This study evaluated the biological activity and cytoprotective effect of guava (Psidium guajava L.) branch against oxidative stress. The contents of vitamin C, beta-carotene, total carotenoids, quercetin and catechin determined were 26.783, 43.676, 65.083, 58.245, and 8.309 mg/100 g, respectively. To measure antioxidant activity, the guava branch was extracted using various concentrations of ethanol (60, 80, or 100%) and water. The highest content of polyphenols (0.245 mg gallic acid equivalent/mg residue) and flavonoids (0.128 mg cathechin equivalent/mg residue) was found in the 100% ethanol extract of the branch (E100). Moreover, E100 also possessed the highest radical scavenging activities and showed the highest inhibition rate of α-glucosidase (77.692%). E100 was the most effective extract to impart cytoprotectant activity against oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our results determine the promising antioxidant activity of guava branch, and indicate the potential to be applied as a natural antioxidant.

Centella asiatica (CA) has been used as a nutritional plant as well as a traditional herbal medicine around the world. This study, quality component (proximate composition, total polyphenol, and triterpenoid compound), and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of CA dried using various methods were investigated. Proximate compositions of CA with different drying methods included a large amount of carbohydrates, crude protein, crude ash, and crude fiber. Among the drying methods, cold drying provided the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, while hot-air drying at 75℃ provided the lowest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. In addition, when the major triterpenoid compounds of CA were analyzed, the highest content of asiaticoside of triterpenoid glycoside was obtained with all drying methods. With respect to the total triterpenoid, the highest content was obtained with cold drying (68.8 mg/g) whereas natural drying (31.4 mg/g) provided the lowest content. In anti-inflammatory activity of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, EtOH extract of cold drying showed a significantly higher inhibitory activity in comparison to the other drying methods. In conclusion, it is considered that the cold drying method is suitable for industrial preparation of functional materials with high physiological ingredients, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from CA.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder after undergoing different extraction solvent processes. The total phenolic content of Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder measured a 14.66 GAE mg/g after undergoing ethanol extraction, and the total flavonoid content measured at 201.23 mg CE/g when undergoing ethanol extraction. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was 160.38~209.53 TEAC umol/g, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 53.99~90.76 TEAC umol/g, which indicated a higher level of antioxidant power in the ethanol extract as opposed to in the water extract. The FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) of Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder was 115.58~194.58 TEAC umol/g, and B. subtilis KCTC 2189 showed greater antimicrobial activity in the ethanol extract (concentration 200 ug/uL) as opposed to the water extract. Solanum nigrum L. fruit powder revealed differences in antioxidant and antimicrobial activity between the different extraction solvents. In particular, ethanol extract had higher antioxidant and antibacterial activity, meaning it is more favorable for usage as a functional food material.

Background: Patients with lumbar spinal stenosis show abnormal changes in muscle activity due to pain and limited range of motion of the lumbar spine. Excessive increased muscle tone and decreased muscle activity patterns threaten the patients’ quality of life. However, there have been a few studies showing how to improve muscle performance in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Among these, joint mobilization is one way of improving muscle performance through pain relief and increasing the range of motion. Objectives: To investigate the effect of lumbar mobilization by orthopedic manual physical therapy on paravertebral muscle activity and tone in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: In this study, 24 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were randomized (1:1 ratio) into two groups. The experimental group underwent lumbar posteroanterior mobilization, and the control group underwent conventional physical therapy (conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) for 15 minutes each. For outcome measures, MyotonⓇPRO was used to evaluate muscle tone when resting of the paravertebral muscle in the pain area. For muscle activity evaluation, the reference voluntary contraction of the paravertebral muscle was evaluated using surface electromyography. Results: Muscle tone and activity were significantly improved after intervention in both the experimental and control groups. In addition, the experimental group showed more significant decrease in muscle tone and activity than the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that lumbar mobilization improving muscle performance in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.

Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), which is a curcuminoid found in turmeric, has anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. However, the effect of DMC on osteosarcoma has not been established. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of DMC on cell growth and apoptosis induction in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. This study was investigated using 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromid assay, Live/Dead cell assay, 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and immunoblotting in MG-63 cells. DMC induced MG-63 cell death in a dosedependent manner, with an estimated IC50 value of 54.4 μM. DMC treatment resulted in nuclear condensation in MG-63 cells. DMC-induced apoptosis in MG-63 cells was mediated by the expression of Fas and activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Immunoblotting results showed that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were downregulated, while Bax and Bad were upregulated by DMC in MG-63 cells. These results indicated that DMC inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells via the death receptormediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway.

