본 연구의 목적은 사회복지적 원조방안의 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 말기 암환자 부양 가족 102명의 건강증진행위에 대한 지각된 주관적 건강상태, 사회적 지지, 자아효 능감의 관계를 규명하는데 있다. 조사 대상자들은 임의표집하여 자기보고 건강척도, 대 인관계 지지 평가척도, 자아효능감척도, 건강증진 생활양식척도를 사용한 자기보고질문 지로 응답하였다. 조사 자료의 분석은 SPSS 15.0을 이용하여 기술통계분석, t-검정, 분산 분석, 상관관계분석, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 째, 조사 대상자들의 건강증진행위의 평균점수는 비교적 높게 나타났다. 세부 영역으로 실천 정도가 가장 높은 영역은 스트레스 관리이며, 가장 낮은 영역은 자아실현으로 나타 났다. 둘째, 건강증진행위와 지각된 건강상태, 사회적 지지, 자기효능감간에는 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 사회적 지지는 말기 암환자 부양 가족의 건강증진행위 예측 요인으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 사회적 지지망의 이용, 자기효능감의 증진을 반영하는 복지서비스 투입이 사회복지 실천에 있어서 효과적인 부양 가족을 위한 개입으로 제안되었다.

This study highlights the main effect of job demand, work shift, work environment and stressors on the railway traffic controller's health, and the moderating effect of work0life balance. The result of empirical analysis based on questionnaires received from 328 traffic controllers working at 10 railway operating companies indicates that job demand, work shift, work environment and stressors have significant effect on their health, among which stressors is a major factor. In the respect of moderating effect, WLB showed no significance except for job demand. This result implies that controller's health can not be enhanced through their individual family or leisure life. Therefore, effective countermeasures and policy to mitigate their health problems and heal their symptoms are urgent.

The purpose of this study was to determine health consciousness and eating habits of workers at Deluxe hotels in Seoul and Gyonggi-do. To determine health levels, this study focused on quality of sleep, current state of health, smoking, drinking, regular exercise, dietary behavior patterns, dietary habits, and food intake patterns. Out of 228 subjects, 145 (63.6%) were males and 83 (36.4%) were females. Majority of workers (86.9%) graduated from university. A majority (57.0%) worked more than 10 years. Average health condition was ‘little tired’, whereas 18.4% of subjects were ‘always tired’. Male percentages for smoking and drinking were higher than those for females. A total of 44.3% of workers ate twice a day. Regular physical activity was high, but regular exercise rate was slightly low. Male average eating speed was faster than that of females and had lower scores for desirable eating habits. Shift workers ate night meals more than non- shift workers. This study shows that workers at Deluxe hotels need to take better care of their health.

The purpose of this study was to determine the health behaviors and nutritional status related to dyslipidemia in Korean middle-aged adults (between 50 and 64 years old) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey data (2007~2010). A total of 4,721 subjects were analyzed in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups (normal, borderline, and dyslipidemia) according to serum lipid levels. Parameters included in this study were drinking and smoking, anthropometric parameters, blood and nutritional parameters. The latter parameter included food/nutrients intake. All data was adjusted by sex, region, education level, and age. General linear model and logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. The dyslipidemia group was comprised of more men than women. By contrast, the borderline group was comprised of more women than men (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed for other general characteristics. There were more smokers and drinkers(drinking per time) in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.05). Anthropometric data showed significant difference, ie, height (p<0.05), weight, body mass index, waist circumference, percent body fat, and blood pressure were higher in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.001). Only blood urea nitrogen showed no significant difference among groups. The HbA1c (p<0.01), fasting blood glucose, GOT, GPT, creatinine levels were higher in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.001). So it is required for the management of obesity in dyslipidemia group. The dyslipidemia group ate less sea food (p<0.05). The nutrients intake of energy and protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus were lower in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.05). Therefore, to lower dyslipidemia prevalence rates, it is necessary to increase the intake of foods containing ω-3 fatty acids. We also suggest a meal management program and nutritional education to recognize the risk of dyslipidemia, especially for people such as the individual in the borderline and dyslipidemia study groups. Key words: dyslipidemia, Korean middle-aged adults, nutritional status, health behaviors

