In order to develop the D. adamsi breeding technique that is highly likely to be used as an emotional pet insect, the results of the D. adamsi was collected in the large exhibition Jang Tae-san in Daejeon to the indoor breeding began to spawn after 10 days after the training, the egg laying period was 33.6 days, the average number of spawn per female was 27.7, and the period was 11.8 days. D. adamsi larvae bred with food of oak-boiled molted two times, the duration of 1st larvae development was 11.8 days, 2nd larvae 14.5 days, and the third larvae was 29.4, and the larvae were used to build houses using Masato(soil) and in the pupae, and then in April of the following year. D. adamsi has a characteristic to build a house with fallen leaves and spawn one or two eggs in the fallen leaves, and the results of the spawn mat test using fallen leaves, leaf mold and a sawdust, etc., and the number of spawn was high in the Masato was spread about 3 ~ 5cm, and a fallen leaves on a 10 cm or so, and the growth and survival rate of the larvae were also high. Larvae breeding density was 2 ~ 3 ℓ in the container size to raise the object was normal growth, the higher the density mortality was high and the growth was sluggish. Larvae feeding conditions were normally developed in dry fallen leaves and fermented fallen leaves, compared to the sterile fallen leaves, oak sawdust, sterile fallen leaves and oak sawdust was abnormal, the mortality rate was higher than 50%.

소나무재선충병의 매개충인 북방수염하늘소의 체내 선충보유량에 따른 비행능력의 차이를 구명하기 위하여 춘천시 지내리의 잣나무림에서 어리소나무재선충(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)에 감염이 확인된 북방수염하늘소 암·수 각 20마리를 채집, 실내사육 후 우화-섭식 1 주일이 지난 시점부터 1주 간격으로 Flight mill을 이용하여 비행실험을 진행하였다. 동시에 사육통 바닥에 여과지와 섭식한 잣나무 신초를 3~4일 마다 교체 후 Baermman funnel법으로 소나무 재선충을 분리하여 그 수를 조사, 비행능력과 선충보유량의 관계를 조사하였다. 그 결과 약 50,000마리 이상 선충을 체내에 보유시 비행능력이 급감하는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으나, 전체적으로 선충의 체내 보유량에 따른 비행능력의 차이는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 확인 되었다.

This investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al hybrid material prepared by electromagnetic duo-casting to determine the effect of heat treatment. The hybrid material is composed of an Al-Mg-Si alloy, pure Al and the interface between the Al-Mg-Si alloy and pure Al. It is heat-treated at 373, 573 and 773K for 1h and T6 treated (solution treatment at 773K for 1h and aging at 433K for 5h). As the temperature increases, the grain size of the Al-Mg-Si alloy in the hybrid material increases. The grain size of the T6 treated Al-Mg-Si alloy is similar to that of one heat-treated at 773K for 1h. The interface region where the micro-hardness becomes large from the pure Al to the Al-Mg-Si alloy widens with an increasing heat temperature. The hybrid material with a macro-interface parallel to the tensile direction experiences increased tensile strength, 0.2% proof stress and the decreased elongation after T6 heat treatment. On the other hand, in the vertical direction to the tensile direction, there is no great difference with heat treatment. The bending strength of the hybrid material with a long macro-interface to the bending direction is higher than that with a short macro-interface, which is improved by heat treatment. The hybrid material with a long macro-interface to the bending direction is fractured by cracking through the eutectic structure in the Al-Mg-Si alloy. However, in the hybrid material with a short macro-interface, the bending deformation is observed only in the limited pure Al.