본 연구는 국내에서 재배한 어성초를 각기 다른 조건에서 저장한 후 어성초의 추출액을 이용한 천연 화장품 소재로서의 타당성을 분석하였다. quercetin 의 함량은 건 어성초보다 생 어성초에서 더 높았으며, 총 폴리페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 측정한 결과 건 어성초가 생 어성초에 비해 상대적으로 높은 함량으로 분석되었으나 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성은 생 어성초가 상대적으로 높은 결과를 보였다. ROS 소거능과 산화질소 생성 억제율은 생 어성초에서 높은 억제율을 보였으나 100 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 건 어성초가 산화질소를 더 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 염증성 사이토카인의 감소를 측정한 결과 IL-1β는 건 어성초가 비교적 높은 감소 효과가 나타났고, IL-6와 TNF-α는 생 어성초에서 높은 감소 효과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로부터 생 어성초는 초기 염증 반응에 효과적이며 건 어성초는 염증이 만성 단계로 악화하는 것을 예방하는데 효과적인 것으로 예상된다.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 소비도 및 인지도가 높은 식용 버섯인 큰느타리(Pleurotus eryngii), 느타리(Pleurotus ostreatus), 표고(Lentinula edodes), 팽이(Flammulina velutipes)의 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료를 대상으로 상온 (20-25 ̊C) 및 저온저장(4 ̊C) 3개월 후의 시료와 저장 전의 시료와의 항산화능, 아질산염 소거능 및 베타글루칸 성분 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 큰느타리와 표고의 열풍건조 시료를 제외하고 다른 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료의 상온저장 처리가 가장 낮은 소거능을 나타냈다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 큰느타리와 표고 열풍건조 시료를 제외하고 상온저장 시 함량치가 가장 낮았으며, 모든 식용 버섯류의 로스팅 시료에서 저장 전에 비하여 상온 및 저온저장 시에 함량이 감소하였다. 철환원 항산화능은 표고의 로스팅 시료를 제외하고 다른 버섯류의 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료에서 저장 전에 비하여 상온 및 저온저장 시료에서 높아지는 경향이었으며, 환원력은 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료의 상온 및 저온저장 시에 저장 전에 비하여 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 베타글루칸 함량의 경우, 열풍건조 및 로스팅 시료의 상온 저장된 시료에서 가장 낮은 함량치를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 식용버섯 가공원료의 상온 또는 저온저장 시에 버섯에 함유되어 있는 항산화, 베타글루칸 등과 같은 유용한 생리활성 성분의 변화 정도를 예측할 수 있는 기초적 자료로서 그 활용도가 높으리라 기대된다.

We study galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping in the Virgo cluster to examine whether we can identify any discernible trend in their star formation activity. We first use 48 galaxies undergoing different stages of stripping based on Hi morphology, Hi deficiency, and relative extent to the stellar disk, from the VIVA survey. We then employ a new scheme for galaxy classification which combines Hi mass fractions and locations in projected phase space, resulting in a new sample of 365 galaxies. We utilize a variety of star formation tracers, which include g - r, WISE [3.4]-[12] colors, and starburstiness that are defined by stellar mass and star formation rates to compare the star formation activity of galaxies at different stripping stages. We find no clear evidence for enhancement in the integrated star formation activity of galaxies undergoing early to active stripping. We are instead able to capture the overall quenching of star formation activity with increasing degree of ram pressure stripping, in agreement with previous studies. Our results suggest that if there is any ram pressure stripping induced enhancement, it is at best locally modest, and galaxies undergoing enhancement make up a small fraction of the total sample. Our results also indicate that it is possible to trace galaxies at different stages of stripping with the combination of Hi gas content and location in projected phase space, which can be extended to other galaxy clusters that lack high-resolution Hi imaging.

The oriental plum (Prunus salicina) is one of the most popular fruits in Korea due to its sweet taste and pleasant aroma. The objective of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of a puree made using plums stored at low-temperatures. The quality characteristics were determined by estimating total soluble solids (TSS, °Brix), titratable acidity (TA, % citric acid), TSS/TA ratio, pH, colors, sugar content, and sensory profiles. The antioxidant effects were estimated by total polyphenol and flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the plum puree containing both the flesh and the peel had markedly higher red coloration (a* value) than the puree without the peel, while yellow coloration (b* value) and lightness (L* value) were lower in the puree without the peel than with the peel. The sensory qualities including the plum taste and flavor, texture as well as overall acceptance showed no significant variation between the samples. Meanwhile, the total polyphenol/flavonoid content and radical scavenging activities were significantly improved by the presence of fruit peel and by frozen storage. These findings suggest that frozen plums could be a suitable ingredient for making a puree and concentrate for the food manufacturing industry.