목 적: 2011, 2012년도 국민건강영양조사 내용을 기반으로 우리나라 나이관련황반변성(Age-related macular degeneration, AMD)의 위험요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 국민건강영양조사 제5기 과정 중 2011년, 2012년도 조사대상자의 건강 검진과 안과 검진을 받은 45세 이상의 성인을 대상으로 AMD와 상관성이 있는 위험요인인 성별과 연령 통제 전과 후로 구분하여 로지 스틱 회귀분석으로 통계처리를 하였으며 유의수준은 0.05 이하로 하였다. 결 과: 인구·보건학적인 요인에서는 성별과 연령을 통제하기 전에는 여성, 연령이 많을수록, 교육정도 가 낮을수록, 읍/면 거주자에서 발병률이 높게 나타났으나, 성별과 연령을 통제한 경우에는 거주지는 상관 성이 없고 여성과 연령이 많을수록, 교육정도가 낮을수록 발병률이 높게 나타났다. 신체·질병학적인 요인 에서는 성별과 연령 통제하기 전에는 고혈압, 중성지방 및 가족력이 위험요인이었으나 성별과 연령 통제 후 에는 모든 요인들이 AMD와 상관성이 없었다. 성별과 연령을 통제하기 전에는 난시, 근시, 원시, 백내장 및 안질환 가족력이 AMD와 상관성이 있었으나, 성별과 연령을 통제 후에는 원시안과 백내장이 AMD 위험요인 으로 나타났고 근시안은 AMD 위험요인이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 건강·행태학적인 요인에서는 성별과 연령 을 통제하기 전에는 햇볕 노출 5시간 이상만 상관성이 있었으나, 성별과 연령을 통제한 후에는 흡연, 햇볕 노출 5시간 이상이 AMD 발병을 높이는 위험요인으로 분석되었다. 결 론: AMD 발병은 나이와 성별에 연관이 있고, 성별과 연령을 통제한 경우에는 원시, 백내장, 흡연 및 햇볕 노출 시간이 상관성이 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between frequency of coffee consumption, metabolic biomarkers, and nutrition intake in adult participants in the combined 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects (2,095 males and 3,297 females) were classified according to sex and frequency of coffee consumption (≤1 time/month, ≥2 times/month and ≤6 times/week, 1 time/day, 2 times/day, 3 times/day) using food frequency questionnaires. Nutrition intake was analyzed using 24 h recall data. The 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher age, and frequency of smokers and drinkers compared to the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group in both male and female participants. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower HDL-cholesterol level, but females had a higher waist circumference compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee consumption group. Males in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly lower nutrient density of fiber, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. Females in the 3 times/day coffee consumption group had a significantly higher nutrient density of fat and niacin, but lower nutrient density of carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, and iron compared with the ≤1 time/month coffee intake group. In males, the frequency of coffee consumption was not associated with the levels of metabolic biomarkers. In females, the frequency of coffee consumption was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustments for multiple confounding factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and energy intake. Coffee consumption was associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure in females. These findings suggest the importance of an awareness of the association between coffee consumption and metabolic risk.

The purpose of this study was to analyze University student’s dietary behavior for processed foods and recognition on food nutrition labelling according to the degree of health concern. For this study, 302 University students in Gyeonggi region was surveyed by questionnaire from May in 2016 and it included the questions about general matters, dietary behavior on processed foods, and the food nutrition label system. It was analysed by SPSS win 23.0 program. And the results are as follows. According to the result of the factor analysis, the preference of processed foods were showed 3.21~3.97. There were significant differences in milk and milk products preference according to health concern (p<0.05). Also frequency of processed foods was shown significant differences in milk and milk products, noodles, beverage, and fast food (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in meat products, snack, bread and frozen food (p>0.05). Also, the processed food purchase consideration according to health concern was shown significant differences in nutrition, origin, manufacturing company (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in taste, price, exterior, brand, and shelf life (p>0.05). Thus, it is necessary to do continuing public relations and to provide more opportunities for nutrition education so that the University students may obtain right dietary behavior on processed foods and the system of food nutrition indication be established properly.

This study aimed to examine the health-related lifestyle habits and eating behaviors according to gender, ethnicity, and residence type of university students in Yanbian, China. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 302 university students. Of the male students, 12.1% and 42.0% were in the underweight and overweight groups, respectively, and of the female subjects, 21.3% and 16.3%, were in those respective groups. More male than female students preferred the overweight body somatotype. In contrast, about 49.4% of female students were hoping to be underweight, and female students had more obvious difficulties with body somatotype perception, whereas their exercise frequency and time spent exercising per day were much less than those of male students. More Chinese than Korean-Chinese subjects exhibited regular eating habits, which included eating at the same time everyday and at the same frequency per day; these habits were, accompanied by generally healthier lifestyle habits regarding regularity of activity and exercise time. Self-boarding students had a significantly higher BMI (23.7±5.1 kg/m2) and were more likely to be overweight (43.5%) as compared to students who lived in a dormitory or with family. Salty taste was preferred by Chinese students more than Korean-Chinese students, and greasy taste was preferred by Korean-Chinese students as compared with Chinese students. This study found that inherent and environmental factors are related with the dietary behaviors of university students in Yanbian, China. Further studies are required to elucidate the structural elements of family life and the sociocultural factors associated with dietary behaviors in Yanbian.