강원도농업기술원에서는 2003년 무름병에 비교적 강하고 화색과 화형이 우수하고 장미 분홍색을 가진 Zantedeschia rehmanni × hybrid ‘Super Gem’과 연한 노랑색 품종 Z. × hybrid ‘Black Magic’을 각각 모본과 부본으로 하여 인공 교배 하였다. 2006년에 개화특성을 검정하여 화색과 화형이 좋은 ‘GZ0616’를 선발하였으며, 2007년에 포장 재배하여 자구 증식률, 초장과 초세 등 1차 특성검정 후 2차 선발하였다. 2013부터 2015년까지 특성검정과 재배시험을 통하여 균일성과 안정성이 인정되어 ‘강교C4-6호’로 최종 선발되었으며, 2017년 2월에 ‘립스마일(Lip Smile)’로 품종등록 되었다. 화포 외부의 주 색은 연노랑바탕 적자색(Y2C+RP79C)이며, 화포 높이는 8.5cm, 폭은 6.2cm로 대형화이다. 개화소요일수는 64.3일, 초장은 66.0cm, 괴경은 80.0g이다. 기호도 평가에서도 ‘Captain Rosette’와 유사하였으며, 절화용으로 이용 가능하다.

To be better fit for highways, pavement systems are required to provide comfortable and safe driving and be structurally durable. Composite pavements can be an effective option as they are more durable by placing a high functional asphalt overlay on a rigid concrete base layer. In order to apply a composite pavement system to the field, it is necessary not only to develop technologies that prevent reflecting crack and deterioration of the base layer, but also to improve bonding performance of materials and ensure structural performance as a pavement system against traffic loading. In advanced countries like Japan, USA and Europe, high-functional composite pavement systems are being put into practice across new highway networks. In this study, we evaluated structural performance (rutting, reflecting crack, and deflection) by applying traffic loads of actual highways through an accelerated pavement tester (APT) of a composite pavement section made up of a quiet porous surface laid over a water-proofing layer, a continuously reinforced concrete base, and a lean concrete sub-base layer, which was developed with new pavement methods used for each layer prior to field application. The APT specimen was constructed with paving materials and equipment actually used on site in the same dimensions (W3.5m*L14m*H2m) as actual highway sections in Korea, and 3-axle double-wheel heavy load (45ton) cart type KALES(Korean Accelerated Loading and Environmental Simulator) traveling on the specimen in both directions was used to simulate traffic loading. After applying around 8,574,000 ESALs of traffic loads, no reflecting crack occurred on the asphalt surface of the composite pavement, without surface distress except for rutting. In order to examine what causes rutting of pavements, we surveyed thickness of pavements by layer and measured asphalt density.

In Korea, concrete pavements were first applied to highways in 1981 and as a result of continued increase in length over the past years, 2,592 km of concrete pavement network is currently in service, of which 1,399 km(54%) of concrete pavements is 10 years or older, and 233km(9%) is 20 years or older. The length of concrete pavement sections nationwide has been steadily on the rise every year (EXTRI, 2017). Approximately 54% of current concrete pavement highway network will reach the service life limit in 2025 which means around 660 billion won is needed for future pavement repair project (EXTRI, 2017). Given that concrete pavements beyond design life still have a remaining service life, it is economically advantageous to repair them before reconstruction. Asphalt overlays are a major repair method for older concrete pavements. Depending on the concrete pavement condition, thickness and mixture of asphalt overlays are determined. Service life of asphalt overlays varies by the presence, time and size of cracks in existing concrete pavements and reflecting crack at joints. Temperature change of concrete pavement is among the major reaction parameters of reflecting crack. Reflecting crack develops when asphalt bottom-up cracking by longitudinal shrinkage and expansion due to temperature change of the concrete base layer, top-down cracking by temperature difference between top and bottom of concrete, and shear stress by traffic loading are combined (Baek, 2010). Crack and joint behaviors of concrete pavement vary between the base layer and the concrete surface of composite pavement system, and different conductivity by mixture and thickness of asphalt overlay leads to temperature change of concrete base course. This study measured temperatures of each layer of diverse composite pavements in place on site and analyzed differences in temperature change of concrete base layer depending on mixture and thickness of asphalt overlays. Overlay thickness parameters were 5cm and 10cm, two values most widely used, while mixture parameters were SMA and porous asphalt. Based on temperature change of concrete surface, this study also evaluated the difference of temperature change in concrete base layer with an asphalt overlay on top. Findings from this study are expected to be utilized for studies on mechanism and modeling of reflecting crack in old concrete pavements with asphalt overlays.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique on the pulmonary function of smokers. Subjects were individuals who had a smoking habit of at least a year. Subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: the incentive spirometry group (n=8), Ujjayi breathing technique (n=9), and a group applying both incentive spirometry as well as Ujjayi breathing technique (n=8). Each intervention was performed twice a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 8 weeks whereupon the change in pulmonary function was evaluated. A spirometer was used to measure FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC. The survey used for this study included the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (SOBQ). Study results for the comparison within groups showed that in the group that performed both the incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique, FEV1 improved with statistical significance (p<.05). Furthermore, within this comparison the FEV1/FVC improved with statistical significance. Comparison amongst the groups showed no statistically significant differences in all areas. Following, to effectively increase pulmonary function in young adult smokers, both incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique should be employed together.

