Quality changes in yakgwa (such as color, moisture contents, acid value, rheological properties, and viable cells) using different types of frying oils was examined for 5 weeks. During the storage period, the lightness and yellowness of all samples were increased and there was no significant difference in redness. After 5 weeks of storage, rice bran oil showed the least color difference. There was no difference in the moisture contents of all samples except for grape seed oil, while the moisture contents of yakgwa fried with grape seed oil was decreased. The acid value increased as the storage period increased regardless of the type of frying oil, and yakgwa fried with rice bran oil and grape seed oil showed a low acid value. The hardness was increased as the storage period increased, but there was no difference in the hardness between the samples. The adhesiveness and resilience were decreased and the chewiness was increased. The total cell count did not increase significantly as the storage period, and there was also no difference in the total cell count between the samples. There was a high level of yeast and mold in comparison to total cell count, and the colony of bacteria was not detected.

In recent years, pavement distresses have been caused by diverse factors such as spalling, deterioration of repaired sections, blow-up, and alkali aggregate reaction due to changing climate environment of a concrete pavement and its construction and maintenance conditions (supply of materials, increase in use of de-icers, etc,). As a leading repair method for deteriorated concrete pavements, partial-depth repair is implemented in accordance with guidelines of material properties for joints of a concrete pavement and field application evaluation systems, but still some of the repaired sections become deteriorated again at an early stage due to poor construction quality and failure of response to environmental impacts. Distresses that can be corrected with partial-depth repairs are largely divided into those of repair materials and of the existing pavement bonded to repair materials, and combined distress of repair materials and the existing pavement. Although re-repair methods should be different by distress type and scale than conventional pavement repair methods, appropriate repair methods and guidance for re-repairs have not been in place so far, and therefore currently, re-repair practices follow the existing manual of partial depth repairs. Therefore, this study evaluated concrete bond characteristics by removing method and repair scope for an experimental section of frequently distressed pavements to determine a re-repair scope and method for deteriorated partial depth repair sections of concrete pavement, the number of which has increased over time.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different types of frying oil on the quality of yakgwa such as expansion rate, color, moisture content and rheological properties. Yakgwa fried with corn oil showed the highest expansion in width and length, and rice bran oil in height. With regard to the overall expansion rate, yakgwa fried with rice bran had the highest value. As for lightness and yellowness, yakgwa fried with soybean oil had the highest lightness (34.74), while yakgwa fried with grape seed oil had the lowest lightness (29.82). As for redness, however, no significant difference was found. Regarding fat content, yakgwa fried with rice bran oil showed the highest value with 18.91%, while yakgwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value. No difference was found in moisture content according to the type of frying oil. In relation to the acid value, yagkwa with soybean oil showed the lowest value of 0.24±0.66; as for peroxide value, yagkwa fried with rice bran oil showed the lowest value of 3.59±1.74 meq/kg. No difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness and resilience according to the type of frying oil. Yagkwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value in terms of adhesiveness and chewiness, respectively. The results of the sensory evaluation showed not significance difference in overall preference, but yakgwa fried with rice bran oil had the highest value of 5.93±1.87.

The vase life of gerbera is affected by the hardness of the scape. However, although hardening of the cell wall is thought to be caused by calcium ions binding with pectin, the effect of calcium on the pectin fractions in the scape of gerbera has not yet been described. Therefore, this study assessed the calcium and pectin contents of the gerbera scape during bending. The scape of the gerbera cultivar ‘Harmony’ mostly e xhibited b ending i n the S1 and S 2 sections, and the bent scape had poor hardness compared with a normal, unbent scape. The calcium contents of the S1 and S2 sections of the bent scape were 2.9 mg·L-1 and 2.6 mg·L-1 lower than that of the normal scape. Furthermore, the total pectin contents were also generally lower in t he b ent scape, p articularly in t he S 1 section.

