This study aims to examine how the body and clothing of Jesus Christ are represented in the Russian Transfiguration of Christ icons of the 15th and 16th centuries and why it is considered to have established a distinct Russian iconography free from Byzantine influence. The study analyzes the Russian icons comparing them with their Byzantine prototypes to identify the distinctive ‘Russianness’ of the representation. The research methods comprise a qualitative analysis of the literature on Russian Orthodoxy, Russian icons, Christian theology, and Christ’s clothing and an empirical analysis of the icons. The scope of the study is limited to Russian icons from the 15th and 16th centuries and Byzantine icons from the 9th century onwards. The study found that, compared to Byzantine icons, the Russian icons exhibit a more elongated body, darker facial features, and lighter clothing. A statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test further revealed that the Russian icons feature a stiffer, simpler form, more opaque material, and more defined clothing boundaries. These stylistic differences suggest that the ‘Russianness’ in the expression of Christ’s body and clothing in the Transfiguration of Christ icons derives from creativity, abstractness, and tradition. Rather than a simple recreation of the historical Christ or adherence to the Byzantine tradition, the Russian iconographic representation emphasizes Christ's transfiguration into a luminous form, as described in the Bible, accentuating his divine nature over his human aspects.

This study attempts to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of rice flour developed as rice powder for exclusive use, steamed rice cake recipes developed as basic recipefor rice cakes. The study also aims to compare the quality characteristics of steamed rice cakes in an effort to establish the possibilities of developing various rice cake recipes. The moisture content and amylose content increased as the rice powder particles for exclusive use became finer. With regards to water uptake, in the case of the Hungara type, the water uptake increased as rice powder particles increased in size. In the case of the Shingil and commercial types, the water uptake decreased as rice powder particles increased in size, and solubility and swelling force decreased as rice powder particles increased in size. In the case of chromaticity, Sulgidduk made with rice powder for exclusive use the brightness (L value) increased as powder particles became finer and the yellow indexes (b value) decreased, and this was especially pronounced in the Shingil type. The measurements of changes in the mechanical textures of Sulgidduk showed that rice types with larger particles led to lower hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness.

It has been reported that light-emitting diodes(LED) can be used in the treatment of oral diseases. Although bio-stimulatory effects of LED irradiation such as promotes stimulation of wound healing have been well known, there are few reports about molecular mechanism associated with cell cycle by LED irradiation. The purpose of present study was to examine the molecular event in cell cycle of LED irradiation on primary human gingival fibroblast(hGF) in vitro. The source of light for irradiation was a continuous-wave LED emitting at a wavelength of 635nm, and manufactured that energy density was 5mW/cm2 on sample surface. The hGF were irradiated for 1 hour at 37℃ in 5% CO2 humidified chamber. Experimental samples were acquired at 0 (right after irradiation), 8 and 24 hour after irradiation. To investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with cell cycle, growth phase was determined by flow cytometry and mRNA expression of cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdc2, PCNA, p18, p27, p21, and p53 were determined by real time RT-PCR. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the percentage of cells in the G1 and S phase were decreased, but the G2 phase increased, which showed cells irradiated by LED were transitioned from S to G2 phase. For mRNA expression, cyclin B, cdc2, PCNA and p53 were increased at 0 hour after irradiation, and most of cell cycle molecules were increased at 8 hour after irradiation. At 24 hour after irradiation, cyclin A, cyclin E, PCNA and p18 were increased. Taken together, LED irradiation induced proliferation of hGF cells through transition from S to G2 phase.