The purpose of this study is to improve practical skill evaluation method of mushroom - trained certified technician's practical skill evaluation which is one of national qualification tests based on national incompetency standards. One of the current National Competency Standards (NCS), mushroom - trained certified technician uses NCS based practical assessment method. In order to improve the current practical evaluation method, we try to improve practical evaluation method based on field customized problem solving ability and improve the practical evaluation method, various evaluation methods should be constructed. On the purpose of identify the diversity and problems of the evaluation method, the experts of the group consultation, the mushroom-related research institute and the related industry collaborated to identify the problems of the actual mushroom - trained certified technician practicum test, This study on the evaluation improvement method was carried out. In this study, the contents of practical test of the current mushroom traits were analyzed and the trends of the latest mushroom industry were widely reflected.

This study is investigated the growth characteristics(number of available stipe, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, stipe length, stipe thickness, object weight, comparison yield ability of 1 cycle) and storage characteristics of ‘Sanjo 701’ (S7) cultivars according to relative humidity. The S7 growth characteristics were investigated by quantifying the growth and the characteristics according to the relative humidity, The storage stability was investigated every 5 days and freshness was measured by ‘Minamide Method’. S7 pileus diameter is The higher the relative humidity was confirmed becomes larger and the more increased relative humidity also increase the comparison yield ability of 1 cycle. However, pileus diameter or stipe length This could not see the big difference in the three treatment groups, the plieus thickness was no significant difference in the treatment of 80% and 95%. The fresh weight of S7 decreased significantly at 80% and 95% relative humidity after 10 days of storage, but decreased continuity in 65% humiditiry. The elongation percentage of S7 pileus was observe in 95% relative humidity, values of L, a and b (SCI), showed the highest L value in 65% and the a value in 95%. b values were similar in 65%, 80% and 95% treatments. On the ‘Minamide Method’ measure freshness was changed from the 10th day of storage at relative humidity of 95%, but humidity of 65% and 80% treatments, it changed after 15 days of storage. In this study growth characteristics and yield were increased at higher relative humidity, but storage stability was decreased. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to change the relative humidity to produce high quality mushrooms.

목 적: 광주광역시 안경사를 대상으로 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)를 활용하여 안경원 경영향상 요인 중 요도 및 우선순위에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 안경원 경영향상 요인 중 중요요인을 이원비교하기 위해 광주광역시 안경사를 대상으로 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)을 이용하여 상대적인 중요도 및 우선순위를 조사하였다. 안경원 경영향상 요인 중요도 및 우선순위 분석은 일관성 확보를 위해 일관성 비율 0.1 미만일 때 분석하였다. 결 과: 계층화 의사결정방법 분석 결과 안경원 경영향상 요인 중 Level 2항목 중요도는 상품/서비스가 가장 중요한 요인으로 분석되었다. Level 3항목별 중요도는 Level 3(01)은 전문안경사, Level 3(02)는 학교 에서 가까움, Level 3(03)은 홍보(전단지, 신문광고), Level 3(04)는 안경사의 신뢰성, Level 3(05)는 가격 의 적정성이 중요하다고 분석되었다. Level 3항목 우선순위는 안경사의 신뢰성(0.2552)으로 분석되었다. 결 론: 안경원 경영향상 요인 중요도 및 우선순위는 특정 관리자의 경험에 의존하던 안경원 경영을 좀 더 합리적이고 과학적 방법인 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)을 적용함으로써 합리성을 높일 수 있으며, 그 결과 안경사의 신뢰성(0.2552)이 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났다.

