Nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species known to be very frequently contaminated in feed. The study for simultaneous analysis and contamination survey in animal feed carried out. All mycotoxins were analysed by using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass with internal standard. The limits of detection (LOD) were 2.0 μg/kg,1.0 μg/kg, 1.0 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg for NIV, DON, T-2 and ZEN, respectively. Two hundred and thirty nine samples of feed were collected. The average concentration of DON was 212.3 μg/kg, 207.8 μg/kg and 812.1 μg/kg in chicken,pig and cattle feed, respectively. The average concentration of ZEN was 31.2 μg/kg, 35.6 μg/kg and 147.2 μg/kg for them, respectively. Especially, the levels of contamination for DON and ZEN were higher than those of NIV or T-2. And, the levels of contamination for four Fusarium mycotoxins in cattle feed appeared higher than those of pig and chicken feed. It was investigated that the high level of mycotoxin contamination in cattle feed was caused by corn gluten feed of ingredients for feed, mainly.

Recently, speedy, convenient and easy detection technologies have been developed rapidly and on the contrary, studies on development of traditional detectors applying biochemical characteristics has gradually been decreased. This review examined trend in current studies on detection of food-borne pathogenic microorganisms in the fields of selective media, immuno-assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), microarray, terahertz spectroscopy &imagination and so on. Most traditional methods to detect the organisms from food matrix rely on selective media and such a method have disadvantages like long time requirement and distinguishing one species only from each selective medium although they are highly economical. Various new convenient methods such as Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA), paper-strip kit, fluoroimmunoassay etc. have been developed. The most ideal method for detecting food-borne pathogenic microorganisms in foods should be accurate, convenient, rapid and economical. Additionally, it is needed that capabilities of quantitative analysis and automation to be applied to industries.

Abnormal prions are infectious agents involved in a neuro-degenerative disease, which occurs naturally such as Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in deer and elk, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, Scrapie in sheep and goats and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans. The cellular prion protein of the elk consists of 233 amino acids (residues 25-257), which represents an autonomous folding unit with three α-helices and two-stranded anti-parallel β-sheets. Here, we demonstrated elk-recPrP (Elk recombinant prion protein) which can be obtained as follows; (1) Cloning of elk PrP gene, (2) Expression of a histidine-tagged full-length elk PrP by induction with IPTG in E. coli and (3) Purification by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose resin. In Western blot and ELISA analysis, elk-recPrP showed specific activity against anti-PrP monoclonal antibody. Thus, our elk-recPrP would be a useful tool for the understanding of basic structure and mechanism studies of PrPSC formation.

본 연구는 예냉처리가 치콘의 MA저장에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 치콘의 예냉은 강제송풍 예냉처리에 빠르게 진행되어 품온이 예냉 목표 온도인 2±1℃까지 저하되는데 소요시간이 강제송풍예냉이 자연통풍식의 1/6 수준이었다. 반냉각시간은 자연예냉이 3시간 21분, 강제통풍식이 1시간 17분이었다. 저장중 치콘의 생체중은 5℃와 10℃ 저장에서 모든 처리구가 0.5% 미만의 감소로 극히 적었으며 예냉시간이 짧았던 강제송풍예냉이 가장 높게 유지되었다. 저장중 포장재내 산소와 이산화탄소 그리고 에틸렌의 농도변화는 5℃에 비해 10℃에서 변화폭이 컸다. 예냉에 의한 호흡 억제 효과는 5℃에서 나타나지 않았으나, 10℃에서 저장 9일 이후 대조구보다 낮은 이산화탄소와 높은 산소 농도로 확인되었다. 에틸렌은 예냉처리구가 저장 3일까지 대조구에 비해 다소 낮았으나 저장 6일부터는 처리간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 저장 15일째 조사한 외관상 품질은 5℃와 10℃ 모두에서 대조구에 비해 예냉처리구에서 높게 유지되었는데, 예냉처리별로는 예냉기간이 휠씬 짧았던 강제송풍예냉에서 품질저하가 자연예냉 보다 더 컸다. 이는 6.0m/sec의 강한 송풍으로 치콘의 외옆 일부가 물리적 상처를 입었기 때문이라 판단되어 송풍속도 등에 대한 세밀한 추가 실험이 요구된다.