본 연구는 거주시설에서 생활하는 지적장애 성인에게 놀이활동을 실시하여, 지역사회와의 통합과 사회화 에 필요한 자기표현과 의사소통에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 밝히고자 질적 연구를 수행하였다. 장애인거주 시설에서 대학진학을 하지 않고 직업도 갖고 있지 않은 20세 이상의 지적장애인 7명을 대상으로 놀이활동 프로그램을 주 1회 120분씩 총 20회기를 실시하였으며, 이와 관련된 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 자기표현과 의사소통이 억제된 9명의 참여자에게서 눈 맞춤과 의사소통의 횟수가 증가되었고, 다양한 감정의 표현이 나타났으며, 언어적 표현이 부족한 참여자들은 몸동작으로 의사를 표현하였다. 참여자들이 서로에게 도움 을 주고받는 과정에서도 언어적, 비언어적 표현과 의사소통이 활발하게 이루어졌다. 놀이활동 프로그램의 경험을 통해 참여자들은 자신의 의사가 전달되는 과정을 거치면서 성취감을 가졌고, 다른 사람이 어눌한 자신의 언어를 알아듣지 못하는 것에 대한 두려움도 지속적인 도전을 통해 자신감을 회복하였다. 또한 자기표현과 의사소통이 반복되면서 사회화가 이루어지는 경험이 되었다.

The purpose of this study was to prepare Korean traditional vinegar using ginseng radices (wild simulated ginseng, red ginseng), and to investigate its functional ingredients and functionality. The total amino acid content of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar was 124.36 mg% and 168.37 mg%, respectively, which was confirmed to be higher than the total amino acid content of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (70.71 mg%, 76.29 mg%). In addition, the polyphenol contents of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar were 73.26 mg/g and 82.43 mg/g, respectively, which was confirmed to be higher than that of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (43.42 mg/g, 51.32 mg/g). And also, the DPPH electron donating ability of red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar was 893.26 μg/mL, 803.92 μg/mL, which showed that the scavenging ability was better than that of red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng (1253.21 μg/mL, 1021.01 μg/mL). On the other hand, it was confirmed that red ginseng vinegar and wild simulated ginseng vinegar contain 0.024% and 0.028% of compound K, a unique component of fermented ginseng, which is not contained in red ginseng and wild simulated ginseng. From these results, it was confirmed that Korean traditional vinegar using ginseng radices is a traditional functional food with functional ingredients and antioxidant activity.

After ethanol (BM-E and RW-E) and hot-water (BM-HW and RW-HW) extracts were fractionated from two herbal mixtures (BM and RW), their physiological activities were investigated. All extracts consisted of more than 50% of neutral sugar, with their total polyphenol levels higher than flavonoid levels. Radical scavenging activities of EtOH extracts remained significantly higher compared to that of hot-water extracts, and in particular, RW-E showed consistently higher antioxidant activity than BM-E. When anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at 10~500 μg/mL non-cytotoxicity doses, BM-E showed significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide inhibitory activity than those of hot-water extracts and RW-E. Murine peritoneal macrophage cells were shown to be enhanced in crude polysaccharides (BM-CP and RW-CP fractionated from BM-HW and RW-HW) compared to hot-water extracts and polysaccharide K (PSK, positive control). Especially, RW-CP exhibited higher activity than BM-CP, and component sugar analysis showed that BM-CP mainly contained galacturonic acid, glucose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose (34.5%, 33.9%, 16.1%, 7.1%, and 6.3%, respectively), whereas RW-CP showed different measurements (29.5%, 59.2%, 5.0%, 4.5%, and 0.2%). In conclusion, two herbal mixtures could contain varying sets of physiological activities dependent on different extraction and fractionation methods.

