독일은 1945년 제2차 세계대전 전범국과 패전국이었으나 1989년 10 월 9일 베를린 장벽을 무너뜨리고 1990년 10월 3일 공식적으로 통일국가가 되었다. 독일은 1945년 제2차 세계대전 전범국으로 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 소련 4개국으로부터 서독과 동독이 강제로 분단되고 관리되었다. 독일통일 전 서독은 서구 자유민주주의 체제와 시장경제를 도입하여 세계 선진국으로 발전하였으나. 동독은 소련식 사회주의 체제와 계획경제를 도입한 결과 국력면에서 서독에 비해 비교가 안될 정도로 많은 격차 를 보였다. 독일통일은 서독이 동독을 흡수한 전형적인 흡수통일방식이었다. 독일통일의 국내외적 환경요인은 국내적으로 동서독이 분단 상황 하에서도 정부와 민간부문차원에서 꾸준한 인적교류와 물적교류를 진행한 것이다. 국제적 요인으로는 첫째, 국제정세가 당시 소련과 동구 사회 주의권 국가들의 붕괴와 미소 냉전체제가 종식된 점, 둘째, 미국이 적극적으로 주도한 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 소련, 동서독이 포함된 ‘2+4체제’ 시스템 가동의 성과이다. 셋째, 독일통일은 당시 유럽지역의 나토(NATO) 와 유럽연합(EU) 등 정치적, 군사안보적, 경제적 이해관계와 전략적 목표가 일치되었다는 점을 제시할 수 있다. 독일은 통일 후 동서독인 간 사회적·경제적·심리적 갈등이 내재돼 있었으나 시간이 지나면서 이러한 내적 갈등요소들은 하나씩 완화돼 갔다. 이러한 독일통일 갈등요소들은 분 단체제인 한반도와 중국 양안의 통일과정에서 반면교사로 삼아야 할 중요한 사례이기도 하다.

The current study explored the epidemiological associations between the 2016/18 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemics and spatial factors, including the distance from a poultry farm to the closest groundwater source, migratory bird habitat, eco-natural area, and poultry farm altitude. We included 14 spatial factors as independent variables. The variables were used in the original continuous measurement format. In total, 288 poultry farms (144 HPAI-confirmed and 144 non-confirmed) were used as the dependent variable. In addition, the variables’ continuous measurement was converted to a categorical measurement format by using a general additive model. For risk factor analysis based on the continuous measurements of spatial factors, the non-graded eco-natural area distance (odds ratio [OR]: 1.00) and the grade one eco-natural area distance (OR: 0.99) were statistically significant independent variables. However, in the risk factor analysis based on the categorical measurement format of the spatial factors, the non-graded eco-natural area distance (OR: 0.08) and poultry farm altitude (OR: 0.44) were statistically significant independent variables in both a univariate and multiple logistic regression model. In other words, when a poultry farm was located far from the non-graded eco-natural area or in a highland area, the likelihood of an HPAI epidemic would decrease. From an HPAI control perspective, it is recommended that the government apply increased levels of biosecurity measures, such as bird-nets, fences, intensive disinfection of equipment, and regular bird health monitoring, for poultry farms located near non-graded eco-natural areas or in a lowland area.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is progressive neurological disease that results in the death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to a decrease in skeletal muscle size and muscle weakness, wasting, or paralysis. Most research on ALS has focused on motor neuron death, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle degeneration. We compared the protein and cytokine profiles of gastrocnemius muscle in ALS model hSOD1G93A mice at pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages by western blotting. Pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and cluster of differentiation 11b were upregulated in the muscle of symptomatic as compared to pre-symptomatic mice. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress-related proteins, heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin, were increased in muscle from symptomatic as compared to pre-symptomatic mice. We also observed increased autophagy dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation in the muscles of symptomatic hSOD1G93A as compared to non-Tg and pre-symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice, which was accompanied by upregulation of thrombospondin- 1, Prospero-related homeobox 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and DNA-damage-inducible 45α. Increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy contribute to motor neuron death and muscle atrophy in ALS, and the factors involved in these processes are potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this disease.