A powder injection molding process is developed and optimized for piezoelectric PAN-PZT ceramics. Torque rheometer experiments are conducted to determine the optimal solids loading, and the rheological property of the feedstock is evaluated using a capillary rheometer. Appropriate debinding conditions are chosen using a thermal gravity analyzer, and the debound specimens are sintered using sintering conditions determined in a preliminary investigation. Piezoelectric performance measures, including the piezoelectric charge constant and dielectric constant, are measured to verify the developed process. The average values of the measured piezoelectric charge constant and dielectric constant are 455 pC/N and 1904, respectively. Powder injection molded piezoelectric ceramics produced by the optimized process show adequate piezoelectric performance compared to press-sintered piezoelectric ceramics.

As ubiquitous organisms entomopathogenic fungi may natually occur within environment including phylloplanes and soil or deposite and survive for a while after spraying a fungal suspension to control insect pest. The existence of pathogenic fungi is a threat to arthropods foraging for food and oviposition sites. The detection and avoidance of pathogens is important for host survival, longevity and ultimate fitness. Although entomopathogenic fungi are ubiquitous worldwide and act as common natural enemies of many invertebrate species, very few studies have conducted abiut the detection and avoidance of pathogenic fungi by insect pest. We have studied that an insect pest can recognize a high virulence fungi on crop surface, avoid oviposition and don’t enter the field treated their pathogen.

The present issue of insect resistance and environmental toxicity of pesticides is triggering deep discussion about the pest management tactics, in which pest monitoring and control activity are mainly involved. Novel control agents, hopefully overcoming the present issues and problems, should be researched and commercially applied to the farm fields. With the monitoring-based research, additionally we have to focus on the control-based, particularly control agent-based research and application. Entomo- pathogenic fungi can used as one of the possible novel control agents once considerations are given to the control of soil- or water-dwelling pests. In our research group, the entomopathogenic fungal library has been constructed using the mealworm-based isolation system, which showed a variety of opportunities of their use in pest control. Important key production technologies including granular formulation have been developed to increase their industrialization. Some entomopathogenic fungal isolates showed high biological performance in the control of rice weevils, western flower thrips and Japanese bettles in field stands. To elucidate the fungal mode of action, a fungal transformation system using AtMT and gene identification tools were established. Recently a more deep study about the relationship between insect and entomopathogenic fungi is be investigated using RNA seq. We suggest that to make the entomopathogenic fungal products be applied to agricultural farm field, R&D of down-stream process should be seriously considered as the key step.

The sintering mechanisms of nanoscale copper powders have been investigated. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the embedded-atom method (EAM) was employed for these simulations. The dimensional changes for initial-stage sintering such as characteristic lengths, neck growth, and neck angle were calculated to understand the densification behavior of copper nano-powders. Factors affecting sintering such as the temperature, powder size, and crystalline misalignment between adjacent powders have also been studied. These results could provide information of setting the processing cycles and material designs applicable to nano-powders. In addition, it is expected that MD simulation will be a foundation for the multi-scale modeling in sintering process.