This study was carried out to elucidate changes in milk production, milk components and milk product properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming system. Milk production in transient organic feeding was lower by 7.6% than that in conventional feeding and also milk fat, milk protein content, solids not fat and somatic cell count were lower than conventional farming system. But, milk lactose content in transient organic feeding was higher than that in conventional feeding. Ca and Fe content in milk in organic feeding tended to be higher compared to conventional feeding. Linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids in milk in organic feeding was higher than those in conventional feeding and properties of milk products were improved in organic milk compared to conventional milk.

We investigated the effect of glutathione supplementation on feed intake, body weight gain, velvet antler yields and economics of elk yearling. Fourteen elk yearlings were divided into 2 groups. Seven yearlings in each group (control and treatment) were fed with 1.5-2.5 percent body weight (%BW) of concentrate feed for elk, voluntary intake of hay as roughage and 6 mg/kg body weight (KBW) of glutathione. The results were as follows. Average daily gain (ADG) for control elk yearlings for first 1.5 month was 0.46 kg, while that of glutathione supplemented was 0.55 kg. Although glutathione fed group had higher ADG compared to control group (p<0.05), ADG after 1.5 month showed no difference. In spring, daily DM intake per elk yearlings was 3.98 and 4.24 kg for control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. The statistical differences in feed intake between two groups were not observed. However, feed intake tends to increase in glutathione fed group. Production of velvet antlers for elk yearlings were 911±256 and 1066±357 g for control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. Statistical difference between two groups was not observed due to the high variation. In economic analysis, additional 109,110 KRW per head for the cost of glutathione resulted in 2 percent higher revenue index due to the increased antler production. In conclusion, feeding glutathione to elk deers effectively increased DM intake and ADG of elk yearlings. Glutathione supplementation in feed might increase velvet antler production as well as ADG.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate into the meaning of the New Brutalism sensed in the late church buildings of the Swedish architect Sigurd Lewerentz (1885-1975). St Mark's (1956-64) and St Peter's (1962-66) churches, his grand finale designs, have a unique architectural vocabulary of rough brickwork. The brick treatment is the basis on which Reyner Banham (1966) discussed him concerning the New Brutalism, and the point that this research focuses on. This paper explores the brutalist character of the buildings from two aspects - interpretational level of individual buildings and historical level of a broader view. First, the character of two churches could be interpreted with the phrase of 'play between brutality and sacredness'. The rough surface of brick and mortar in the buildings symbolises brutality and the vault of their chapels' ceiling sacredness. And the two characteristics meet and play on the rough vault surface. Second, in the historical point of view, this paper argues that the buildings made a giant leap for Swedish modern architecture, which had been at a deadlock owing to the compromising attitude of the New Empiricism since 1940s. And the Swedish New Empiricism (or the New Humanism), spread to Britain as "Welfare State architecture" after World War II, brought about reaction of the young British architects such as the Smithsons and became the background that made the new brutalist mood. However, considering that the term of the New Brutalism was first used in Sweden by Hans Asplund, Lewerentz's brutalist late churches - which seemingly had nothing to do with the British nor the Corbusian lineage - are also meaningful in that they confirmed the tendency in its homeland. In conclusion, this paper argues that St Mark's and St Peter's churches with the brutalist characteristics should be regarded as crucial buildings not only in Lewerentz's personal career but also in Swedish and international architectural history.

본 시험은 섬유질배합사료(TMR)의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 다를 경우, 비유초기 유산양의 사료섭취량 및 유생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험 동물은 자넨종 생후 16개월령 전후의 초산 착유양 24두를 시험구별 6마리씩 공시하였으며, TMR의 에너지와 단백질 수준은 대조구(Control)가 TDN 67.0%, CP 13.9% (NRC, 2007), 에너지 증량구(T1)는 TDN 73.7%, CP 13.9%, 단백질 증량구(T2)는 T