Naval weapons systems of the Republic of Korea are acquired through the Defense Planning Management System. Recently, acquisition of some naval ships have been delayed, and the causes of the delays have been recognized as inappropriate project management at the Execution Phase. However, we argue that the delay problem in naval ships acquisition should be approached, with due regard for the entire Defense Planning Management System. That is, We should try to investigate from Planning Phase to those of Programming, Budgeting and Execution Phases. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the actual cases of the delay in naval acquisition at all phases of the Defense Planning Management System. Based on the investigation, we tried to identify the naval ship Acquisition Delay Factors and find out the Weights of those factors. As the next step, we calculated the Influence Measures on the naval missions, including the Cost of Naval Capability Gap derived from the delays in acquisition of naval ships. As a final step, we calculated the Acquisition Delay Measures based on the interrelationship between the Acquisition Delay Factors and the Influence Measures. Then we evaluated and analyzed what the results stand for. Finally, we made suggestions for future improvement. The improvement suggestions we made for preventing delay in acquisition of naval ships in this study are as follows. First, we need a shift in perception. It is necessary to measure the Acquisition Delay Factors in acquiring naval ships and manage them from the Planning Phase. Second, resolution must be concerted efforts. All relevant agencies, not just a few, should work together to resolve the problems of acquisition delay. Third, analysis must be based on the accumulation of data. This allows the elaborating of naval ship Acquisition Delay Factors and Delay Measures. If this research method is applied to other military weapons systems in the future, we may be able to not just identify the Acquisition Delay Factors in acquisition of other military weapons systems, but also pursue improvement in those cases.

Economic indicators are a factor that affects air cargo volume. This study analyzes the different factors affecting air cargo volume by each Chinese cities according to the main characteristics. The purpose of this study is to help companies related to China, airlines, and other stakeholders predict and prepare for the fluctuations in air cargo volume and make optimal decisions. To this end, 20 economic data were used, and the entire data was reduced to 5 dimensions through factor analysis to build a dataset necessary and evaluated the influencing factors by multi regression. The result shows that Macro-Economic Indicators, Production/Service indicators are significant for every cities and Chinese manufacture/Customer indicators, Korean manufacture/Oil Price indicators, Trade/Current indicators are significant for each other city. All adjusted R2 values are high enough to explain our model and the result showed excellent performance in terms of analyzing the different factors which affects air cargo volume. If companies that are currently doing business with China can identify factors affecting China's cargo volume, they can be flexible in response to changes in plans such as plans to enter China, production plans and inventory management, and marketing strategies, which can be of great help in terms of corporate operations.

본 연구의 목적은 골프 입문자들을 대상으로 12주간 훈련을 통하여 수행한 스윙에서 유효타에 미치는 변인들을 분석하고, 이를 통하여 골프 입문자들의 페어웨이 안착을 위한 유효타 요인의 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상은 골프 경험이 없는 입문자로 대학생 20명이 연구에 참여하였다(연령: 21.35±1.69yrs, 신장: 176.75±7.99cm, 체중: 70.70±9.76kg). 모든 대상자에게 12주간 골프 지도법에 따 른 프로그램을 실시하였고, 12주차에 트랙맨 4를 이용하여 골프 스윙 시 유효타에 미치는 변인들을 산출하였다. 트랙맨 자료는 클럽 변인과 볼 변인으로 구분하여 유효타에 영향을 미치는 변인을 알아보기 위하여 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 클럽 변인에서 높은 다이나믹로프트(p<.01)와 낮은 페이스앵글 (p<.05)은 유효타에서 나타났고, 볼 변인에서 빠른 볼스피드(p<.01), 큰 스매시팩터(p<.001), 높은 런치앵 글(p<.001), 많은 스핀레이트(p<.001)도 유효타에서 나타났다. 클럽 변인의 이분형 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 클럽스피드(p<.05)와 다이나믹로프트(p<.01)가 증가하면 유효타의 가능성이 증가하였고, 페이스앵글 (p<.001)이 증가하면 유효타의 가능성이 감소하였다. 클럽 변인에서 유효타의 영향력은 다이나믹로프트, 페이스앵글, 클럽스피드 순으로 나타났다. 볼 변인에서는 런치앵글(p<.05)이 증가하면 유효타의 가능성이 증가하였고, 런치디렉션(p<.05)이 증가하면 유효타의 가능성이 감소하였다. 볼 변인에서 유효타의 영향력 은 런치앵글, 런치디렉션 순으로 나타났다. 결과를 토대로 유효타의 확률을 증가시키기 위한 조건으로, 지속적인 연습을 통하여 스윙 시 높은 다이나믹로프트와 낮은 페이스앵글 구사를 통한 클럽스피드 증가가 필요하고, 이를 통하여 런치앵글 증가와 런치디렉션 감소를 통하여 유효타의 확률이 증가될 것으로 사료된다.

The most important thing to successfully restore an oak forest is finding suitable climatic conditions and topographic factors for the oak species to be introduced. In this study, in order to find suitable environmental conditions for the five dominant oak trees on the Korean Peninsula, we carried out analysing the information on the location of forest vegetation on the Korean Peninsula. The range of annual mean temperature of the five oak trees was narrow in the order of Q. mongolica (7.7~14.3°C), Q. variabilis (9.2~13.8°C), Q. acutissima (10.5~14.3°C), Q. serrata (11.4~13.7°C), Q. aliena (11.0~12.9°C). The range of annual precipitation of oaks was narrow in order of Q. mongolica (1072.7~1780.9 mm), Q. variablis (1066.6~1554.9 mm), Q. acustissima (1036.5~1504.8 mm), Q. serrata (1062.6~1504.7 mm). The range of altitude was in order of Q. mongolica (147~1388 m), Q. serrata (93~950 m), Q. variabilis (90~913 m), Q. acustissima (60~516 m), Q. aliena (55~465 m). The range of slope was in the order of Q. mongolica (8~56°), Q. variabilis (5~52°), Q. serrata (11~45°), Q. aliena (15~38°), Q. acustissima (16~37°). These results are considered to be very useful in the case of ecological restoration using deciduous oak trees on the Korean Peninsula.