Lac 색소의 열수와 메탄올 추출물의 일부 유리아미노산과 그 유도체의 조성 및 함량, phenolic acid와 flavonoid의 조성 및 함량을 분석하고, 일부 피부미용 화장품 생리활성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유리아미노산은 열수와 메탄올 추출물에서 각각 검출되지 않았으며, 단백질 비구성 아미노산 유도체는 열수 추출물에서 2종, 메탄올 추출물에서는 3종이 검출되었다. Phenolic acid와 flavonoids의 조성 및 함량분석에서, phenolic acid의 경우 열수 추출물에서 2종, 메탄올 추출물에서 5종이 검출되었다. 또한 flavonoids의 경우 열수 추출물에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 메탄올 추출물에서는 rutin과 taxifolin이 약간 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. DPPH radical 소거 활성은 메탄올 추출물이 40.43 ± 0.21%로 열수 추출물에서보다 약간 높게 나타났고, Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 메탄올 추출물이 열수 추출물에서 보다 약 2배 정도 높은 것으로 나타났다. HaCaT 세포주에 대한 세포독성은 모든 처리 농도에서 나타나지 않았으며, 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 세포 생장이 증가하는 경향이었다.

One of the most demanded competencies of an oral health professional such as an oral pathologist is the ability to make clinical decisions. The purpose of this study was to examine the neurological differences between beginners and experts in the clinical decision-making process which consisting of complex, dynamic and sophisticated cognitive processes, and to identify the characteristics of experts based on the brain by comparing EEG activity. This study conducted experimental design with 10 dentists with more than 10 years of clinical experience and 10 students with short clinical experience as beginners as a fourth year student before graduation. The hypothesis-oriented algorithm proposed in HOAC II was used. As a standard, the clinical decision-making stage of the dentist was divided into three stages, and an event was developed and an experiment was designed for measuring EEG for each stage. The cerebral activity distribution patterns of the two groups were measured with EEG, compared and analyzed with pre-processing process using EEGlab. As a result, the difference in the auditory information was not noticeable between the novice and the expert, but the difference between the group of the novice and the expert appeared in the visual data and the radiographic data. In the case of beginners, the activity was higher in the left hemisphere, and in the case of experts, both brains were activated. The results of this study are intended to present objective information based on brain-based analysis of differences that appear in the clinical decision-making process of experts and beginners. It can be used as basic research data to present the brain-based characteristic analysis of dentist experts.

본 연구는 자원봉사활동의 허브 기능을 하는 자원봉사캠프 상담가의 참여 동기가 활 동유효성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고, 인정·보상에 대한 만족 수준이 이를 어떻게 매개하는지를 검증하여 궁극적으로 자원봉사캠프 상담가 활동 활성화를 위한 이론적·실 천적 함의를 제시하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 자원봉사캠프 상담가의 참여 동기는 활동유효성에 직접적인 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 매개변인인 인정·보상을 통해 활동유효성에 간접적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 자원봉사캠프 상담가의 참여 동기는 활동유효성에 영향을 미치는 예측요인이 되 며, 자원봉사활동에 대한 인정·보상의 기능은 자원봉사활동의 동기유발 전략도구로 자원 봉사 만족도 및 지속성의 예측요인임을 밝히는 바이다. 이로써 본 연구는 자원봉사현장에서 준전문가로 활동하면서 자원봉사를 이끄는 자원 봉사캠프 상담가의 관리방안과 자원봉사활동 활성화를 위한 기초자료로 제공될 수 있다 는 점에서 그 의의를 갖는다.

본 연구는 평균수명 100세 시대를 살아가는 노년기의 여가를 어떻게 보내야 건강한 삶을 영위 할 수 있는가를 살펴보는데 있어 산림여가활동에 참여하는 노인의 건강이 심 리적복지감에 미치는 영향에 대해서 살펴보고 이에 여가활용 만족도의 매개효과를 중심 으로 관계분석을 통해, 노인의 다양한 여가활동들 중에서 특히 산림복지활동의 여가부 문에 참여하는 노인들의 삶의 질과 심리적 만족감을 향상시키기 위해 주관부서에서 더 다양한 프로그램들을 제공하고 정책화 시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 서울 및 경기도, 인천광역시 등의 수도권에 거주하는 61세 이상의 노인세 대 중에서 최근 1년 안에 산림여가활동 중에서 등산경험자, 도시숲․공원․휴양림 등의 산림(숲) 이용경험자 등을 조사대상으로 하여 판단표본법으로 추출하여 직접 설문하였 다. 설문 428부를 분석하여 사용하였다. 수집된 설문자료에 관한 통계분석은 사회과학 분야에서 활용되고 있는 SPSS 20.0 통계 패키지를 활용하여 모형을 분석하고, 연구모 형의 적합성을 검증하고, 변수들 간의 관계에 대한 가설을 검증하였다.

