농경지의 볏짚 수거량이 증가하면서 부족한 유기물을 공급하기 위하여 녹비작물을 이용하고 있다. 녹비작물은 유기물공급과 화학비료 대체가 가능한 우수한 유기물원이다. 그러나 농경지에서 분해되는 과정에 메탄을 발생시키기 때문에 메탄발생량을 줄이기 위한 노력이 요구된다. 따라서 논토양에서 녹비작물을 이용할 때 메탄발생량을 줄이기 위하여 경운깊이를 달리하여 시험하였다. 벼 생육기간 중 메탄 발생량은 이앙 후 63일, 74일에 가장 많았고 이앙 후 74일 이후부터 감소되었으며 이앙 후 106일에는 거의 발생되지 않았다. 녹비종류에 따른 메탄발생량은 보리환원구에서 가장 많았고, 그 다음은 헤어리베치, 화학비료 순이었다. 경운 깊이에 따른 메탄발생량은 10 cm경운보다 20 cm로 경운함으로써 화학비료는 22.5%, 헤어리베치 환원구는 12.4%, 보리환원구는 11.7% 감소되었다. 벼 재배기간 동안 대기온도는 30~40℃였고, 지온은 대기온도보다 약 2~10℃정도 낮았다. 산화환원전위(Eh)는 이앙 전 관개를 시작하면서 급격히 토양이 환원되어 (-)값을 나타냈다. 작물 재배기간 동안 산화환원전위차는 –300~-500 mV으로 낮았으며 관개가 중단된 이앙 후 106일 이후에는 다시 급격하게 증가되었다. 쌀 수량은 경운깊이에 따른 차이는 없었으나 녹비작물중에서는 헤어리베치 환원구에서 가장 많았다. 논토양에서 헤어리베치를 이용할 때 20 cm로 경운하여 메탄발생을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있었다.

Physiological disorders such as symptoms in leaf colored with brown spots are so many occurred in ginseng garden cultivated with paddy soil. This study was carried out to inhibit the symptoms of brown-colored leaf in 3-year-old ginseng by fertilizing calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] of 100 ~ 400 ㎏ per 10a on paddy soil before transplant of seedling. Soil pH was rapidly increased, while Fe was decreased in soil by the increase of application level of calcium hydroxide. Soil pH was increased from 4.53 to 6.18 when calcium hydroxide was fertilized at level of 100kg per 10a. The content of Fe in ginseng leaf was decreased more than the control by fertilizing calcium hydroxide in soil. Ratio of brown-colored leaf and plant height and leaf area were decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. Ratio of survived root and yield of root showed the peak at the application level of 100 ㎏ per 10a, and both of them were gradually decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. The decrease of missing plant rate above the application level of 200 ㎏ per 10a had a negative effect on the decrease of yield of root.

Stable production of green manure crop is one of the critical factor for successful implementation of environmental-friendly agriculture in South Korea. Most green manure crops including hairy vetch cultivated in South Korea must be passed cold winter season. This study was conducted to establishment of cultivation zones on green manure crops under paddy field in South Korea using on minimum temperature and drainage class. In order to build the spatial distribution map, hairy vetch, triticale, barley, rye, and clover as green manure crop were selected and mean of daily minimum temperature and drainage class in paddy field were considered as limiting factor for stable growth of green manure crop. And cultivation zone on green manure crops was divided into two categories; ‘Availability area’ and ‘Safety area’. Low limit temperature on green manure crops in this study was the following. Temperature on ‘Availability area’ was –10℃, –8℃, –6℃, and –20℃ for hairy vetch (including triticale), barley, clover, and rye respectively. And temperature on ‘Safety area’ was lower –2℃ compared to that of ‘Availability area’ exception rye which was the same degree. Rye was expected to safely cultivated the almost whole paddy field (99.71%) of South Korea. ‘Safety area’ among the whole paddy field for hairy vetch, barley, and clover were 86.58, 53.06, and 15.76% respectively. The spatial distribution map of green manure crops reestablished in this study could be used the policy and agricultural management for environmental-friendly agriculture using green manure crops in South Korea.

