Food allergy is a chronic disease that is increasing all over the world, and it can even lead to a loss of life. To prevent any incidents resulting from food allergies, most countries keep strengthening their food allergen labeling requirements domestically and internationally, with a constant monitoring system against undeclared allergens and recall of offending products. In order to avoid economic losses to industry and damages to international relations from undeclared allergens, it is necessary to confirm each country’s regulatory policy on food allergen labeling prior to exportation. Another required action is to try for a reduction of the cross-contamination risk of the allergens during manufacturing and storage, which should be verified by using an accurate and reliable analysis of food allergens. This paper is intended to provide an introduction to the regulation of food allergen labeling by country, allergen management methods to avoid cross-contamination, and allergen detection methods using ELISA, PCR, and LC/ MS. Changes of allergenicity during thermal or nonthermal processing also will be investigated in our review. This review will be helpful for the food industry to better understand patients suffering from food allergies and to manage food allergens in food manufacturing.

1996년 12월 산업안전보건법에서 처음으로 “명예산업안전감독관”제도를 도입 시행하였다. 이 제도는「산업안전보건법」제61조의2에 따라 산업재해 예방 및 산업안전을 위해 개별 사업장 단위로 감독관을 위촉하는 제도이며, 개별 사업장 단위별로 근로자의 생명과 재산을 보호하고 쾌적한 작업환경에서 작업할 권리 및 유해・위험요소로부터 보호 받을 권리 등에 대한 활동이 무엇보다 중요하다는 점에서 출발하였다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 정부의 감독적 기능하에서 수동적인 자세의 안전보건관리 활동보다 자신의 문제를 스스로 해결하는 능동적인 자세로의 전환이 요구된다는 점 등에서 그 필요성이 더욱 높아지고 있다. 이러한 산업재해예방활동이 정부와 사업주의 의지나 노력만으로는 한계가 있다고 판단이 되어 근로자들의 적극적인 참여를 유도하기 위하여 도입된 것이다. 각 사업장 내의 근로자 중에서 명예산업안전감독관을 위촉하여 위험요소 발견시 신속히 사업주나 노동관서에 신고하게 함으로써 위험요인을 사전에 제거하고, 노·사·정 합동으로 산업재해를 예방하고자 시행하였다. 그러나 이 제도가 도입된지 23년이 지났지만 이 제도가 큰 실효성을 거두지 못한 채 현재에 이르게 되었다. 실제 명예산업안전감독관 제도는 노·사간 자율안전관리를 추구하지만 요식적인 행위로 끝나고 있는 것이 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 형식적・요식적인 행위를 개선하기 위한 명예산업안전감독관 제도적 강화 필요성을 정책적·법적으로 연구하여 제도상의 문제점을 도출하고 개선방안을 모색하고자 한다.

