This study was conducted to determine the effect of rainfall after cutting on nutritive value of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) hay. Fresh Italian ryegrass was treated with 3 days natural rainfall (56.5, 14.0 and 1.6 mm) after cutting without tedding. Rainfall effect on Italian ryegrass quality was evaluated based on Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC). The quality of Italian ryegrass was decreased with extending raining days. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was increased from 0.4 to 4.7% by 1 day advancement in raining. CF content was decreased from 8.1 to 32.8%. CP and CA contents did not change, but NFC content was decreased from 0.5 to 8.4%. The quality damage by the number of raining days after cutting Italian ryegrass was the lowest on the first day from exposure to rain.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the moisture content and pellet mill type on the physical and chemical characteristics of Italian ryegrass (IRG) pellet. Moisture content of raw material significantly (p<0.05) affected IRG pellet formation. Moisture content at 25% was the best condition for IRG pellet formation in terms of shape, power load and temperature changes. The hardness of pellet was decreased when moisture content was increase. However, the hardness of pellet was not affected by pellet mill type. Moisture content at 30% dramatically (p<0.05) decreased the durability compared to moisture content at 25%. Dry matter content of IRG pellet was increased (p<0.05) after pelleting. Total count of microorganism was decreased in pellet due to pressure heat and moisture losses during the pelleting process. These results indicated that the proper moisture content of Italian ryegrass pelleting would be at 25%. In addition, Roll & flat die type would be more suitable than Ring die and Die & flat die type in IRG pelleting. Pelleting works would be beneficial for improving forage quality and long storage.

Soluble salts are dominant form at reclaimed tidal saline soil, which can be improved by leaching with excessive irrigation water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation on soil salinity and corn (Zea mays) growth at reclaimed tidal saline soil. A field experiment was conducted at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land in Korea, during two successive growing seasons between 2013 and 2014. During the growing season, three different irrigation practices were applied as following; (1) irrigation at −35 kPa, (2) irrigation at −50 kPa, and (3) no-irrigation. Soil salinity was significantly decreased with increasing irrigation rates. Soluble cations were statistically decreased with irrigation; especially the depression of soluble Na was greater than other cations. Corn growth was significant with irrigation practice and the length of stem, panicle number, and stem thickness was statistically greater compared to the control. Although the germination rate was more than 95% in all treatment, withering rate was great in both growing seasons, which was significantly decreased with irrigation practice. Our results indicated that salt control is critical at reclaimed tidal saline soil and irrigation practice based on soil potential could be one of the best management options to alleviate salt damages for stable crop production at reclaimed tidal saline soil.

To improve rice productivity in Myanmar, we evaluated two Korean rice cultivars and one Myanmar rice cultivar comprised of planting density and fertilization amount in three experiments from rainy season 2014 to dry and rainy season 2015. In the planting density experiment during wet season 2014, the rice yield in ‘Yeongpoong’ and ‘Shwethweyin’ cultivars increased considerably under high planting density but there was no significant differences in rice yield of ‘Dasan 2’ cultivar between planting density treatment. In dry season cultivation 2015, rice yield increased considerably under high planting density at all experimental cultivars. In wet season cultivation 2015, the rice yield of ‘Dasan 2’ and ‘Yeongpoong’ cultivars was significantly increased except ‘Shwethweyin’ cultivar. The yield of ‘Dasan 2’ cultivar was high in rainy season but there was much variation in yield among the planting density treatment and cultivation years. The yield of ‘Yeongpoong’ cultivar was higher in wet season cultivation than dry season cultivation and significantly increased with planting density. In the fertilization amount experiment, the yield of ‘Dasan 2’ cultivar cultivated in wet season 2014 was increased considerably with increasing fertilization amount but there was no difference between ‘Yeongpoong’ and ‘Shwethweyin’ cultivar. The yield of ‘Yeongpoong’ cultivar cultivated in dry and wet season 2015 was increased significantly with increasing fertilization amount. The Myanmar rice cultivar ‘Shwethweyin’ was no difference in yield with increasing fertilization amount. The yield of Korea cultivars ‘Dasan 2’ and ‘Yeongpoong’ was increased significantly with increasing fertilization amount but there was some yearly and seasonal variation. From the above results, if cultivation techniques would be applied in Myanmar, it is possible to raise productivity by using Korean rice cultivars.

The seismic isolation system reduces the seismic vibration that is transmitted from foundation to upper structure. This seismic isolation system can be classified into base isolation and mid-story isolation by the installation location. In this study, the seismic behavior of dome structure with mid-story isolation is analyzed to verify the effect of seismic isolation. Mid-story isolation is more effective than base isolation to reduce the seismic responses of roof structure. Also, this isolation would be excellent in structural characteristics and construction.