본 연구의 목적은 한우 도체형질과 등심에 대한 일반성분(수분, 조지방, 조단백질, 조회분) 분석을 통 한 등심의 영양학적 가치와 유전모수 추정을 통한 개량형질 적용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 실시하였 다. 본 연구에 이용된 공시 재료는 한우 후대검정우 47차부터 57차까지 실시한 2,033두에 대하여 등심 1㎏을 시료를 채취하여 분석한 자료를 이용하였다. 연구결과 한우 도체형질인 도체중, 등심단면적, 등 지방두께, 근내지방도에 대한 유전력은 각각 0.37, 0.51, 0.44, 0.57로 추정되었으며, 일반성분 분석인 수분, 조지방, 조단백질, 조회분에 대한 유전력은 각각 0.62, 0.64, 0.58, 0.12로 추정되었다. 그리고, 도체형질과 일반성분간의 유전상관은 도체중과 조지방에서 0.35, 근내지방도와 수분, 조지방, 조단백 질, 조회분에서 각각 -0.966, 0.964, -0.924, -0.664으로 고도의 유전상관을 보였다. 수분과 조지방, 조단백질간의 유전상관은 각각 -0.998, 0.969로 분석되었으며, 조지방과 조단백질에서 -0.979로 고도 의 유전상관을 보였다. 일반성분 분석치인 수분, 조지방, 조단백질에서 고도의 유전력을 보였으므로, 개 량형질 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Due to their environmental and economical consequences, invasive species have become a major concern worldwide. Among them, the yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, is a keen hunter of domestic honeybees. They use olfactory cues from the prey to assess food information. In this study, we investigated the attraction behavior of V. velutina to honeybee pheromone under outdoor conditions. Nine honeybee pheromones were tested and compared in order to find the best attractant. When testing specific compounds, the honeybee queen pheromone, homovanillyl alcohol, proved highly attractive.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is known worldwide as a pest that affects cruciferous plants. We surveyed insecticide susceptibility in chlorantraniliprole-resistant strain of P. xylostella to 13 insecticides (3 diamaids, 2 synthetic pyrethroids, 2 spinosyns, 1 organophosphorus, 1 carbamate, 1 marcrolide, and 3 others) to examine resistance ratios. The levels of insecticide resistance were extremely high, especially to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide. Enzyme assays indicated that glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the resistant strain was 2.4 times higher compared with the susceptible strain, whereas no difference was seen for P450 and esterase. Its F1 progeny resulting from reciprocal crosses with a susceptible strain revealed no maternal effects and a diamide susceptible phenotype, suggesting an autosomally almost recessive mode of inheritance.

This study aimed to examine the quality and sensory properties of yackwa using baking soda (BS), baking powder (BP), and yeast (YE) instead of alcohol in order to make a Halal standard product. The moisture content of yackwa was the highest when BP was used, while the fat content of yackwa was the lowest at 1.5% BP, and the highest at 1.5% YE. The chromaticity values (L, a, b) were the most similar to those of the control when BP was used. The L and b values increased when BP was used, and decreased when YE was used. The swelling ratio was the highest at 257.3±2.7% in comparison with the control when 0.9% YE was used. The leavening ratio was similar regardless of the type and content of leavening agents. Hardness was 1,179.16±184.45 kg at 0.3% BP, generally decreasing as leavening agent content increased. The resilience was 0.19±0.01% at 1.2% BP and lowest in the control, but its difference by leavening agents was not significant. The taste and preference were at 6.07±2.22 and 5.96±2.07, respectively, when 1.2% BP was used.

Zika virus, mosquito-borne disease, caused by mosquitoes has been increased the importance. From March to September, twice a month from 7 different points (3 residential areas, 3 migratory bird sanctuary and 1 cattle shed) were collected using BG trap and BL trap. After identifying the mosquitoes collected, we confirmed the virus infection. Total 26,531 mosquitoes (6 genus 9 species) were collected, virus has been detected from the 3 species (Aedes vexans, Cuilex tritaeniorhynchus, and Amigeres subalbatus) of mosquitoes of them. It showed the highest peak in August, and then gradually decreased. The most common mosquito species was collected Aedes vexan (16,637) in the cattle shed.

The two spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a global pest, and has developed severe resistance to several types of acaricides. This study compared the development in susceptible (S) and acequinocyl, bifenazate, pyridaben, abamectin and etoxazole-resistant (AcR, BR, PR, AbR and ER) strains of T. urticae by X-ray irradiation. When eggs were irradiated with 100 Gy, the egg hatching was completely inhibited in all strains. When nymphs were irradiated with 200 Gy, their hatching was completely inhibited in all strains. When adults were irradiated, the fecundity and egg hatching was decreased at 150 Gy and above, and hatchability of F1 generation was completely inhibited at 300 Gy in all strains. Adult longevity was slightly increase at 150 Gy and above. In addition, we performed quantitative real-time PCR on several genes. To examine the difference of all strains on radiation stress-induced gene expression, we performed quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) of several known stress-induced genes.