This study was carried out between 2008 and 2009 in four dairy farms to investigate the effect of feeding of whole crop barley silage on the reproductive performance of Holstein heifers. Two diets, mixed hay or whole crop barley silage separately from concentrate were fed 6-month old Holstein heifers (=37). In control group (=CON), heifers (n=16) were fed 6 kg (/head) mixed hay and 4 kg (/head) commercial diet. In whole crop barley silage group (=WBS), heifers (n=21) were fed 10 kg (/head) whole crop barley silage, 4 kg (/head) mixed hay and 2 kg (/head) commercial diet. To manage body weight gain, the body condition score of heifers were measured every month. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Body weight in CON and WBS heifers at 13-, 14-, 15- and 17-month old were 340±17.9 and 342±13.6 kg, 356±15.7 and 366±14.7 kg, 382±13.1 and 387±14.4 kg, and 429±15.0 and 417±10.3 kg, respectively. 2. Body condition score in CON and WBS heifers at 9-, 12-, 15- and 17-month old were 2.88±0.04 and 2.80±0.04, 2.88±0.04 and 2.80±0.04, 2.89±0.08 and 3.00±0.07, and 2.89±0.08 and 3.00±0.07, respectively. 3. Average age of sexual maturity in CON and WBS heifers were 437.3±9.9days and 939.6±12.5days, WBS group heifers were significantly shorter (p<0.05) than CON group heifers. 4. First-service conception rates in CON or WBS group were 81.3% (13/16) and 66.7% (14/21), respectively, and cumulative conception rate to 2nd artificial insemination were 87.5% for CON and 85.7% for WBS group. Conception rate was not different between treatments

본 연구는 경기도내 유통되고 있는 한약 및 한약제제에 대한 안전성을 평가하고자 한약 165종 366건에 대한 중금속 및 잔류이산화황 오염 실태와 한약제제 68건에 대한 보존제 사용 실태를 조사하였다. 한약 중 중금속 검사결과는 13종 17건(4.6%)이 기준을 초과하였고 기준 초과 검출 농도는 Pb 6.1~19.2 mg/kg, Cd 0.4~0.7 mg/kg, As 6.9 mg/ kg, Hg 0.7 mg/kg 이었으며, 국산 한약은 110건 중 2건 (1.8%), 수입산 한약은 256건 중 15건(5.9%)이 기준을 초과 하여 국산보다 수입산이 3.3배나 많았다. 잔류이산화황 검사결과는 10종 13건(3.6%)이 기준을 초과하였고 그 중 국산 한약은 4건에서 105~428 mg/kg이 검출되어 평균 338 mg/ kg이었으며, 수입산 한약은 9건에서 114~2,468 mg/kg이 검출되어 평균 804 mg/kg으로 수입산이 국산 한약 보다 2.4배 높았다. 한약제제에 대한 보존제 검사결과 보존제가 표시 된 17건(액제 14건, 환제 3건) 중 액제 3건에서 dehydroacetic acid가 표시량의 48.9~64.1% 검출되어 표시량 미만이었으며, 환제 1건에서는 benzoic acid가 139.9% 검출되어 표시량을 초과하였다. 보존제가 미표시된 51건(액제 6건, 과립 제 28건, 환제 17건) 중 액제에서 benzoic acid 3건, dehydroacetic acid 1건이 검출되었으며, 과립제 11건과 환 제 7건에서 benzoic acid가 검출되었다.

Because of the irreversible nature of periodontal disease, early diagnosis is an important aspect of management of patients with periodontal disease. Human saliva is an attractive medium for disease diagnosis because its collection is noninvasive and simple. Analysis of saliva may be especially beneficial in the determination of current periodontal status and serve as means for the screening of periodontal disease. In the present study, we investigated potential biochemical markers in whole saliva samples for the screening of periodontal disease using proteomics technique. We enrolled five subjects each from four different groups on the basis of measures of periodontal health (healthy group, gingivitis group, chronic periodontitis group and aggressive periodontitis group). Eleven proteins in whole saliva samples were identified as differentially expressed proteins between the healthy and periodontal disease groups using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight / time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry (MADLI-TOF/TOF MS) approaches. Although the diagnostic value of oral fluid has been recognized for some time and potential biomarkers of periodontal disease have been identified in saliva, this, to our knowledge, is one of the first studies to examine large-scale proteomic profiling to identify the extent of periodontal destruction. Thus, this work provides an important framework for future efforts aimed at understanding salivary responses to periodontal destruction and predicting the future disease progression.