본 연구는 교정공무원이 경험하는 직무스트레스, 직무소진, 정신건강이 교정공무원의 행복에 미치는 영향과 직무스트레스와 직무소진이 행복에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 정신건강의 매개효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 조사된 자료는 빈도분석, 기술통계분석, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 직무스트레스와 직무소진은 정신건강에 유의미한 수준에서 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 직무스트레스는 행복에 유의미한 수준에서 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 직무소진은 행복에 미치는 영향력이 유의미한 수준에서 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 정신건강은 행복에 미치는 영향력이 유의미한 수준에서 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 정신건강은 직무스트레스와 행복, 직무소진과 행복의 관계에서 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 교정공무원의 행복 증진을 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient intake, diversity and prevalence of diseases according to noodle consumption using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) of 2010. Korean adults (>20) were classified into two groups, noodle group (NG) and non-noodle group (NNG). NG was found to have higher intakes of protein, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, and niacin. The DVS and DDS according to noodle consumption were found to be 21.76 and 3.51 for NG, and 18.56 and 3.40 for NNG, this result was thought to show that the diet of NG was more satisfactory than that of NNG in terms of dietary diversity. In the bone mass of entire subjects, NG showed higher figures in the femoral neck and lumbar spine than NNG. For bone mineral density, NG exhibited higher figures in the femoral neck, and for T-scores, the values of NG was significantly higher in the femoral neck than those of NNG. However, the prevalence of osteoporosis of NG and NNG was 11.6% and 9.5%. The prevalence of osteopenia of NG and NNG was 43.0% and 51.7%. Thus, these results showed that overall bone health of NG was better than that of NNG. Dietary balance and quality were also more satisfactory in NG. These results showed that noodle consumption may have an impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Brown rice, barley, and buckwheat contain a variety of functional ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Germination is an effective technique for improving the digestion and absorption of the constituents in grains. In addition, germination could modify the chemical properties of grains and increase the content of biologically active substances. Many studies have reported that the intake of grains or germinated grains could ameliorate blood glucose level, stimulate the immune system, lower blood pressure, and result in anti-obesity effect. Therefore, grains and germinated grains are being utilized in a variety of functional products. The present study reviews the primary components and bio-functionalities of grains (brown rice, barley, and buckwheat) and germinated grains (germinated brown rice). The development of grain products for promoting health functional properties is also discussed.

This study investigated the impacts of two different health claim regulatory systems, FoSHU (Foods for Specified Health Uses) and FFC (Foods with Function Claims) systems, in Japan on consumer evaluations of food products in terms of healthfulness. The FoSHU system was introduced in 1991 as an individual product approval system to allow product-specific health claims, while the FFC system was introduced lately in 2015 as a notification system like NLEA (Nutrition Labeling and Education Act) in the US. The latter system seems advantageous over the former in terms of shortening the product development period. However, the FoSHU system awards brand with a symbolic logo designed for FoSHU foods, whereas the FFC system does not. Which system leads to higher consumers’ healthfulness perceptions? The results of ANOVA showed that, if the health functions of the food product are not attributed to the product category, but to a specific food product brand, health claims have a strong impact on healthfulness. In contrast, if the health functions are attributed to the entire product category, health claims do not have a strong impact on healthfulness perception. In the latter cases, the FoSHU symbolic logo helps consumers to identify functional foods. Thus, in this study, it is suggested that, in Japan, the new US style health claim regulatory system is affective in the limited product categories. Public policy makers should recognize the important role of the symbolic logo for the previous system and consider introducing another logo to the new system.

