, 0.099, 0.501 및 0.999 mg/L 5개농도를 20시간 동안 처리하였다. 그 결과, 머리대장가는납작벌레 알은 0.025 mg/L에서 46.5%의 살충률을 보였고0.999 mg/L에서는 100.0%의 높은 살충률을 확인하였다. 후기유충과 성충은 0.099 mg/L 농도에서 각각 98.9, 94.4%의살충률을 보였으나, 0.501 mg/L 처리시에는 후기유충 및 번데기 모두 100%의 살충률을 확인하였다. 포스핀을 대상으로한 머리대장가는납작벌레의 태별 LCT50 값은 알은 0.710 mg h/L, 후기유충과 성충은 각각 0.254, 0.477 mg h/L로나타났으며, LCT99 값은 알은 1.593 mg h/L, 후기유충 1.278 mg h/L, 성충 3.042 mg h/L임을 확인하였다.

메틸브로마이드(MB)는 오존층 파괴물질로서 환경문제와 중독의 안전성 문제가 발생하고 있다. 저곡해충방제에포스핀 훈증제(PH3)가 지속적으로 사용되어졌고, 최근 PH3 저항성 해충 발생이 높아지고 있는 실정이다. 이를대체하기 위해 환경문제 및 저항성에 대해 유해성이 적은 에틸포메이트 훈증제(EF)가 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는포스핀 훈증제를 대체할 수 있는 에틸포메이트 훈증제에 따른 포스핀 저항성 쌀바구미의 살충효과를 메틸브로마이드와 비교분석하였다. 메틸브로마이드 10mg/L를 처리하였을 때 전기유충과 성충에서 100%의 살충율 보였고 후기유충과번데기에서는 50%의 낮은 살충율을 보였다. 에틸포메이트 70mg/L를 처리하였을 때는 전기유충과 번데기에서 100%의사충율을 보였고 후기유충과 성충에서도 90% 이상의 높은 살충율을 보였다. 에틸포메이트 훈증제는 높은 살충율을보이므로 메틸브로마이드와 포스핀을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 가을작형 잎들깨 재배 시 천적과 살충제를 효율적으로 이용하여 방제체계를 확립하고자 시기별 주요해충인 점박이응애, 차먼지응애, 들깨진딧물, 들깨잎말이명나방의 발생밀도를 조사하였다. 점박이응애는 유묘기인 8월~9월말까지 낮은 발생을 보이다가 이듬해 4월부터 다시 낮은 발생을 보였다. 차먼지응애는 10월, 12월에 낮은 발생을보였고, 이듬해 2월부터 잎당 2마리 이상의 발생밀도를 보였다. 들깨진딧물은 8월에 낮은 발생을 보였고, 10월에잎당 5마리 이상의 발생을 보였으며, 이듬해 2월부터 4월까지 낮은 발생을 보였다. 들깨잎말이명나방은 8월부터9월까지 발생을 보였다. 따라서, 가을 잎들깨 해충 방제 시 점박이응애는 유묘기인 8월에 천적인 칠레이리응애와선택독성이 높은 등록약제로 방제하고, 차먼지응애 발생 시에는 점박이응에 등록약제로 방제하여 방제한다. 들깨진딧물은 월동 전에는 발생 시 약제로 방제하고, 겨울철에는 보리를 이용한 뱅커플랜트로 예방한다. 들깨잎말이명나방은8월에 등록약제로 방제한다.

국립생물자원관에서는 자체 연구과제인 ‘자생 천적자원 발굴 및 증식 사업’의 일환으로 2017년부터 한국 분포천적자원의 정보를 확인하고 분류학적 정보 및 생물 정보를 확보하여 ‘식물-해충’, ‘곤충-천적’ 관계에 대한 database구축을 수행하고 있다. 이에 한반도 전체 곤충강 중 현재까지 수집된 결과에 대해 보고하고자 한다. 2016년까지국가 생물종 목록 기준 한국에 기록된 관속식물종수는 4,455종, 곤충종수는 16,993종이며, 이 중 445종의 식물을가해하는 736종의 해충정보와 574종의 곤충에 대한 628종의 천적 정보를 확보하였다. 이 중 식물-해충-천적의 삼중관계(tritrophic interaction)가 성립되는 건수는 632건 이었다. 그러나 식물을 가해하는 해충 및 천적 정보가 확보된 분류군은농업해충인 진딧물류에 대부분 편중되어 있어(363종, 63.2%) 좀 더 다양한 분류군에 대한 정보 확보가 추후의과제이다. 본 과제를 통해 앞으로 전 곤충종에 대한 천적정보 확보를 최종 목표로 국가 생물자원의 활용에 근간이되는 자료를 제공할 수 있으리라 기대한다.