The purpose 01' pl'esent study was to examine the molecular events in apoptosis by CoCl2, mimicking hypoxic cond ition and recovering effects by LED ir l'adiation on Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells The SOUl'ce 0 1' light for ir l'adiation was a continuous-wave LED emitting at a wavelenl양h of 590 nm, and manufactured that ene rgy density was 5 mW!cm2 on sample surface, After ir l'adiation, cell viabi lity was measured with BrdU , cell morphol ogy was examined with Diff- Quik staining, cell signaling was monitored with various apoptosis-related molecules using RNase Pl'otection Assay(RPA) , W11en treated with CoC12, apoptotic induction was found in the SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner , Diff-Quik s taining was revealed that DNA fragmentation re presented apoptosis was examined in CoC12-tl'eated group, Moreover, RPA assay of SH-SY5Y cclls lIs ing val'iolls apoptosis-related molecllles showed that the apoptotic cell population was mcreased J-loweve. there was sorne signifïcant change in LED irradiatied cells aftel' treatement of CoC12 The main mechanism for Lhese a poptosis appearecl to be mito c hondriεt - m ecliated pathway, such as cytochrome- c‘ caspase-9, caspase-3, pro-apototic protein ßax, anti-apototic protein Bcl-2, and death receptor• mediated pathway, such as Fas, cas pase- 8, a ncl TNFRl These results demonstrate that CoCI2 induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y via different dual apop tosis pathway through death receptor pathway as well as mitochondria- dependent pathway and LED irradiation can recl llces the CoCl2-induced apoptosis by blocking their internal signaling pathway

본 조사에서는 1999년 3월에서 12월에 걸쳐 전남도내에서 구입한 국내산 및 수입산 녹두, 참깨, 콩, 팥 등 총 80건에 대하여 10개의 카바메이트제 농약에 대한 잔류 조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 총 시료의 17.5%인 14건에서 카바메이트제 농약 잔류가 확인되었으며 녹두에서 methomyl, MTMC, carbary이 0.002∼0.025ppm, 참깨에서 oxamyl, carbofuran, carbryl, 1-naphthol, MIPC가 0.001∼0.469ppm, 콩에서 oxamyl, MTMC, carbaryl이 0.017∼0.125ppm 수준으로 검출되었다. 검출횟수가 잦은 농약은 MTMC와 carbaryl로 각각 6건과 5건이었으며 그밖에 oxamyl이 2건 methomyl, carbofuran, PHC, BPMC는 단 한 건의 시료에서도 검출되지 않았다. 수입산과 국내산의 농략잔류실태를 비교한 결과 녹두를 제외한 나머지 팥, 참깨, 콩에서 수입산의 검출률이 높았으며 전 시료 중 국내외 농약잔류 허용기준을 초과한 시료는 수입산 콩 한 건으로 oxamyl이 Codex기준치(0.2ppm)보다 많은 0.356ppm 검출되었다.

본 연구는 부산시 영도구 일부 지역의 주부들을 대상으로 영양지식, 식생활가치관, 체형인식도, 식생활 태도 등을 분석하여 지역사회를 위한 영양교육 프로그램 마련을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 계획되었다. 자신의 체형이 정상임에도 불구하고 본인 스스로가 정상체중이 아니라고 인식하는 주부는 38.1%로 나타났고, 그 중 30.5%가 과체중으로, 2.5%는 비만으로 인식하고 있었다. 영양지식 점수의 분포는 good 62.7%, excellent 37.3%이었으며, 식생활태도의 분포는 good(63.6%), fair(32.9%), excellent(3.1%), poor(0.4%) 순으로 나타났다. 식사 시에는 `맛의 즐거움(27.6%)`과 `영양 섭취(27.1%)`에 높은 비중을 두는 것으로 나타났으며, 배고픔을 해결하는 것`이 23.1%, `습관적으로 먹는다`가 22.2%이었다. 식생활 태도는 `영양 섭취`와 `맛의 즐거움`에 가치를 두는 그룹이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 연령층에 비해 3·40대 주부의 영양지식 점수가 높았다. 식생활태도는 20대 주부가 가장 좋지 않은 것으로 나타났고, 나이와 영양지식은 높은 음의 상관을 보였으며, 식생활 태도와 영양지식, 식사다양도와 식생활태도, 식사다양도와 영양지식은 높은 양의 상관을 나타내었다.