The thesis of this study is that, “Health and Wellness”should be prioritized to enhance the store loyalty in Japanese Supermarkets. In order to prioritize, one must understand where the“Health and Wellness”is in the study of Supermarket marketing. As of current situation in Japan, facing two major critical issues, Aging society in advanced culture, and the 3.11 natural disaster linking with the nuclear issues, following hypothesis is made,“Health and Wellness”plays the sensitive and strong role in“Quality”Factor, which reflects store loyalty directly along with the other three; Service, Assortment, and Price of the Quantitative research to Yaoko supermarket customers (see Figure 1). In conclusion, the research question of this study is that, would“Health and Wellness”eventually become an independent 5th key factors constructed store loyalty in the future? The existing study in this study is summarized into two directions;“CSV, Marketing 3.0, and Co-Created Value”and“Store Loyalty”. First, CSV reported by Porter & Kramer (2011) aims to be compatible, both in social and economic values. On the other note, CSR aims to only create a social value. And Marketing 3.0 reported by Kotler, Kartajaya, & Setiawan (2010) is Value-driven marketing similar to CSV. The key concept is focused on the importance of Cooperate Mission, Vision, Value and Co-Creation with consumers and regional community. Precisely, the Marketing 3.0 is related with the concept of Co-Created value (Prahalad & Ramaswamy, 2000; Vargo & Lusch, 2004). In summary, such question may rise; why does a company focus to the idea of CSV, Marketing3.0 nowadays? It is obvious to state, a company suffers from the pressure created by commodity phenomenon of goods and services. Therefore, in order to face such pressure, a company aims to upgrade from the functional value to the ideated value or social value. And this is the basic idea of Marketing 3.0. Next, consumers are very sensitive to social goods and values when they purchase the goods and services more than ever before. Therefore, a company faces to build up not only the economic value but also the social value; which is the basic idea of CSV. In short, both a company and consumers are focused now to the concept of the sustainability as “Health and Wellness” in Japan, where the basic qualities are already covered and are way below the considerable point. With this, essentially, the sustainability is the CSV and Marketing 3.0. Secondly, the research framework of Store loyalty in this study is based on the existing study of Baker, Parasuraman, Grewel, & Voss (2002). And based on Baker’s Store Loyalty Model, this study reflects quantitative research result to Yaoko supermarket customers. The result is that, Store Loyalty to supermarkets of“Co-Created Value” type in Japan is constituted to both “service” (e.g., Emotional satisfaction from shopping, Comforts created by the store atmosphere, and Proposal ability by the employees) and “Quality” for “fresh”foods (e.g., Freshness, Safety). This existing study indicates that, the retailing needs “Customer Perspective” and “Co-Created Value Perspective” in order to earn the store loyalty image within the category of “Service” and “Quality”. The Research Question of this study as mentioned in prior is , would“Health and Wellness”eventually become an independent 5th key factor constructing store loyalty in near future? As a first step, hypothesis of this study is that,“Health and Wellness”reflects directly to the major factor in “Quality” of the 4 factors (e.g., Service, Quality, Assortment, and Price) reflecting the strength of store loyalty. This study adopted three methods; Result of quantitative research to Yaoko supermarket customers in the store (August 8,9,10, and 17, 2014), the others are in-depth interviews (December 28, 2015, Feburary 13, and March 29, 2016), and Group interviews (Feburary 27, 2016) towards numerous customers in different societal groups (e.g., Young family, Post family, and Seniors) at the Yaoko store (see Figure 1). Additionally, quantitative study using POS and Yaoko customer panel will be conducted in this spring of 2016. Therefore, I will be able to further report the detailed result by GMC2016. Also, I am in part of ongoing study of the Health Marketing about Supermarket in Japan collaborating with the Healthcare Workshop in the Distribution Economics Institute of Japan in 2016. With this, I will add on the collaborating study effort in GMC2016. Due to the space limitation, this submission paper only suggests the summary of empirical study. In this study, the interview for Yaoko Top management (August 4 and 11, 2015) was done in with Yaoko Co Head Quarters in Saitama prefecture, which is the most famous “Co-Created Value” supermarkets in Japan. Yaoko conducted the experiment of“Health and Wellness”in Asakaoka, which is their new store in Saitama prefecture completed in Nov. 2015. Yaoko aims to differentiate not only MD, but also Social Value from the competitors. Yaoko Top management and“Health and Wellness”leader has stated that, we would like to be known as the “Yaoko”. Just like now, “Wholefoods Market ” is known by their supermarket name. Such brand strength shows that the cooperate brand surpassed the type of operation as Supermarkets. One format is“Health and Wellness MD”. This format is linked with CSV, Marketing 3.0. They stated that, there are three key points of success (i.e., Internal marketing for employees, Health and Wellness Management for stakeholders, and Health and Wellness MD for customers). These tactics are asked to maintain the balance. From this, I believe that, Yaoko has a strength in balance by“Kotenkeiei ” based Chain Operation, Customers Perspective, and Co-Created Value. Therefore, they will establish this format step by step. As follows, with reference to my Yaoko quantitative research result. The result is, Store Loyalty to Supermarkets of “Co-Created Value” type in Japan is constituted by both “Service” and “Quality” reflecting “fresh”foods. On the other hand, In-depth interviews from the customers and Group interviews toYaoko supermarket customers indicated that, the consumers does not see “Health and Wellness” image in Yaoko Asakaoka Store. However, they ask “Freshness, Safety, and Quality including quality in tastes” in Fresh foods (e.g., Vegitables, Fruits, Fishes and Meats) for Supermarkets when they hear “Health and Wellness”. Also, they stick to purchasing vegetables, fruits and fish that are in its season. Quantitative research , In-depth interviews, and Group interviews results to Yaoko supermarket customers are linked to the consciousness of the consumers in “Health and Wellness”. However it is quite difficult for the retailers to change the consciousness of the consumers when dealing with the image of “Health and Wellness”. Because the retailers use on Assortment and Price is MD-based. Therefore, the retailer is not used to meal-solution and experienced value event that are key to appeal “Health and Wellness”. It is essential to understand the importance of relationships with regional communities. As of now, with such understanding, Yaoko is collaborating with Asaka City in order to enhance the result, which is precisely the “Co-Created Value”with the consumers and administration in regional community. In summary, Yaoko’s CSV and Marketing 3.0 action must be sustained for some years at least. Reason being that, there is of a complexity in establishing the store image and positioning of“Health and Wellness”for their well-aware conscious customers. This marketing strategy based on CSV, Marketing 3.0, and Co-Created Value is most advanced, original, and unique in Japanese retailing. The result will be linked with the avoidance of commodity phenomenon in the near future. This study indicates that,“Health and Wellness”should be prioritized to enhance the store loyalty in Japanese Supermarkets. This approach is differentiated from the cooperate brand image and positioning for the competitors. Currently speaking with the social situations,“Health and Wellness”reflects directly to the major factor “Quality”, which is one of the 4 factors of Store Loyalty by the result of quantitative research, In-depth interviews, and Group interviews to Yaoko supermarket customers.“Health and Wellness”to become an independent 5th key factor to construct store loyalty is still in the midst of progress. The reason is that the consciousness for“Health and Wellness”varies by the customer’s life-stage, gender, and/or that the consumer has kids or not in Japan. The highly conscious customers for“Health and Wellness”may become an independent 5th key factor to construct store loyalty because of such extremely strong value reflect compared to the others. Yet, most Japanese customers believe that“Health and Wellness” is the major factor of “Quality”, which is one of the 4 factors (e.g., Service, Quality, Assortment, and Price) of Store Loyalty according to the result of these research. This study is still on-going and currently, the store experiment is appealing the value of “Health and Wellness”to Yaoko supermarket customers. Therefore, the additional result of quantitative study shall be included and reflected, as it will be completed in prior to the GMC2016. These findings of quantitative and qualitative study will be useful towards the Health Marketing. Essentially, this is the new theoretical development and contribution as how to construct the store loyalty using the Health Marketing. Also, this study indicates the other perspective. It is very difficult for the retailers-side to notice the importance of “Health and Wellness”, and for the customers to keep the balance in“Health and Wellness”, which includes the basics such as, to eat the healthy food, to play a moderate exercise and to have a good sleep.Finally, the retailer may propose the“Health and Wellness”value in Store through Co-Created Value with the consumers in regional community. In such case, the proposal of“Health and Wellness”should be combined with Assortment , Service, Experienced Value Events. Yaoko’s“Health and Wellness”challenge is very unique and original compared to competitors. Most of the retailers are basing the focus only towards Assortment in Healthy foods. Nowadays, Retailing Innovation of Supermarkets in Japan has evolved from MD to appeal the value of “Health and Wellness”. This is called “the innovation with the leap”, as to reflecting on CSV and Marketing 3.0.