연구는 간척지에서 사료용벼를 재배하여 조사료를 생 산함으로써 간척지 이용률 증진과 조사료생산의 두가지 가 능성을 검토해보고자 일반답과 간척답에서 사료용벼를 재 배하여 생육특성, 총체수량 및 사료가치 등을 조사하였다. 1. 출수기는 일반답에서 8월15일에서 8월30일, 간척답에 서 8월14일에서 8월 29일이었으며, 간척답이 일반답 보다 1~2일 빨랐으며, 목우는 일반답에서 8월 26일, 간 척답에서 8월 27일로 수원 544호를 제외하고는 가장 늦었다. 2. 초장은 일반답에서 105~135 cm범위이었고, 간척답에 서 97~126 cm범위였으며 일반답에서는 목양이 간척 답에서는 수원544호가 가장 컸다. 주당경수는 일반답 과 간척답 모두 녹양이 16개로 가장 많았고 총체수량 은 일반답은 15.26~23.24 MT ha-1, 간척답은 11.94~18.89 MT ha-1범위이었으며 목우벼가 두지역에서 가장 많이 생산되었다. 각품종별 수량은 일반답에 비하여 78~84% 수준이었다. 3. 단백질 함량은 일반답에서는 녹양벼가 높았으나 간척 답에서는 6.7~8.7%로서 상대적으로 낮은 수치를 보였 고 목양벼가 8.7%로 가장 높았다. 각 품종별 NDF는 31.2~55.5% 수준을 나타냈으며 ADF는 일반답에 비 하여 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며 가소화 양분총량을 계산해본 결과 일반답에서 목우벼가 71.2%로 가장 높 았고 전체적으로 60%이상의 함량을 보여 간척지에서 재배하여도 사료로서의 가치는 충분할 것으로 생각되 었다. 4. TDN수량을 비교해본 결과 일반답에서 TDN수량은 목우벼가 16.54 MT ha-1로 가장 높았으며 간척답에서 도 12.69 MT ha-1 로 가장 높은 수량을 보였다. 5. 이상의 결과로 간척지에서 사료용벼를 재배할 경우 일 반답에 비하여 80%정도의 수량을 보여 간척지에서 재 배가능성을 확인하였으며 목우를 재배할 경우 수량 및 사료가치면에서 가장 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze emergy flows of rice for evaluating the value of rice production and sustainability. Emergy analysis evaluates the sustainability of systems or processes considering all the inputs to make a product or a sevice. In this study, we analyzed the emergy flows and indices of rice productionand compared the regional emergy values using statisticcal analysis: input materials, hours per unit area(10a), and production costs. As the results, we found that the rates of external investment (EIR= 18.87) and environmental loading (ELR=21.7) are significantly high during the rice cultivation. However, emergy yield ratio(EYR) shows that rice is a valuable resource because EYR is 5.12 and environmental Sustainability IndexSI value is as low as 0.24 and it shows rice has low sustainability. This study also shows that Chungcheongnam-do has the highest SI value for rice production due to low environmental loading and abundant natural energy during rice cultivation. These results of rice emergy flows and sustainability assessments could provide a way of sustainable rice cultivation with decrease of environmental loading from fertilizer.

In this paper, we proposed a new algorithm of the guidance line extraction for autonomous weeding robot based on infrared vision sensor in wet paddy. It is the critical process for guidance line extraction which finds the central point or area of rice row. In order to improve accuracy of the guidance line, we are trying to use the morphological characteristics of rice that the direction of rice leaves have convergence to central area of rice row. Using Hough transform, we were represented the curved leaves as a combination of segmented straight lines on binary image that has been skeletonized and segmented object. A slope of the guidance line was gotten as calculate the average slope of all segmented lines. An initial point of the guidance line was determined that is the maximum pixel value of the accumulated white columns of a binary image which is rotated the slope of guidance line in the opposite direction. We also have verified an accuracy of the proposed algorithm by experiments in the real wet paddy.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important staple food of over half the world’s population. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible impact of transgenic rice cultivation on the soil microbial community. Microorganisms were isolated from the rhizosphere of GM and non-GM rice cultivation soils. Microbial community was identified based on the culture-dependent and molecular biology methods. The total numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycete in the rhizosphere soils cultivated with GM and non-GM rice were similar to each other, and there was no significant difference between GM and non-GM rice. Dominant bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere soils cultivated with GM and non-GM rice were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The microbial communities in GM and non-GM rice cultivated soils were characterized using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The DGGE profiles showed similar patterns, but didn’t show significant difference to each other. DNAs were isolated from soils cultivating GM and non-GM rice and analyzed for persistence of inserted gene in the soil by using PCR. The PCR analysis revealed that there were no amplified protox gene in soil DNA. These data suggest that transgenic rice does not have a significant impact on soil microbial communities, although continued research may be necessary.