목 적: 본 연구에서는 안경체인점에 근무하고 있는 안경사들을 대상으로 감성지능이 구성원의 태도변수인 직무만족과 조직몰입에 미치는 영향을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 또한 안경사들의 감성지능과 이직의도와의 관계를 살펴보았다. 방 법: 이를 위하여 A안경 체인점에 근무하고 있는 안경사 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 2013년 7월부터10월까지 약 3개월 동안 조사를 실시하였고, 총 500부의 설문지를 수거하여 불성실하게 답변을 한 45부를 제거하고 455부의 설문지를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 결 과: 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 안경사들의 감성지능과 직무만족과의 관계를 검증한 결과, 감성지능의 하위변수 중 자기감성이해와 감성활용이 직무만족에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 안경사들의 감성지능과 조직몰입과의 관계를 검증한 결과, 자기감성이해와 감성활용이 조직몰입에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 안경사들의 감성지능과 이직의도와의 관계를 검증한 결과, 감성지능의 하위변수 중 자기감성이해만이 안경사들의 이직의도에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론: 연구결과에 따르면 자신의 감성을 정확하게 이해하고 자신의 감성을 있는 그대로 표현하는 안경사들이 자신이 하고 있는 일에 대해 더 긍정적으로 반응하여 고객의 요구를 파악하고 서비스를 제공할 것이다. 또한 안경체인점 본사에서는 안경사들의 감성지능에 대해 지속적인 관심을 가지고 다양한 감성프로그램을 개발하여 구성원들의 태도를 변화시켜야 할 것이다. 감성지능은 타고난 인성에 의해 좌우되는 것이 아니며 모든 구성원들이 개발 가능한 역량이기 때문에 긍정적으로 감성을 교류할 수 있는 시스템을 마련하여 현장에서 감성지능의 적용을 높여가야 할 것이다.

목적: 새로운 실리콘 모노머를 사용하여 제조한 실리콘하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈와 2종류의 시판용 렌즈에 hyaluronan을 첨가한 다음 lysozyme, albumin, globulin 3종류 단백질에 대한 흡착량의 변화를 살펴보고자 한다. 방법: 실험실에서 제조한 렌즈는 HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 96%, Junsei)와 TRIM (3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 98%, Aldrich) 등의 모노머를 사용하여 cast mould 방법으로 제조하였다. HA(Hyaluronic acid, LifeCore Biomedical) 첨가는 HA 에탄올 용액과 EDC (1-(3-(Dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide methiodide, Aldrich) 용액을 사용하였다. HA의 첨가 전 후 렌즈의 함수율, 광 투과율 등의 물리적 특성 변화와 lysozyme, albumin, globulin이 포함된 인공눈물을 제조하여 48시간 동안 흡착량 변화를 살펴보았다. 각각의 단백질은 HPLC로 정량하였다. 결과: HA가 첨가된 렌즈의 함수율은 첨가 전의 값에 비해 약 10% 증가하였으며, 광 투과율은 큰 변화가 없었다. HA를 첨가한 렌즈에서 시간에 따른 HA의 용출량은 48시간 동안 지수함수 형태로 증가하였다. HA가 첨가되지 않은 렌즈에 비해 HA를 첨가한 모든 렌즈에서 단백질 흡착량이 감소하였으며, 흡착시간이 경과함에 따라 그 감소효과가 크게 줄었다. 단백질의 종류에 따른 흡착량은 lysozyme>globulin>albumin의 순으로 감소하였으며, SHL 렌즈에서 최대 80% 이상 감소하였다. 결 론: Hyaluronan이 첨가된 모든 실리콘하이드로겔 콘택트렌즈에서 단백질 흡착량이 감소하였다. 실리콘하이드로겔 렌즈에 3종류 단백질의 흡착 특성은 렌즈 표면의 친수성에 가장 크게 영향을 받음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 수소결합이 가능한 hyaluronan의 첨가로 인해 렌즈의 친수성을 증가시키고 이로 인해 단백질의 구조적 변성을 방지하여 단백질 흡착을 억제하는 것으로 생각된다.