우리나라는 조선, 해운, 항만산업을 지역중심으로 연결하는 클러스터를 형성하여 ‘해양산업클러스터의 지정 및 육성 등에 관한 특별법’에 따라 지원하는 정책을 유지하고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 우리나라는 노르웨이, 독일, 영국 등과 같은 해양선진국들이 장소적 집적 뿐만 아니라 지식, 정보, 경험의 공유 및 축적을 통해 고부가가치를 창출할 수 있는 클러스터를 형성하는 것과 차이를 보이고 있다. 특히 노르웨이의 경우 1970년대 자국산업의 부족한 국제경쟁력을 보완하고, 양질의 일자리를 창출함과 동시에 지속가능한 해양에너지자원개발을 통하여 막대한 국가이익을 창출하는 것을 목적으로 해양에너지 산업 클러스터를 육성하였다. 따라서 이 연구는 민간 중심의 소규모 클러스터간의 지식전파가 목적이 아닌 거시적인 측면에서 자국산업의 경쟁력이 확대될 수 있도록 체계화된 모범사례를 법과 제도를 중심으로 분석하였다. 그리고 우리나라에서 계획 중인 해양산업 클러스터의 진정한 발전을 위하여 고려되어야 할 협력부분과 관련하여 노르웨이 해양에너지산업 클러스터의 개요, 소규모 클러스터간의 협력 발전 관계 분석, 정부차원의 법률 및 제도적 지원 방안 등을 중심으로 분석하여 시사점을 도출하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 국내기업의 국제화 수준과 성과 간의 관계를 살펴보고 두 변수 간의 관계가 기업의 내․외부 환경요인에 의해서 어떻게 달라지는지를 설명하는 데 있다. 본 연구는 기업의 국제화 수준과 성과는 U자형의 관계를 갖는다고 주장한다. 그러나, 이와 같은 관계의 강도는 기업의 재무여유자원과 산업의 글로벌화에 따라 달라 질 수 있다. 내부 상황요인으로 고려한 재무여유자원은 기업이 재무여유자원을 많이 보유할수록 국제화 초기단계에서의 성과 하락의 효과는 약화되고, 적응단계에서의 성과 상승효과는 강화될 것이다. 외부 상황요인으로 고려 한 산업의 글로벌화 수준은 기업이 속한 산업의 글로벌화 수준이 높을수록 초기단계에서의 성과 하락의 효과는 약화되고, 적응단계에서 성과 상승의 효과는 강화될 수 있다. 2003년부터 2015년 기간의 101개 국내 제조 기업의 1101개 관측치를 분석한 결과, 기업의 국제화는 성과와 U자형의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 기업의 여유재무자원이 많을수록 국제화 초기 성과에 미치는 부정적 효과는 약화되고 적응단계에서는 성과에 미치는 긍 정적 효과가 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 산업의 글로벌화 수준이 높을수록 국제화 초기단계에 성과에 미치는 부정적 효과는 약화되고 적응단계의 성과에 미치는 긍정적 효과는 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내 기업의 성공적인 국제화를 위해서는 내․외부환경에 대한 고려와 장기적 관점의 투자가 중요함을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to promote the elderly apparel industry for the increasing numbers of elderly obese male population. In the study, a total number of 249 males between the ages of 60 to 85 were studied to analyze their body types and differences. The group had a Rohrer Index of 1.6 or higher and BMI of 25 or higher. The noticeable physical differences in the group were shorter waist front length, bigger waist and hip circumferences with increasing age and slimmer limbs that are associated with the natural aging process with or without obesity. The obese body types have been classified in the following 3 different categories. Type 1 is the group that has lower body obesity with broad shoulders and relatively slimmer abdomen than a heavy bottom. A total number of 84 people belonged to the type 1 obesity category which makes up 33.8% of the total. Type 2 is the group that has upper body obesity with especially large abdominal obesity. A total number of 76 people, 30.5% of the total, were classified as type 2. Type 3 is the group that has whole body obesity with balanced obesity in the whole body. A total number of 89 people, 35.7% of the total, made up type 3.

First Mover Advantage is already well known. It is when a company gains a position in a certain market or industry, or when it establishes a strong entry barriers through a distribution channel or a monopoly of resources. It is a concept that has been attracting attention for a long time in marketing and strategy. However, although it is possible for the starter to enjoy these various benefits, it is also true that there is a corresponding price. Therefore, the risks and costs that the starter may bear, and thus the relative benefits enjoyed by the latter, can be significant. Late Mover Advantage and so on. The fact that latecomers can enjoy a variety of benefits as well as the profits of the starters is an important consideration that must be taken into account by many companies considering entry into the market. In general, there is a very high risk of overinvestment in technology and market uncertainty. For example, China has skipped wired networks and went wireless, and many African countries have skipped wired communications and built infrastructure for wireless communications. In other words, companies that hastened to invest in fixed-line facilities in order to preoccupy the African telecom market are in a state of failure rather than expecting the interests of the starters. Another thing is that the starter has to bear more risks and costs than the latter, such as the uncertainty of demand, the risk of changing consumer preferences, and the cost of training new consumers. Also, because imitation is generally less costly than development, a latecomer entering through imitation may be in a better position if patents or other technical defenses are not available. Especially, if latecomers have excellent management ability and financial power such as excellent marketing ability, it is relatively easy to catch up with the first candidate.