치콘은 저온처리된 chicory(Cichorium intybus L.) 뿌리에서 틔운 싹채소의 일종이다. 본 실험은 치콘의 저장성 향상을 위해 국내에 소개된 3가지 품종의 치커리의 적정 재배일수와 재배지역을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. MA 저장중 치콘의 생체중 변화는 모든 처리구에서 0.5% 미만의 감소로 극히 적었는데, 재배 지역별로는 춘천에서 재배한 처리구가 평창 재배 처리구보다 높은 생체중 감소를 보였다. 품종별로는 재배 지역에 관계없이 Focus가 가장 큰 감소를 보였으며 재배기간이 짧을수록 생체중 감소가 컸다. 저장 중 포장재내 산소 농도는 최저 8%에서 최고 17%를 나타내었다. 품종이나 재배지역에 따른 차이에 뚜렷한 경향이나 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지는 않았으나, 100일 재배처리구에서 대체로 높은 산소 농도를 보였다. 저장 중 포장재내 이산화탄소의 농도는 대체로 3% 내외를 보였으며, 춘천과 평창 재배지역간 차이는 없었으며, 품종간에도 뚜렷한 경향은 없었다. 통계적 유의성을 없었으나, 산소농도와는 반대로 100일간 재배기간 처리가 가장 낮은 이산화탄소 농도를 보였다. 저장 중 포장재내 에틸렌 함량 변화도 처리간 차이에 일정한 경향 없이 2~14μl·l-1까지 변화폭이 매우 컸는데, 저장 최종일인 21일에 가까워 지면서 대체로 8μl·l-1 내외의 수준을 보였다. 저장 중 외관상 품질은 대체로 12일이 지나면서 상품성 수준 이하로 저하되었는데, Metafora 품종의 품질저하가 가장 빨리 진행되었으며, Focus와 Vintor는 유사한 수준을 보였다. 재배 지역별로는 평창재배처리구가 대체로 품질 저하가 느리게 진행되었는데, 특히 Vintor 품종에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 재배 기간별로는 통계적 유의성은 뚜렷하지는 않았으나 100일과 110일 처리에서 가장 빠른 품질저하를 보였다. 치콘은 에틸렌 장해 증상인 적갈색 반점(russet spotting)은 저장 후기에 발생하였으며, 그 발생률은 춘천재배처구에서 높았다. 3가지 품종과 2재배지역 모두에서 재배일수가 증가할수록 경도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 치콘 생산용 치커리는 강원도에서는 120일 이상의 재배하는 것이 저장성을 높일 수 있으며, 춘천과 같은 평탄지보다 평창과 같은 고랭지에서 생산하는 것이 저장성 향상에 도움이 될 것이라 생각된다.

본 연구는 국내에서 주로 생산되고 있는 대과종 토마토 품종의 품질을 비교 조사하여, 토마토의 원활한 유통 및 수출을 위한 수확후 관리 분야의 연구의 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행되었다. 과피색은 품종별 일정한 경향 없이 a*/b* 값은 2.8에서 4.8범위 안에 있었다. 호흡률과 에틸렌 발생률도 품종간 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 내적 품질 중 경도는 'Picasso', 'Tymaxx', 'Madison'에서 가장 높았다. 당도의 경우 대체로 6˚Brix 수준을 나타내었는데 'Hoyong'과 'Dotearang Dia'가 높았다. 비타민 C 함량은 'Super Sunroad'와 'Dotearang Dia'가 가장 높았다. 산도는 품종별 큰 차이 없이 'Hoyong'이 가장 높았으며, 이 때문에 당산비는 당도와 유사한 양상으로 유럽계 중 당도가 낮았던 'Amaral', 'Picasso', 'Tymaxx'에서 낮았다. 이상의 결과로 보면 수출 토마토에서 중요한 품질 요인인 경도는 유럽계가 당도와 비타민 C 함량은 동양계가 높았다. 품질 요인간 상관관계는 a*/b* 값으로 표시한 과피색이 여러 품질 요인과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었는데, 특히 당도와 가장 높은 상관계수(r = 0.801)를 나타내었다. 또한 수출현장에서 중요하게 다루는 경도와 당도는 부의 상관관계(r = -0.601)를 나타내었다.