While companies in the field of e-commerce have long engaged in the collection of large amounts of customer data and consider them one of their most important assets, insurance companies have only recently started to collect customer data on a large scale (Smith, Dinev & Xu, 2011). Recently, insurance companies have developed tariffs which adjust premiums based on collected data about the insurant’s behavior (e.g. steps/day, visits to the gym etc.). Benefits like fitness courses or lower insurance rates are provided to encourage a healthy lifestyle and attract healthy customers. However, this model can only succeed, if customers are willing to disclose data. As many customers fear an intrusion of their privacy by companies and consider personal health data to be especially sensitive, this disclosure cannot be taken for granted (Anderson & Agarwal, 2011). The paper evaluates two main influencing factors for the willingness to disclose private health data (benefit offered to customers and sensitivity of data requested). It analyzes their effect by conducting an online scenario-based quasiexperiment with 408 participants. Participants are presented with six hypothetical offers by a health insurance (financial and non-financial benefits; low, medium, high data sensitivity) and indicate how they would respond to these offers in terms of data disclosure. We control for individual heterogeneity by including privacy concerns and trust as between-subject factors (Malhotra, Kim, & Agarwal, 2004). Our results indicate that the willingness to disclose health data can be increased by financial rewards at low and medium sensitivity levels. If information is highly sensitive, the willingness to provide data decreases and cannot be compensated by a tariff reduction. Health care providers should therefore carefully consider which data points they choose as mandatory to participate in personalized insurance tariffs, as they could easily scare off potential customers. In our study non-financial benefits (prevention courses) are not able to increase the willingness to disclose data as much as financial benefits. This could be due to a general preference for financial rewards or to the unknown quality of the courses offered.