곤충산업은「곤충산업의 육성 및 지원에 관한 법률」에 근거하여 곤충사육 가구는 ‘농가’로 분류하고, 곤충 사육하는 사람도 ‘농업인’에 포함시키고 있지만, 실제로 곤충산업이 농업에 포함되는가에 대해서는 논란의 여지가 있다. 가령, 농어촌희망재단의 농업인 자녀가 장학금을 받기 위해서는 부모가 농업인이어야 하는데, 여기에서 ‘농업인’이란 「농업·농촌 및 식품산업 기본법」에 따라 “농업을 경영하거나 이에 종사하는 자”로 정의된다. 그리고 동일 법률에서 농업은 “농작물재배업, 축산업, 임업 및 이들과 관련된 산업”으로 규정되어 있다. 그런데 곤충산업은 법률에서 규정하고 있는 농업의 종류 어디에도 포함되어 있지 않다. 현재 법규상 곤충산업을 농업으로 분류하는 규정은 「농업인 확인서 발급규정」(농림축산식품부 고시 제 2016-85호)밖에 없다. 현재 곤충산업의 법적 지위는 법률이나 시행령이 아닌 시행규칙의 하나인 고시에 의존하고 있는 것이다. 그것도 ‘농업인’으로써의 지위만 인정할 뿐, ‘농업’이라는 산업으로써의 곤충산업은 어디에도 법률적 근거를 갖고 있지 않다. 농업의 한 범주로써 곤충산업이 갖는 법률적 지위가 매우 취약한 상황이라고 할 수 있다. 곤충산업이 농업으로서의 법적 지위를 명확히 하지 않으면, 「조세특례 제한법」의 부가가치세 영세율 적용 대상에서 제외될 수도 있으며, 농사용 전기 요금을 적용받지 못할 수도 있다. 따라서 곤충 사육 농가들의 농업인으로써의 법적 지위를 명확히 하기 위해서는, 농업으로서의 곤충산업의 법률상 지위를 강화하고 명확히 해야 한다. 단기적으로는 「축산법」에서 정하는 고시(가축의 종류)에 곤충을 포함시키는 방안을 고려할 수 있으며, 장기적으로는 「농업·농촌 및 식품산업 기본법」을 개정하여 곤충산업을 포함시키는 것이 적절할 것으로 판단된다.

천적을 이용한 친환경농법은 이미 그 실효성이 인정되어 농업 선진국을 중심으로 유용하게 이용되고 있는 검증된 농법임에도 불구하고 한국내에서 일부 대형 농가를 제외하고는 널리 보급되지 못한 것이 현실이다. 이러한 이유는 한국 농업이 가지고 있는 물리, 환경적 요인과 더불어 기존 작물보호제의 사용패턴에 익숙해져 있는 소농들의 관행이 가장 큰 이유로 분석된다. 이러한 현실을 감안하여 보다 현실적인 한국형 천적방제 모델 개발이 다각도에서 진행중이다. 국내 기후, 환경에 맞는 토착천적의 개발을 비롯하여, 해충의 방제적기를 놓치지 않도록 하는 서식처 보존 전략등의 개발이 진행중이며 여기에 이러한 내용을 간략히 소개하고자 한다. 이러한 현지 친화형 천적방제 모델의 개발은 차후 천적농법 이용을 촉진시키는데 있어서 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 보인다.