최근 도시를 떠나 농·산촌에서 제2의 인생을 시작하려는 베이비붐 세대들이 늘어가면서 귀산촌 인구가 급증 하고 있다. 2015년도 귀농가구는 1만1천959가구로 전년 대비 11.2%(1201가구) 증가했으며 매년 증가할 것으 로 예상되고 있다. 귀산촌의 활성화와 함께 소득작물로 각광받고 있는 표고에 대한 관심도가 급증하고 이에 따라 표고 재배기술에 대한 요구도 또한 증가하고 있다. 산림조합중앙회 산림버섯연구센터에서는 표고의 활 성화와 안정적 저변확대를 위해 재배기술 수준별로 초급교육, 전문가양성교육으로 구분하여 실질적인 교육 을 수행하고 있다. 초급교육은 매월 1회 1일 8시간 교육으로 진행하며, 전문가양성교육은 1년동안 1주씩 6차 에 걸쳐 총 6주간 실시하고 있다. 초급교육은 귀산촌인, 재배희망자를 대상으로 이론교육 및 현장견학으로 2011년부터 시행하여 2011년(302명), 2012년(807명), 2013년(1,077명), 2014년(1,110명), 2015년(1,116명) 진행하 였다. 전문가양성교육은 이론 및 실습, 선도임가 현장견학 과정으로 2011년부터 시행하여 매년 1기수씩 수료 하였으며, 2015년까지 5기 교육생을 배출하였다. 이외에 순회교육, 상설교육, 현지지도 등 매년 약 3,000명가 량 지도 및 교육을 수행하고 있다.

표고 원목재배에 사용되는 자목은 벌채에서 재배임가 입고에 이르기까지 상하차, 적재 등의 작업과정에 서 수피손상이 발생하고 있는데 이러한 손상이 표고재배에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 표고균 접 종배양목의 수피손상부위를 조사한 결과, 수피손상부위는 해균이 오염되어 표고균이 생장하지 않았으며, 접종배양목 내부를 살펴본 결과 표피 손상부위내부에서 나무결을 따라 오염이 확산되었다. 벌채목의 수 피손상부위는 해균오염이 발생되고 이 부위로 인해 주변으로 해균의 확산이 발생되고 있었다. 입고된 참 나무 원목 294본에 대하여 수피손상을 조사한 결과, 본당 수피손상수 1~5개가 전체 본수의 10.2~23.8%였 으며, 본당 3개 수피손상이 23.8%로 가장 많았고 본당 6~9개까지 수피손상수가 많은 원목이 9.4%였다. 본당 수피손상율은 참나무 원목 294본에서 표면적의 손상율 5%미만의 원목이 83.3%로 가장 많았고, 손 상율 5~10%가 14.3%, 10~15%가 2.4%였다. 본당의 표피손상율은 적게는 5% 미만이나 많게는 15%까지 발생하고 있었다.

최근 증가하는 표고톱밥재배 추세와 더불어 톱밥배지 재배임가의 재배시설 및 재배현황 조사를 진행하였다. 조사대상 지역은 경기(11), 강원(5), 충북(5), 충남(2), 전북(2), 전남(3), 경북(2), 경남(6) 등 전국의 36개소를 대 상으로 재배실태 조사를 실시하였으며, 이 중 국내산 톱밥배지로 재배하는 임가는 22개소, 수입산 톱밥배지 로 재배하는 임가는 14개소였다. 조사내용으로는 재배경력, 재배시설의 구조 및 규모, 재배량, 주재배시기 및 유통현황에 대하여 조사하였다. 톱밥배지를 이용한 표고 재배는 일반적으로 균상을 이용한 재배방식을 적용 한 재배형태가 대부분이었으며, 표고톱밥 재배시설의 형태는 하우스 파이프를 주 골조로 하고, 피복재를 비 닐, 부직포, 카시미론, 차광망 등을 이용한 반영구재배의 구조를 나타내었다. 더불어 최근 표고 톱밥재배시설 개선에 따른 연중재배가 가능한 신규재배사 모델 2종을 제시하였다.

1핵 표고 균주간의 교배를 통하여 얻어진 2핵 균주 중에서 우수한 형질을 보이는 균주를 선발하는 전통적인 표고 육종법이 우수한 표고품종 육성을 위하여 주로 사용된다. 이런 전통적인 표고 육종법을 통하여 우수한 품종을 만들기 위해서는 다양한 유전자원의 확보가 전재되어야 한다. 이를 위해서 다양한 유전자원이 필요하 기 때문에 1960년부터 2015년까지 약 1000개의 표고 균주를 국외에서, 약 400개의 표고 균주를 국내에서 수 집하였다. 수집된 균주를 육종모본으로 이용하고자 수집된 균주의 온도별 균사생장 조사를 통하여 생장이 우 수한 균주를 선발하였다. 또한 국가간 차별화된 유전자원 확보의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 산림버섯연구센터 에서 개발 보급된 7개 이상의 품종과의 독립성 검정을 통하여 기존 보급품종과의 동일성 유무를 판단하였다. 또한 수집균주의 자실체 특성을 조사하고자 시험목 및 톱밥배지 접종을 통하여 발생된 자실체와 기존에 우 수하다가 평가된 품종의 자실체와 비교하여 우수한 형질을 보이는 수집균주를 매년 2균주 이상 선발하였다. 이렇게 선발된 균주는 육종모본으로 활용되고 있다.