본 연구는 광주지역에 거주하는 성인남자 344명을 대상으로 고콜레스테롤농도에 영향을 미치는 생활습관인자 및 각 인자의 기여도를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 전체 연구대상자의 29.1%가 비음주자였고 70.9%가 음주자였다. 음주자의 비율은 HC군이 낮은 경향이었고, 음주빈도가 많아질수록, 음주 기간이 길어질수록 HC군의 비율이 높았으며, 1회 음주량에 따른 비율은 NC군, BHC군, HC군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 연구대상자의 36.3%가 비흡연자였고, 15.1%는 금연자였으며, 48.5%는 흡연자였다. 흡연자의 비율 1일 2갑 이상의 과흡연자 비율, 및 30년 이상 장기 흡연자의 비율은 NC군과 BHC군에 비하여 HC군이 높은 경향이었다. 연구대상자의 34.9%가 규칙적인 운동을 하지 않는 비운동자였고, 65.1%가 규칙적인 운동을 하고 있었다. 운동자와 비운동자의 비율은 NC군, BHC군 및 HC군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. HC군은 NC군과 BHC군에 비하여 가벼운 운동을 더 선호하는 경향이었으며, 운동의 빈도는 많은 경향이었고, 운동시 소요시간에 따른 비율은 NC군, BHC군 및 HC군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 연구대상자의 14.8%는 심혈관계질환의 가족력, 10.8%는 암의 가족력, 4.9%는 당뇨병의 가족력을 가지고 있었다. 순환기계 질환의 가족력을 가진 51명 중 21명(41.2%)이 HC군이었으며, 19명(37.3%)은 NC군이었고, BHC군은 11명(21.6%)이었다. 성격 유형은 전체 연구대상자의 31.4%가 B유형, 16.9%가 A형으로 조사되었으며 51.7%가 중간유형이었고, 각 유형별로 NC군, BHC군 및 HC군 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 일상생활에서 받는 스트레스 정도에 다른 비율은 전체 연구대상자의 18.6%가 가벼운 정도, 53.5%가 중등도, 27.9%가 심한 정도의 스트레스를 받고 있었으며, 스트레스 정도에 따라 NC군, BHC군 및 HC군 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 심한 스트레스를 받는 비율은 NC군과 BHC군에 비하여 HC군이 높은 경향이었다. 고콜레스테롤혈증에 대한 상대적 위험비는 심혈관계질환의 가족력(1.33)이 가장 높았고, 다음이 심한 스트레스(1.22), 흡연(1.06), 비운동(1.04) 및 음주(0.71) 순이었다.

액내포자형성능이 높은 Streptomyces griseus NRRL B-2682주를 사용한 포자형성은 DM-1 배지에서 기중포자 현탁액을 접종하여 30℃에서 배양하는 것만으로 대단히 많은 액내포자가 형성되었다(약 5×10 exp(8)/㎖). B-2682주의 액내포자형성에서는 영양원의 과다에 관계없이 일정한 time schedule로 형태분화가 진행되기 때문에 정교한 clock mechanism의 기구가 작용하고 있었다. S. griseus의 포자형성은 고수준(1%이상)의 casein 가수분해물이나 효모 extract의 존재에 의하여 억제된다. 정상 성장배지에서 성장에 영향을 주지 않고 포자형성의 저해나 억제 등의 영향을 미치는 아미노산에 대해서는 L-valine이 반응을 나타냈다. 대표변이주인 SY-1과 NY-5는 DMCY 배지에서 액내 포자를 형성하고, 그 회수량은 DM-1 배지의 약 10배에 달했다.