2010년대 들어 화학물 기반의 작물보호제에대한 환경독성 및 잔류 문제의 대두, 병해충에 대한 저항성 증대와 이에 따른 신규 작물보호제 개발 비용의 증가 등은 바이오 작물보호제에 대한 관심을 증가시키고 있다. 특히 Bayer의 AgraQuest 인수, BASF의 Becker Underwood인수, 신젠타의Pasteuria Bioscience 인수나 Monsanto와 Novozyme의 BioAg., FMC와 Chr. Hansen 등의 기술 및 제품개발 협력관계 구축 등은 바이오 작물보호제에 대한 다국적 작물보호제 기업의 높은 관심을 보여주는 것이다. 본 발표에서는 미생물을 활용한 글로벌 바이오 작물보호제 개발 동향 및 팜한농에서 개발한 바이오 작물보호제 개발 사례를 소개하고 향후 바이오 작물보호제 산업화를 위해 요구되는 사항들을 정리하여 논의하고자 한다.

In this paper, we identify risk factors that are likely to occur during the lifecycle of a new product development (NPD) project from the literatures, and identify the three objectives or three constraints that will ultimately be achieved for project success in the ICT industry : performance (scope/quality), schedule (time), and cost. Firstly, we interviewed the project experts to classify the risk factors according that the final project objectives are changeable based on scope/quality, time and cost budget constraints. Secondly, the survey for pairwise comparisons between the risk factors was asked to the project managers and members who had ever actually participated in the NPD projects of ICT industry to determine the priority ranks on relative importance using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). The risk factors negatively affecting the goals of projects were analyzed by using the AHP respectively in four project stages during the life cycle of the project. The comparison of risk factors within each stage is a different approach unlike the literatures which have covered project’s overall risk assessment. There is an advantage that risk management can be effectively performed with priorities according to each stage from the start to the end of the project. In other words, it is necessary to identify what risk factors will occur in each stage, and to have ideas at each stage with the priorities so that they can be mitigated and eliminated before actual occurrence. As a result, risks on scope & quality changes were found to be the most important considerations for initiative stage of NPD projects in the ICT industry, whereas in the final stage, risks on schedule (time) changes were the most important priorities. Among the ICT industry product categories, ‘communication and broadcasting devices’ and ‘IT and communication based devices’ generally have a high priority in terms of risks on scope & quality changes when initiating the project. At the closing stage of the project, however, considering that schedule (time) changeable risk is getting higher, these products tend to target at B2B market rather than B2C because the new products must be delivered and launched in time as customer firm required.

The cooperative relationship between Employer and Contractor in the construction industry is the most important factor to achieve the project success. Employer shall draw the Contractor’s cooperative behavior during executing the project. A study on the impact of the Owner’s power on the contractor’s cooperative behavior is rare in the construction industry in Korea even though the negative impact of the high-power distance between the Employer and the Contractor has been a hot issue in Korea. In this empirical study, it is shown that the Employer’s power can address the contractor’s cooperative behavior. The respondents were mostly employees in the domestic construction companies who have experienced in the construction projects. The total number of respondents was 317 effectively. The multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 were conducted to verify the hypotheses. In conclusion, the Mediated Power is positively associated with the In-Role Behavior and with the Extra-Role Behavior. Some of Non-Mediated Power is positively associated with the In-Role Behavior and with the Extra-Role Behavior. It seems that the Contract underestimate the Employer’s Expert Power. It was known that the cooperative power caused by Non-Mediated Power is good for long term relationship of the business to business transaction. So it is highly recommended that the Employer shall foster its expertise.

Potato cultivation area in Kazakhstan has been steadily increasing for ten years from 154,000 ha in 2006 to 186,000 ha in 2016. The production amounts are also increasing from 2,360,000 tons in 2006 to 3,550,000 tons in 2016. The average yield(/ha) was 19.0 ton in 2016 while 15.4 tons in 2006. The import volume increased by about 3.2 folds for seven years from 34,874 tons in 2006 to 112,323 tons in 2013. The import price(/ton) has been also showing steady increasing from $180(USD) in 2006 to $202(USD) in 2013. The export volume dramatically increased from 73 tons in 2006 to 8,455 tons in 2013. It shows that the potato trade with neighboring countries is very active recently. Kazakhstan need seed potato of around 700,000 tons each year, which is more than the total production yield (600,000 tons/ year) of Korean potato. Seed potatoes are imported from Europe by the private seed companies and then distributed to farmers after multiplications for two or three years. Potatoes are sown in May and harvested in September or October, which is similar to the summer cropping in Korean potato. The European cultivars such as ‘Sante’ and ‘Rodeo’ are preferred broadly due to their high temperature resistance, salt tolerance, long dormancy period, and yellow flesh color. Meanwhile, Early blight and Colorado potato beetle are known as the main problems at Kazakhstan potato fields. The big yield loss by insects or diseases during storage is one of the severe problems too. Considering the internal and external circumstances of Kazakhstan potato, it is expected that the Korea's high-quality seed potatoes and the post-harvest management technologies could be helpful to enter the Kazakhstan potato market effectively as well as to increase the market competitiveness.