목 적: 이 설문 연구의 목적은 의료민영화와 안경원 법인화 정책에 대한 안경사들의 인식을 조사하는 것 이었다. 방 법: 2014년 6월부터 8월까지 서울 지역에서 근무하는 임상안경사 100명을 대상으로 대면 설문 조사 를 실시하였다. 설문 대상자 가운데 안경원 원장이 48명이고 고용 안경사가 52명이었다. 결 과: 의료민영화와 안경원 법인화 문제에 대한 인식도는 높은 편이었으며, 반대 의견이 매우 많았다. 안경사들은 의료민영화 문제에 대해서는 의료서비스의 소비자로서 반응하고, 안경원 법인화 문제에 대해서 는 공급자로서 반응하는 양상을 나타냈다. 안경원 법인화 문제에 대해서 고용 안경사 집단에 비해 안경원 원 장 집단이 더 강한 반대 의견과 비관적인 예상을 보였다. 결 론: 안경사들은 의료민영화 문제가 어느 정도 안경원 법인화 문제와 연결되어 있다고 인식하고 있었으 나, 그 영향에 대해서는 일반 국민들과 마찬가지로 자신들이 의료서비스의 소비자 위치에 있다고 생각하고 있었다. 고용 안경사들에 비해 안경원 원장들이 안경원 법인화에 더 비관적이고 강하게 반대하고 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between HbA1c level and health risk factor. For analysis, 330 elderly women aged 65 years and over were recruited in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were classified into two groups according to their HbA1c level; the diabetic group (HbA1c level≥6.5%, n=68, 20.6%) and control group (HbA1c level< 6.5%, n=262, 79.4%). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, a health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups and nutrient intake. Educational level of the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The height of the diabetic group was shorter, and percentage fat of the diabetic group was higher than those of the control group. In the diabetic group, the higher concentrations of creatinine and activity of alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly unfavorable factors. Therefore, the diabetic group was assumed to be at risk of decreased liver and renal function. The self-rated health level of the diabetic group has a declining tendency, while the medicine intake was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there are no significant differences in visiting frequency of hospital and community health center. The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient intake, the diabetic group had relatively inferior nutrient intake of diet, especially vitamin C, as contrasted with the control group. In conclusion, the weight control and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of the diabetes and continuous education and intervention by specialized nutritionists will be needed for diabetic patients. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of the diabetes of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program for the elderly at a public health center located in Jinhae city. The one group pretest and posttest design was conducted using self-administered questionnaire survey. Nutrition education lessons based on social cognitive theory (2 hours/lesson, 3 times) were provided to 27 female elderly(≥65 yrs) for a month. After the nutrition education, number of exercise increased and preference for sweetness decreased significantly (p<0.05). The outcome expectations, the knowledge of nutrition (p<0.001), and behavioral capability (p<0.05) score were significantly increased. There were significant increases in all nutrient intake. NAR was increased significantly in protein, calcium and vitamin C (p<0.01), dietary fiber, iron, zinc, thiamin, niacin and folic acid (p<0.001), and riboflavin (p<0.05). INQ was increased significantly in thiamin, vitamin B6 and niacin (p<0.05), and dietary fiber (p<0.01). The score of nutrition education satisfaction was high (4.52). The results of this study suggested that the nutritional education program based on social cognitive theory had a positive effect on dietary behavior changes, and nutrition intake status among female elderly even after short-term intervention.