최근 들어 급격한 경영 환경의 변화는 더 이상 하나의 조직에 얽매이지 않고 경력을 확대시키기 위한 직장 이동을 증가시키는 추세이다. 이러한 흐름에서 배태성은 이직 관련 변수들의 한계점에 기반을 두고 제시된 개념이다. 인사조직 분야에서 배태성 연구들은 꾸준히 진행되어 왔으며, 구성 타당성이나 개념적인 정립에 대한 새로운 의견들이 제시되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 배태된다는 개념의 바탕에 대한 이론 및 실증적 확인을 위해 조직과 직무 두 가지 차원에 주목하였다. 또한 상당 부분 한정적으로 이루어진 배태성의 선행 요인으로 신뢰와 성과-보상 연계성 및 경력지향성의 차별적 영향 관계에 관심을 두었다. 그러한 이 후 이직의도로 연결되는 선상에서 조직 및 직무배태성의 프로세스 역할을 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구의 이론 정립을 위한 배경은 사회적으로 여러 요인들이 교환되는 개념을 제시하는 사회교환이론에 기초하여 이루어진다. 또한 국내에서 다소 생소한 조직배태성 측정 도구를 도입하여 타당성과 신뢰성을 검증하고자 하였다. 더 나아가 실증 분석을 위해 직장인들을 대상으로 3주의 시차를 둔 설문 조사를 진행하여 241개의 분석 자료를 활용하였다. 결과에 따르면 신뢰 및 성과-보상 연계성, 경력지향성은 조직 및 직무배태성과 긍정적인 관계로 나타났다. 더 나아가 선행 요인들과 이직의도에 각각의 배태성이 보여주는 매개효과 역시 유효한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 분석 과정에서 조직 및 직무배태성 두 가지 요소의 차별적 프로세스와 영향력을 비교하면서 진행하였다. 그리하여 본 연구에서는 검증된 영향 관계의 고찰과 이론 및 실무적 시사점 그리고 향후 과제를 서술하여 논의하고자 한다.

Big data and AI are the two major technical means of development in the current era. Thus, whether Chinese grammatology can use new technologies to achieve new developments following the trend as such is precisely the new problem and new field of the development of philology. The scientific research work on computer recognition of ancient Chinese characters has been carried out for more than 20 years, and it has achieved good results in methodology. However, it is only in the past three years or so that the real application has been made. In this regard, this paper summarizes the research status of ancient Chinese character computer recognition, attempts to analyze several factors that restrict the ancient Chinese character computer recognition from experiment to application, and puts forward the future development of this work.

In this study, the risk factors of coastal purse seine fisherman were analyzed through a survey of fishery workers of coastal purse seine fishery and the accident compensation insurance data of the fisheries workers of the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives (NFFC). The classified fishing operation accident data was analyzed through 4M (Man, Machine, Media, Management) model of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the accident prevention measures were presented using Harvey's 3E (Engineering, Education, Enforcement) model. The rate of accidents on coastal purse seinens each year was 75.8‰, 36.7‰ and 74.8‰ from 2015 to 2017. The accident frequency resulting from slipping was the highest, and the risk of a contact with gear was low. When comparing each insurance data, the average value of the contact with gear accident was the highest. This research result is expected to be important data in identifying and preventing safety hazards of coastal purse seiner fisherman in the future.

This paper analyses the determinants of schoolchildren’s food preferences, paying attention to the relative importance of child/parent, school and locality factors, using multilevel modelling. Urbanisation, location in a poorer neighbourhood, having a school lunch and some specific parental practices positively affect the range of foods and vegetables liked by children.

This research aimed to investigate the impacting psychological factors for Vietnamese’s intention to stop littering. A quantitative method using self-reported online questionnaire was adopted to collect data from Vietnamese residents and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) method was employed to examine the proposed relationships. The results indicate that higher connectedness to nature and lower perceived behavioral control are associated with higher intention to stop littering in Vietnam. Limitations of current study and future research directions are outlined.

This article analyzes what factors influence consumers’ choices of the type of retailer in Japan and classifies the types. Firstly, it is evident that several factors affect the choice of retail type significantly. Secondly, different formats of retail business are compared to examine the similarities and differences.