The average and maximum temperature were 29.5℃ and 33.2℃ at 2:00 p.m. respectively, in the plastic-filmhouse covered with shade net, and both of temperature were lower 0.6℃ and 1.3℃ than those of conventional shade. Lighttransmittance was 14% in the plastic-film house, while 9.9% in conventional shade during growing season from May toOctober. Withering time of aboveground part was on October 3rd in conventional shade with 60% of withering leaf, while itwas on November 10th with 3.7% of withering leaf in the plastic-film house, about 40 days longer survival. The main diseaseincidence were 15% of anthracnose, 17% of leaf spot, 5% of phytophthora blight and 3% of gray mold in the conventionalshade, while 0~0.1% disease incidence and 95% of emergence rate in the plastic-film house. The growth in the above-ground and underground part of ginseng was totally better, particularly characteristics affecting yield such as root length,main root length and diameter in the plastic-film house . The fresh weight was increased by 128% compared to the conven-tional shade and harvested roots per 3.3㎡ were 36 roots in the conventional shade and 58 roots in the plastic-film house andfuthermore yield per 3.3㎡ was increased by 216% compared to the conventional shade. As covering materials, the ricestraw in the plastic-film house was excellent. The ginsenoside contents affecting the quality of ginseng were higher in theplastic-film house indicating 0.333% of Rg1, 0.672% of Rb1, 0.730% of Rc and rate of red rusty root was less than4.0~6.1%. Above the results, the quality of ginseng grown in the plastic-film house covered with shade net was improvedthan that of the conventional shade.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growthcharacteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. Theresults show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200㎏/10a and control but subterraneanparts of ginseng PC 200㎏/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200㎏/10a is67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200㎏/10a and the PC 400㎏/10a,ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400㎏/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence ratethan PC 200㎏/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residuesexcept press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rateand decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH 4kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7ds/m in RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.

Ethephon을 처리하여 트리티케일의 간장을 단축시켜 도복을 방지하는 방법을 찾기 위하여 시험한 결과 Ethephon 처리시 출수기는 수잉기에 처리했을 때는 무처리에 비해 250 ppm과 500 ppm 농도에서는 2일, 1,000 ppm 이상에서는 4일이 늦어졌으나, 개화기와 성숙기는 차이가 없었다. 간장은 Ethephon 농도가 높을수록 작아졌고, 간장 단축률은 수잉기의 1,500 ppm 처리가 37%의 단축률로 처리 효과가 가장 컸으며, 하위절보다 상위절의 단축률이 컸다. 수장, 영화수, 리터중 등에서 무처리와 큰 차이가 없었고, 천립중은 무처리에 비해 약간 무거웠다. 발아율은 차이가 없었으며, 수량은 처리 농도에 관계 없이 모두 증수하는 경향을 보였으며, 수잉기 1,000 ppm 처리에서 최고 5%까지 증수하였다. 발아에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 수확시기를 앞당길 수 있는 방법을 찾고자 실시한 건조제 처리 후 수확시기 단축효과와 종자의 품질을 보면, 건조제 처리후 수확적기 수분함량에 도달하는 일수는 출수 후 30일 처리가 15일, 출수 후 35일 처리가 10일이 걸렸고, 출수 후 40일과 45일 처리가 5일이 걸다. 건조제 처리 후 수확시기는 출수 후 30일과 35일 처리가 관행재배에 비해 8일, 출수 후 40일 처리가 5일이 빨랐다. 건조제 처리시 천립중은 출수 후 처리 일수가 늦어질수록 무거웠고, 발아율 또한 출수 후 처리 일수가 늦어질수록 높아지는 경향을 보였으나, 출수 후 35일 이후에는 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 수량은 출수 후 30일 처리구가 관행재배의 37% 수준, 출수 후 35일 처리가 70%수준이었고 출수 후 40일 처리가 92% 수준으로 생리적 성숙기 이전에 건조제를 처리하면 품질에 큰 영향을 준다.