최근 해수와 담수의 염분농도차를 이용하여 발전하는 역전기투석(Reverse Electrodialysis; RED)은 잠재량이 크고 지속적 전력생산이 가능한 친환경적이며 미래지향적 신재생에너지로 인식되어 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 염분차발전은 무한 청정의 바닷물을 이용하는 기술로, 발전 과정에서 이산화탄소, 방사성 물질, 오염 폐수가 거의 발생되지 않는 친환경 미래 블루에너지 기술이다. RED 기술의 상용화를 위해서는 최적화된 소재, 스택 설계 및 공정기술의 개발이 필요하다. 특히 스택의 대용량화 및 막 성능 향상 등 시스템 효율과 관련된 원천 기술의 확보가 필수적이다. KIER에서는 kW급 염분차발전 기술과 전용막 개발을 수행 중에 있으며, 최근 발전성능에서 세계 최고수준의 2.4 W/m2를 얻었다.

Facilitated transport membranes in the solid state have been attractive because they can improve both the permeability and the selectivity simultaneously to overcome the trade-off behavior. The carrier activity for facilitated transport plays a key role in determining separation performance. We have reported the solid-state facilitated transport membranes containing surface-activated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) as an olefin carrier for separation of olefin/paraffin mixtures, particularly propylene/propane mixture. Interestingly, the surface positive charge density of Ag atom in Ag NPs was linearly correlated with the propylene solubility and also with the propylene/propane selectivity. In addition, the separation performance has been maintained unchanged up to 500 hours.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employ a process of biological treatment that is based on a membrane that has the advantages of producing high-quality treated water and possessing a compact footprint. However, despite these advantages, the occurrence of “fouling” during the operation of these reactors causes the difficulty of maintenance.Hence, in this study, three physical cleaning methods, namely, backwashing, air scrubbing, and mechanical cleaning ball was performed to identify optimum operating conditions through laboratory scale experiments, and apply them in a pilot plant. Further, the existing MBR process was compared with these methods, and the field applicability of a combination of these physical cleaning methods was investigated.Consequently, MCB, direct control of cake fouling on the membrane surface was found to be the most effective. Moreover, as a result of operating with combination of the physical cleaning process in a pilot plant, the TMP increasing rate was found to be – 0.00007 MPa/day, which was 185% higher than that obtained using the existing MBR process. Therefore, assuming fouling only by cake filtration, about one year of operation without chemical cleaning is considered to be feasible through the optimization of the physical cleaning methods.

In this paper a concept of the paradigm shift in the operations of Water and Wastewater systems regarding the production and usage of water was introduced. Based on this concept the interrelationships between the water quality in the upper basin of NakDong River relative to Busan and the degree of satisfaction of the customers on the water supply service in Busan were modeled using the System Dynamics modeling methodology. SamRangJin basin area was determined as the upper basin of Busan after analyzing the relationships between the water quality of MoolGeum water intake point and water quality data of various mid- and upper water intake points along NakDong River. The amount of contaminants generated in SamRangJin basin was modeled using the Gross Regional Domestic Product in the area and the treated amount was calculated using the efficiency of wastewater treatment and the degree of improvement of environmental condition per investment. The water quality at MoolGeum water intake point was modeled to take the effects of the remaining amount of contaminants after treatment and the non-point source contaminants in SamRangJin basin. Using the developed System Dynamics model the effects of the investment for the improvement of environmental condition in SamRangJin basin were compared to the case of alternate water source development for Busan in terms of the degree of satisfaction of the customers on the water supply service in Busan.

This study compares characteristic of membrane fouling in MBR-RO systems. In lab. scale MBRs test, MBRs were operated at different Flux(10, 20, 30 & 40 LMH) and temperature(10, 15, 20, 25 & 30°C). The results show that MBR permeate was measured lower amounts of organic substances in Higher flux and lower temperature and led to lower RO fouling rates. The main cause was that due to cake fouling formed on membrane surfaces in MBRs. Under both cases, Cake layer of membrane surfaces formed in MBRs removed RO fouling factors, polysaccharide and protein, because of cake layer attached on membrane surfaces greater amounts of organic substances. This study implies that optimization of MBR with operating conditions is a crucial strategy to RO membrane fouling control.