This study was conducted to provide consultative informations on Turkish rice under the Korean-Turkey Free Trade Agreement and ‘Golden Seed Project’. Rice was introduced in Turkey around 16th Century. However, commercial rice growing began only 30~40 years ago. Rice has become crucially important in Turkish diet as consumption of wheat per capita has been gradually decreasing. Since 1982, Fifty-two rice varieties were developed with coordination of National Rice research project in Trakya Agricultural Research Institute. The most popular rice variety, Osmancik-97, covers 70% of national rice growing area. Main problems of rice cultivation in Turkey is insufficient water for irrigation, continuing occurrence of red rice and small farm size with high input cost. Turkey also has potential socio-economic problems in rice farming such as lack of confidence between the rice producers and governmental institutions or personalities. Turkish farmers also desires do not succeed rice farming at least for their children. Rice production of Turkey increases every year however, it still does not reach to meets national demands. The volume of rice imports in Turkey reached to 493 thousand tons in 2014 with value of 277 million USD and this import trend is expected to continue.

The purpose of this research was to test the effects of technological innovation capability and technology commercialization capability on new product performance of the companies in electronics industry and the moderating role of perceived usefulness of government R&D support. For this study, Research data were collected through questionnaire instruments from the sample of 346 employees in 17 electronics companies of metropolitan area. The 305 sample was selected and analyzed by hierarchical regression technique. The results showed that technological innovation capability and technology commercialization capability had a positive effect on new product performance. And also found out perceived usefulness of government R&D support had the moderate roles between only technical innovation system our of three technological innovation capability factors and new product performance, and also between only manufacturing capability our of three technological commercialization capability factors and new product performance. With the research results, the implications for electronics company were discussed, and the directions for future research were suggested.

The steel pipe manufacturing industry deals with facilities and materials. Especially thermal facilities are close to vapor cloud explosion (VCE) and may cause secondary damage to facilities because they deal with corrosive substances such as hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid and acid, fire, explosion, leakage etc. It is in danger. In this study, hazard identification method was conducted using HAZOP techniques and quantitative risk analysis was conducted using e-CA, a program that supports accident impact analysis. Equipment in the influence range of ERPG - 3 was determined to be a facility requiring replacement. It was decided that neutralization is necessary using slaked lime. Based on the cost of loss, We presented the proper replacement which is the timing of the dangerous facility. As a result, It was ideal to replace the facilities with 20 years of heat treatment facilities, one year of hydrofluoric acid storage tank, 20 years of sulfuric acid storage tank, and 5 years of hydrochloric acid storage tank.

This study focuses on red snow crabs for fisheries cooperation in South Korea, North Korea, and Japan. South Korea, North Korea, and Japan have had experience in promoting red snow crab fisheries cooperation. However, this cooperation is now discontinued. South Korea, North Korea, and Japan are required to play a role in mediating South Korea in order to promote red snow crabs fisheries cooperation. South Korea has the capacity to carry out economic intervention in North Korea and Japan. This is even more so in the red snow crabs. On the other, South Korea, North Korea and Japan's red snow crabs fisheries cooperation can develop into Northeast Asian fisheries cooperation including Russia and China. This can be done through the major fisheries of the East Sea, the squid and the alaska pollocks. The role of the Korean peninsula is important in Northeast Asian fisheries cooperation.