Lodging in the direct seeded rice cultivation on flooded paddy is being severe problem due to the lower production and grain quality at ripening stage. This study was conducted to examine the effect of Iprobenfos-metconazole (IPM) treated 50, 40 and 30 days before heading respectively as a plant regulator to reduce the lodging at ripening stage of direct seeding rice cultivation. The culm length treated with IPM, especially the 4th culm internode, was shortened more than with untreated plot, and the most effective time was at 30 days before heading. At 20 days after heading the flag leaves colour showed more greening than in the untreated leaves and the plot with IPM treatment was to be maintained longer compared to the control plot. The Nitrogen concentration of leaves with IPM was lower than in the control plot, and SiO2 contents were higher than in the untreated plot and SiO2/N ratio was increased more in the IPM plot than in the control plot. The breaking strength of 3rd and 4th culm internode with IPM treatment was higher than in the untreated plot, and the lodging index was reduced in the IPM plot significantly and the field lodging also was reduced. As the results the rice production in the IPM plot was increased more due to be higher ripening ratio and seed grain weight compared to the untreated plot to be occurred the field lodging.

So far, most studies associated with soil carbon sequestration have been focused on long term aspect. However, information regarding soil carbon sequestration in short term aspect is limited. This study was conducted to determine changes of soil organic carbon content and stability of carbon in response to compost application rate and tillage management during rice growing season(150 days) in short term aspect. Under pot experiment condition, compost was mixed with an arable soil at rates corresponding to 0, 6, 12, and 24 Mg/ha. To determine effect of tillage on soil carbon sequestration, till and no-till treatments were set up in soils amended with application rate of 12 Mg/ha. Compost application and tillage management did not significantly affect soil organic carbon(SOC) content in soil at harvest time. Bulk density of soil was not changed significantly with compost application and tillage management. These might result from short duration of experiment. While hot water extractable organic carbon(HWEOC) content decreased with compost application, humic substances(HS) increased. Below ground biomass of rice increased with application of compost and till operation. From the above results, continuos application of compost and reduce tillage might improve increase in soil organic carbon content and stability of carbon in long term aspect.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in five years old ginseng affected by application of manure in paddy-converted field. As all livestock manure regardless of kinds increased along with the whole soil chemical component, including the pH and EC in 2008. Change in the EC of control plot was slightly increased but not exceeded 1 ds/m over the years. However, the changes in the EC of livestock manure regardless of kinds and amounts were highly increased and irregularly exceeded 1.5 ds/m in 2012. The 5 years old ginseng root fresh weight, treatment of fertilizing pig manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (PMC 4t on/10a) and fowl manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (FMC 4 ton/10a), were superior to the others. But there were no difference between PMC 4 ton/10a, FMC 4 ton/10a and control. The standing crop rate 39.6%, treatment of fertilizing cattle manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (CMC 4 ton/10a), was best in all livestock manure. However that was relatively lower than control. Physiological disorder occurrence rates of livestock manure related with leaf and root of ginseng were also higher than that of control. If excessively using non-decomposed livestock manure, It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways. It is a big problem to be producing the quality ginseng. More research is needed to find out the economic and effective fertilizer.

This study was carried out to investigate the cause of leaf discoloration occurring frequently in paddy cultivation. Chemical property of soil and inorganic nutrient component of leaf were analyzed on abnormal fields of 7 regions where leaf discoloration occurred severely and normal fields of 7 regions among ginseng garden. The pH of abnormal fields was strong acidic condition (pH 5.51) compare to normal fields of slightly acid condition (pH 6.42). Calcium and magnesium content in abnormal fields were lower distinctly than that of normal fields, while EC, organic matter, phosphate, and potassium content showed not distinct difference between abnormal and normal fields. Whereas calcium and magnesium content were distinctly high in normal fields, both of potassium and iron content of ginseng leaf were distinctly high in abnormal fields. In particular, iron content of abnormal fields was more 1.94 times in soil, and 3.03 times in leaf than that of normal fields. In soil chemical property, there were significant negative correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and soil pH, and there were also significant positive correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and iron content. In ginseng leaf, there were highly significant negative correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and calcium content, and there were also highly significant positive correlation between leaf discoloration ratio and iron content.