The aims of the present study were to confirm that regulation of the PA and environment via TGF-β regulation of sperm by Percoll-separated in porcine uterine epithelial cells. And, it was performed to identify the cytokines (TGF-β1, 2 and 3, TGF-β receptor1 and 2; interleukin, IL-6, IL-8) and PA-related genes (urokinase-PA, uPA; tissue- PA, tPA; PA inhibitor, PAI; uPA-receptor, uPAR) by spermatozoa. The experiment used porcine uterus epithelial cells (pUECs) and uterine tissue epithelial cells, Boar sperm were separated by discontinuous Percoll density gradient (45/90%), and tissues were co-incubated with spermatozoa, followed by real-time PCR. PA activity was measured of sperm by discontinuous Percoll density gradient (45/90%) for 24 hours. To measure viability and acrosome damage of sperm double stained propidium iodide (PI) and SYBR- 14 or FITC-PNA were used. In results, binding ratio of Percoll-separated sperm was found no differences, but sperms isolated from 90% Percoll layer reduced PA activity (p < 0.05). when co-cultured sperm selected Percoll in porcine uterus tissues epithelial cells, 90% layer sperm increased TGF-β R1, contrastively tPA and PAI-1 in comparison with control (p < 0.05). 45% sperm was decreased the expression of uPA (p < 0.05). TGF-β decreased PA activity in the supernatant collected from pUECs (p < 0.05). Especially, The group including uPA, PAI-1 were induce sperm intact, while it was reduced in sperm damage when compared to control (p < 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference group of tPA and tPA+I in the dead sperm and acrosome damage compared to control. The expression of tPA and PAI showed a common response. Percoll-separated spermatozoa in 90% layer reduced tPA and IL-related gene mRNA expression. Thus, Percoll-sparated sperm in 90% layer show that it can suppress inflammation through increased expression of TGF-β and downregulation of PA and IL in epithelial cells compared to 45% layer Percoll.

본 연구에서는 버섯의 건조 및 로스팅 처리의 가공방법에 따른 생리활성 성분과 영양성분의 변화에 대하여 알아보기 위해서 실험을 수행하였다. 항산화 등의 생리활성 성분의 변화를 분석한 결과, DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 잎새 버섯의 열풍건조 시료에서 가장 높았으며, 팽이와 꽃송이 버섯은 가공방법별 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 아질산염 소거능은 꽃송이버섯의 로스팅 시료에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 팽이와 잎새버섯은 유의적 차이가 없거나 생 시료에 비하여 낮았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 팽이와 꽃송이버섯 로스팅 시료가 생버섯(fresh) 시료에 비하여 증가 하는 것으로 나타났다. 아미노산 분석결과, 잎새버섯은 로스팅 처리로 인하여 아미노산 성분들 중 단맛을 담당하는 세린(Ser), 알라닌(Ala)성분들이 증가함과 동시에 쓴맛을 나타내는 류신(Leu), 이소류신(Ile) 성분들은 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 팽이와 꽃송이버섯은 필수 아미노산 성분을 포함하여 대부분의 아미노산 성분 함량이 로스팅 처리로 인하여 생시료에 비하여 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타나 로스팅 처리가 버섯내의 영양성분 향상에 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

본 연구는 중간관리자를 대상으로 리더십 변화신념, 리더십 개발활동, 상태불안과 이직의도 간의 경로를 분석하여 인과관계를 확인하고자 시도되었다. 이를 위해 중간관리자 600명을 표집하여 설문조사를 실시하였으며 수집된 데이터를 바탕으로 경로모형을 검증하였다. 본 연구 모형에 대한 직접효과를 살펴본 결과, 리더십 고정신념과 증진신념은 모두 리더십 개발활동에 정적 영향을 주었으며, 리더십 개발활동은 다시 상태불안에 부적인 영향을 미치고, 상태불안은 이직의도에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 리더십 고정신념이 상태 불안에 미치는 직접효과는 없는 것으로 나타난 반면 리더십 증진신념은 상태불안에 부적인 영향을 주었으며, 리더십 고정신념은 이직의도에 정적인 영향을 미친 반면, 리더십 증진신념은 이직의도에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결과적으로, 리더십 변화신념인 고정신념과 증진신념이 각각 이직의도에 미치는 영향은 리더십 개발활동과 상태불안이 매개하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 여기서 리더십 개발활동은 상태불안과 이직의도를 감소시키는 중요한 보호요인으로 작용 하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점에 관하여 논의하였다.