This study investigated the densification behavior of rhenium alloys including W-25 wt.%Re and Re-2W-1Ta (pure Re) during sintering. The dilatometry experiments were carried out to obtain the in-situ shrinkage in H2 atmo-sphere. The measured data was analyzed through shrinkage, strain rate and relative density, and then symmetricallytreated to construct the linearized form of master sintering curve (MSC) and MSC as a well-known and straightforwardapproach to describe the densification behavior during sintering. The densification behaviors for each material were ana-lyzed in many respects including apparent activation energy, densification parameter, and densification ratio. MSC witha minimal set of preliminary experiments can make the densification behavior to be characterized and predicted as wellas provide guideline to sinter cycle design. Considering the results of linearized form and MSC, it was confirmed thatthe W-25 wt.%Re compared to Pure Re is more easily densified at the relatively low temperature.

목적: 본 연구에서는 안경체인점에 근무하고 있는 안경사들을 대상으로 이들의 감성지능과 고객지향성, 고객만족과의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법: 이를 위하여 감성지능과 고객지향성, 고객만족에 대한 선행연구들을 기반으로 연구모형을 설정하고 가설을 도출하였다. 이를 위하여 A안경체인점에 근무하고 있는 안경사 248명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 총 240부의 유효한 설문지를 이용하여 실증분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 첫째, 안경사들의 감성지능을 구체적으로 4가지 요인으로 세분화하고 고객지향성과의 관계성을 검증한 결과, 자기감성이해, 감성조절, 감성활용이 고객지향성에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 안경사들의 고객지향성은 고객만족에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 감성지능과 고객만족간의 영향관계에 있어 고객지향성의 매개역할을 검증한 결과, 자기감성 이해만이 고객만족 간의 관계에서 부분매개역할을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론: 연구결과에 따르면, 안경체인점 점주들은 안경사들의 인지능력뿐만 아니라 감성능력을 보다 개발하고 관리해줌으로써 더 높은 성과를 낼 수 있음을 인지하게 될 것이다.

The green pale plant bug, Apolygus spinolae was one of the main insect pests that damaged leaves and fruit in grapes and its damage status was firstly reported in 2000 in grape orchards. This research was conducted to evaluate the distribution and difference in damage rate depending in management type of grapevine orchards (domestic sale farm vs export farm) in the export complex area of Korea (Hwangsung in Gyeonggii, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Gyeongbuk, Namwon in Junbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk) from 2010 to 2012. Damage by A. spinolae occurred in all 62 survey farms and damage rate differed depending on locality and individual farms in the same area. Damage rate was lower in export farms than in domestic sale farms, and damage rate of leaves was highly correlated with damage rate of new shoots. 15 species of hemipteran insect were attracted to sticky traps and A. spinolae was the dominant species. The attracted number of A. spinolae in the sticky traps differed depending on locality, and more occurred in domestic sale farms than expert farms. A. spinolae was continually attracted to sticky traps in the harvest period in grapevine orchards.

목적: 정시와 근시에서 양안 조절근점과 폭주근점 간의 상관관계를 비교해 보고자 하였다. 방법: 안질환과 전신질환, 사시 및 약시가 없고 나안 또는 교정시력이 1.0 이상이며, 근거리 사위, 입체시, 양안 조절근점, 폭주근점, 조절용이성 검사에서 정상으로 판명된 33명의 고등학생을 대상으로 양안 조절근점과 폭주근점 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 양안 조절근점과 폭주근점 간의 상관관계는 정시에 비해 근시에서 낮았으며, 단순 근시와 근시성 직난시에 비해 근시성 도난시와 근시성 사난시에서 낮았다. 결론: 근시 원용안경의 조절효과와 프리즘효과에 의해 근거리를 주시할 때 필요한 조절력과 폭주각이 서로 다른 비율로 변하게 되어 정시에 비해 근시에서 양안 조절근점과 폭주근점 간의 상관관계가 낮게 나타난 것으로 생각된다.