부산지역에 거주하거나 직장을 가진 국민학교 4학년 이상의 남녀 459명을 대상으로 외식산업의 발전의 계기가 된 프랜차이즈 시스템 체인점의 이용실태와 가맹점과 일반음식점에 대한 소비자의 선호도 및 의식을 설문지를 통하여 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 체인점의 종류별 이용실태는 치킨점, 햄버거점, 핏자점순으로 이용한 경험이 많았다. 가맹점과 일반음식점에 대한 선호도는 남자가 일반음식점, 여자가 가맹점을 더 좋아하는 것으로 나타났으나 성별간 차이는 인정할 수 없었다(N. S.). 연령별로는 학생층과 청년층은 가맹점을 좋아하는데 반하여 장년층은 일반음식점을 더 좋아하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 가맹점을 좋아하는 이유로서는 위생적으로 맛과 품질을 믿을 수 있기 때문이며, 싫어하는 이유로서는 메뉴가 다양하지 않고 가격이 비싸기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 일반음식점을 좋아하는 이유로는 식당마다 고유한 맛이 있고 마음이 편하기 때문이며, 싫어하는 이유로서는 비위생적이고 불친절하기 때문인 것으로 나타났다.

Diazotetracyanocyclopentadiene의 광화학적 분해반응 생성물을 저온 아르곤 및 크세논 매트릭스에서 적외선분광광도계법과 자외선-가시광선 분광광도계법으로 연구하였다. 저온 매트릭스에서 디아조화합물로부터 생성된 카르벤 중간체의 수득율은 낮았다. 디아조화합물을 광분해시켰을 때의 아레니우스 그림표는 온도변화에 직선적으로 변하지 않고 낮은 온도에서 tunneling효과를 보였다.

The purpose of this study is to provide useful information which will aid in the promotion of nutritional policy in the Korean rural area which are derived from a survey of intake and source of protein in some Korean rural adults and the correlations between their protein nutrition and various nutrients, the uses of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, etc. The survey was conducted from July, 24 through July, 28, 1989. The healthy subjects were 45 males (average age 42.3, average BMI 22.1㎏/㎡ ) and 55 females (44 years, 21.2㎏/㎡) residing in Sungjoo Kyun, Chulanam-Do, Korea. The subjects were examined for the anthropometric, food intake and food habits. Their daily diets were measured by 24-hr recall method. The results can be summarized as follows The daily mean protein intakes of male and female subjects were 95% of RDA(66.5g)( 16.7% of total food intake per day) and 102.3% of RDA(61g) (14.8% of total intake per day) respectively. The order of sources of animal protein in all subjects was fish(47.9%), meat(29.8%), milk (12%), and egg(10.3%). Among protein sources the intake frequencies of fork and chicken were higher than those of others. The protein nutrition of the subjects showed positive correlations with energy and fat, carbohydrate, fiber at the level of significance of 1%. The protein nutrition of the male subjects showed no correlation with age, BMI, uses of alcohol, coffee, medicine, but the plant protein nutrition showed a positive correlation with smoking and exercies(at 5%). And the protein nutrition of the male subjects showed no correlations with uses of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, medicine and their opinion of their present state of their health, but the age of the male subjects showed negative correlations with milk(at 1%) and egg(at 5%). In conclusion, the daily protein intake was good and the main sources of animal protein were fishes in rural adults. The protein nutrition of the subjects showed a correlation with energy, fat, carbohydrate and in the case of female, milk and egg intakes showed the negative correlation with age.

In order to improve the quality of Takju, the effect of combined use of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus kawachii in brewing was investigated. The quality of Takju which was brewed by the combined use of Aspergillus orytae CF7-koji and Aspergillus kawachii CF1-koji in equal amount was better as compared with that brewed by existing method using Aspergillus kawachii-koji only as koji. But the good result did not obtained when the koji was made by mixed culture of Aspergillus CF7 and Aspergillus kawachii CF1.

Lignocellulose and lignolic compounds were absolutely given much weight in the biosphere, and their degradation was essential for continuous biological carbon circulation, whereas aerobic cellulolytic microorganism dissolved the cellulose into their elements in the first stage, strict anaerobic cellulolytic microorganism`s role was taken a increasing interest through the recent research. It was reviewed that anaerobic microbial degradation process of lignocellulose and its derivatives (celljlose, lignin, oligolignol and monoaromatic compound), and function of anaerobic microorganism on the environmental ecology.