섬 지역은 농업 용수로 사용할 수 있는 물이 부족하고 대 부분의 토지가 경사져 농업을 하기에 불리한 환경조건을 가 진다. 전라남도 완도군에 위치한 청산도는 독특한 농업 문화 를 통해 이러한 도서지역의 한계성을 극복하였다. 청산도는 본래 토양에 포함된 돌이 많아 물 빠짐이 심한 농지에 과거부 터 지하 암거 구조의 관개체계를 가진 계단식 논과 비슷한 구들장논을 이용하여 농업을 행해왔다. 구들장논은 한국의 전통 난방방식인 온돌에서 사용한 구들돌과 유사한 구조를 보이며 하부구조에 크고 작은 돌을 쌓고 논의 가장자리에 정방형 통수로를 만들어 물의 용·배수를 조절하는 방식을 사용한다. 또한 상류 지역 수원의 물이 윗 논에서 아랫 논으 로 흐르는 물길을 따라 계단의 형태를 띠며 연속적인 관개구 조를 보인다. 일반 계단식 논은 주로 흙이 많이 이용되고 지하에 특별한 구조물이 없는 반면, 구들장논은 주로 돌을 이용하고 돌기동 및 온돌 구조로 총 4개의 층위로 구성된다. 구들장논은 작물 이 생육하는 토층으로 표토층, 용수의 침탈 방지를 위한 혼합 토층, 물의 배수 및 저수를 위한 통수로, 토양의 유실을 방지 하기 위한 하부석축으로 구성되어 있으며, 이러한 물리적 구 조로 인해 섬 지역에서의 농업이 효율적으로 이뤄질 수 있었 다. 이러한 가치를 인정받아 2013년에 국가중요농업유산 (KIAHS) 제1호로 지정이 되었고 이어 2014년에 세계중요 농업유산(GIAHS)에도 등재된 바 있다. 그러나 청산도 구들 장논의 분포와 물리적 구조에 관한 연구와 완도군에서 시행 한 구들장논 지표자원조사를 제외하고는 아직까지 구들장논 의 기능에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구 는 구들장논의 수원 함양 기능을 분석하여 구들장논이 가지 는 공익적 기능을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 청산도 내 부흥리, 양중리, 상동리, 청계리의 토지 이용 현황을 현장조사와 주민면담으로 확인하였으며, 구들장논의 구조 중 수원 함양에 영향을 미치는 토양층(혼합 토층+표토층)의 높이를 조사하였다. 이러한 조사결과를 바 탕으로 Arc GIS를 활용하여 각 토지 이용별 면적 및 구들장 논이 가지는 수원 함양 기능을 부피 단위로 산출하였다. 또한 구들장논이 일반 논과 비교하여 얼마의 저수 기능을 가지는 지를 알아보기 위하여 일반 논의 평균 논둑 높이를 문헌 조사 를 통해 알아보았다. 조사결과, 청산도 내 부흥리, 양중리, 상동리, 청계리 전체 면적 중 주민들의 증언에 의한 구들장논은 16.45%(484.55 ㎥) 이며, 이 중 실제 육안으로 구조가 확인된 구들장논은 2.21%(65.12㎥)으로 파악되었다. 또한, 구들장논의 토양층 의 높이는 최소 40cm에서 최대 60cm임을 확인하였다. 문헌 조사 결과, 일반 논의 경우 혼합토층과 표토층을 가지는 구들 장논과 비교하였을 때 표토층만 가지고 있어 논둑의 높이가 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 평균 높이는 26.1cm로 파악되 었다. 주민들의 증언에 의한 구들장논이 함양할 수 있는 수원의 최소 · 최대 양을 부피로 산출한 결과 최소 양은 193.82kton, 최대 양은 290.73kton으로 산출되었다. 하지만 증언에 의한 구들장논은 현재 그 구조가 유지된다고 파악하기 어렵기 때 문에 실질적으로 함양할 수 있는 수원의 양은 실제 육안으로 구조가 확인된 구들장논에서의 값이 유의미할 것으로 파악 된다. 그 결과 실제 육안으로 구조 확인된 구들장논의 최소 수원 함유량은 26.05kton, 최대 수원 함유량은 39.07kton인 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 같은 면적을 일반 논으로 가정하여 수원 함유량을 산출해보니 평균 126.47kton으로, 증언에 의 한 구들장논이 일반 논에 비하여 최소 1.53배에서 최대 2.30 배의 저수 기능을 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 수자원이 부족한 섬 지역 내에서 저수 기능이 더 높은 구들장논을 이용하는 것이 수원함양 측면에서 더욱 유 리함을 확인 할 수 있다. 구들장논의 혼합토층이 머금은 수자 원은 부족한 용수를 확보할 수 있게 해주며, 이는 지나친 강수 또는 가뭄에도 유연하게 견딜 수 있도록 해주기 때문이 다. 하지만 청산도 인구의 고령화와 인구감소로 인한 경작 인구의 감소는 구들장논의 휴경으로 이어지고 있으며 훼손 된 경우도 많은 것으로 판단된다. 앞서 파악한 수원 함양기능 외에도 구들장논은 생산물로 얻을 수 있는 생산적 기능, 미생물과 곤충 등 생태계 구성 요소들의 서식처로써 생태계 보존기능, 식물의 생육에 따른 대기 보전 및 미기후 조절 기능, 심미적 효과에 의한 경관 및 어메니티 형성과 같은 사회문화 보전 기능 등 여러 가지 공익적 기능을 가지고 있을 것으로 보인다. 따라서, 향후 이러한 다른 기능에 대한 다방 면적인 연구가 이뤄져 세계적으로 가치를 인정받은 한국의 전통 구들장논에 대한 보전과 관리를 위한 방안이 수립되어 야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be produced in mealworms, currently being used as animal feeds, by the infection of genetically engineered-entomopathogenic fungi. In this work, we integrated Bombyx mori (Bm) AMP, cecropin A to Beauveria bassiana ERL1170 by restriction enzyme-mediated integration method, which was confirmed by RT-PCR and an antibacterial activity assay. For the extracellular secretion of Bm cecropin A protein, the active domain of the cecropin A gene was tailed to the signal sequence of B. bassiana chitinase (Bbs). To exchange Bbs-cecropin A gene with egfp gene in pBARKS1-egfp, Bbs-cecropin A fragment was cut from pGEM-Bbs-cecropin A using XbaI/blunted and BamHI and ligated with cut pBARKS1-egfp using NcoI/blunted and BamHI, designated as pBARKS1-Bbscecropin A. After the transformation, transformants were grown on Czapek’s solution agar containing 600 μg ml-1PPT. Expression of Bm cecropin A was confirmed by RT-PCR. Strong clear zone was observed in the co-culture of the transformant D-6 and Bacillus subtilis on fourth strength Sabouraud dextrose agar 1 day after the culture at 25°C, whereas the wild type had no clear zone. This work suggests that Bm cecropin A can be efficiently produced in this mealworm-based fungal expression platform, thereby increasing the value of mealworms in the animal feed additive industry.

Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens is giving enormous damage to rice production. In this work, virulence of four Beauveria bassiana isolates against brown planthoppers was investigated by applying fungal granules on the water of pots, and we further examined the growth of hypha on the rice plants from the water surcae to explain the insecticidal mode of action. We used Beauveria bassiana (Bb) ERL 836, 1170, 1575 and 1578 isolates, which produced ~2×108 conidia/g of millet grain in a solid culture. Rice seeding was grown in breeding boxes at 28±2℃ for 5 days. Mycotized millet grains were treated on the water in a box at 1 g/box and the rice seeding was infested with 18~25 brown planthopper adults per box. A chemical pesticide and water treatment served as controls. Among the treatments, Bb ERL 836-treated plants had the lowest damage, rather than the other fungal treatments in laboratory assays. Hyphal growth on the stem of rice plants was observed in Petridish conditions under a fluorescent microscopy. This work suggests a possible control of brown planthoppers using entomopathogenic fungi.

Beauveria bassiana isolates have been used in integrated pest management, but little consideration has been given to the studies on fungal gene expressions and their functions. In this work, to determine the functions of genes, B. bassiana ERL1170 was transformed by restriction enzyme-mediated integration method, where pABeG with bar gene was used as a transformation vector. Among seven hundred of transformants, morphologically different ERL1170-pABeG-#160 transformant, particularly dysfunctional in conidiogenesis. The transformant had yellow hyphal growth on fourth strength Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA/4) and produced very small amount of conidia (<1.0×105 conidia/cm2 agar) in 7 days, whereas wild type had white mycelial growth and significantly greater conidia (3.6×106 conidia/cm2 agar). Additionally under microscopic observation, hyphae of #160 seemed like indian club, compared to the straight forms of wild type hyphae. The next work is figure out possible genes contributing the conidiogenesis of B. bassiana.

Entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana can be used in integrated crop management and pharmaceutical applications. Recently some efforts have been given to the fungus to improve its biological performances, but low fungal transformation efficiency is one of the limitations. In this work, B. bassiana ERL1170 isolate was used for fungal transformation by restriction enzyme-mediated integration, where pBARKS1-Bbs-cecropinA was linearied using HindIII. The fungal transformation comprised two steps, preparation of competent blastospores and integration of the plasmid into the cells. To prepare competent blastospores, 2-d cultured blastospores were individually treated with 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 M lithium acetate (LiAc). Secondly in the integration step, concentration of LiAc and calcium chloride (CaCl2), and time period of heat shock were investigated as follows: LiAc, 1, 2 and 4 M; CaCl2, 50, 100 and 200 mM; and heat shock at 42℃, 20, 40 and 60 min. Consequently, combination of 0.2 M LiAc in preparing competent blastospores and 2 M LiAc and 200 mM CaCl2 in the second step showed the highest transformation efficiency. This work would be helpful in the fungal transformation of B. bassiana.

본 연구에서는 보령댐 유역(163.6 km2)을 대상으로 SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모델, GCM (General Circulation Model) 기 후변화 시나리오와 다중회귀분석으로 산정한 미래 방류량을 활용하여 극한 기후변화 사상이 반영된 보령댐의 물부족을 평가하였다. 유역의 물수지 분석을 위해 보령댐 유역을 대상으로 기상자료, 보령댐 운영자료를 수집하였으며, SWAT 모형의 신뢰성 있는 유출량 보정을 위해 보령댐의 실 측 방류량을 이용하여 댐 운영모의를 고려하였고 유입량 및 방류량 자료를 활용하여 모형의 보정(2007~2010)과 검증(2010~2016)을 실시하였다. 기후변화를 반영하기 위해 APCC의 26개 CMIP5 GCM 자료 중 RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway)4.5와 RCP 8.5 시나리오를 SPI와 극한 가뭄지수로 분석하여 RCP 8.5 BCC-CSM1-1-M을 극한 가뭄 시나리오로 선정하였다. 2005년부터 2016년까지의 일별 관측자료로 다중회귀분석하여 월별 방류량 추정식을 만들었고, 1월부터 12월까지 각 식들의 결정계수 R2는 0.57 이상으로 나타났다. 선정된 극한 가뭄 시나리오 기상자료를 방류량 추정식에 대입하여 미래기간 일별 방류량을 구축하였다. SWAT 수문평가 결과, S3 (2037~2046) 기간 봄철 저수량이 34.0% 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. Runs 이론을 바탕으로 물부족의 심도를 구한 다음 재현기간에 따른 빈도해석을 하였다. 5~10년 빈도의 심 도로 발생하는 물부족이 미래기간에 발생하는 빈도로 보령댐의 물부족을 평가하였다. 물부족 평가 결과, S3 (2037~2046) 기간에서 5~10년 빈도의 심도를 가지는 물부족이 기준기간(2007~2016) 보다 2회 더 발생하였으며 S3 (2037~2046)에 물부족 계획 수립이 필요하다고 판단하였다.

흡연 유무의 남성을 대상으로 뇌 회백질의 손상 유무를 파악 할 수 있는 확산텐서영상을 검사하여 영상을 획득 한 후 Tract-Based Spatial Statics(TBSS)방법으로 뇌 회백질 부위의 기저핵 신경섬유로의 비등방도 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 측정 분석한 결과 모든 영역에서 흡연자가 비흡연자보다 비등방성 측정값이 낮게 관찰되었으며 FA값은 통계적으로 유의하였다. 본 연구의 측정한 FA결과 값으로 추측하자면 즉, 흡연이 뇌 회백질 기저핵의 모든 해부학적 미세 구조성 변화에 크게 영향을 미치며 신경 섬유로를 손상시키고 이와 관련된 기능적 이상에 영향을 준다고 할 수 있다.