MTO (Make to Order) is a manufacturing process in which manufacturing starts only after a customer’s order is received. Manufacturing after receiving customer’s orders means to start a pull-type supply chain operation because manufacturing is performed when demand is confirmed, i.e. being pulled by demand (The opposite business model is to manufacture products for stock MTS (Make to Stock), which is push-type production). There are also BTO (Build to Order) and ATO (Assemble To Order) in which assembly starts according to demand. Lean manufacturing by MTO is very efficient system. Nevertheless, the process industry, generally, which has a high fixed cost burden due to large-scale investment is suitable for mass production of small pieces or ‘mass customization’ defined recently. The process industry produces large quantities at one time because of the lack of manufacturing flexibility due to long time for model change or job change, and high loss during line-down (shutdown). As a result, it has a lot of inventory and costs are increased. In order to reduce the cost due to the characteristics of the process industry, which has a high fixed cost per hour, it operates a stock production system in which it is made and sold regardless of the order of the customer. Therefore, in a business environment where the external environment changes greatly, the inventory is not sold and it becomes obsolete. As a result, the company’s costs increase, profits fall, and it make more difficult to survive in the competition.Based on the customer’s order, we have built a new method for order system to meet the characteristics of the process industry by producing it as a high-profitable model. The design elements are designed by deriving the functions to satisfy the Y by collecting the internal and external VOC (voice of customer), and the design elements are verified through the conversion function. And the Y is satisfied through the pilot test verified and supplemented. By operating this make to order system, we have reduced bad inventories, lowered costs, and improved lead time in terms of delivery competitiveness. Make to order system in the process industry is effective for the display glass industry, for example, B and C groups which are non-flagship models, have confirmed that the line is down when there is no order, and A group which is flagship model, have confirmed stock production when there is no order.

The technique of VR and AR utilizing HMD and peripherals was due to launch the products in which the research developers predicting the market magnification satisfy the request of the users in 2016. In the suddenly change game market, because of reflecting global technique and standardization trend, the white paper on Korean games and ICT standardization roadmap published for the development of Korea game industry are important in the decision procedure of the prediction of the game industry and game marketing and technology development and standardization support policy related to the game. In this paper, I analyze the present condition of Korean game industry through published white paper on Korean games and ICT standardization roadmap since 2012 by the year 2016 and suggested the competitiveness strengthening measure of Korean game industry required for the pathfinding of the global game market.

The engineering knowledge and technology is core driving forces of continuous growth in knowledge based society. Companies, the government, and universities are the subjects of an innovation and the cooperation between them is very important. Nowadays, the main purpose of industry-university cooperation moves to train experts and develop a new product. A shift of the paradigm came from the change of recognition that the final consumers of the program are companies and the universities are supporters of the program. In this paper, we investigate the purpose, participation and satisfaction of companies to industry-academy technology cooperation through empirical studies. The need to expert training, product development and process development makes companies participate industry-academy technology cooperation and companies have different purpose of participation by the business type. Companies often feel that expert training, subsidiary purpose of industry-academy technology cooperation, is more important than product development or process development. This result is caused by the real world environment of small and mid-size companies, lacking of technology experts. The participation of companies to each technology cooperation program (technology transfer, joint technology development, consigned technology development, technology consulting, co-op. lab.) is also different by business type. The companies’ satisfaction with the purpose of process development is relatively higher than that with the purpose of product development and companies show also different satisfaction value by business type and participating program. The results of this study can give a contribution to the design of demand oriented industry-academy technology cooperation model.

Price quotations for SOR / RFQ from OEM clients is a very important process in the automotive parts industry. However, OEM clients are demanding a price quote on short duration but it takes long delivery time due to sales, research and development, purchasing, production and cost management departments role and jobs focused on detail and responsibility. And to provide a reasonable alternative with eliminating the waste of non-value processes is to achieve OEM clients satisfaction through standardized and parallel processing, IT system based on the systems and processes of global benchmark companies.

In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption in the logistics industry and economic growth of Tumen River region from 1995 to 2014 is empirically analyzed by using the EKC model theory. The results show that there is a turning point in the Kuznets curve of carbon emission in TumenRiverregion. And it has the characteristic sof "invertedU" curve, which conforms to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Meanwhile it is stil lintherisingstage. According to the analysis results, it is proposed to set up the concept of low carbon logistics, optimize the energy structure, strengthen the information construction, and establish low-carbon development mechanism and so on.

Worldwide production of mushrooms has been increasing by 10–20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis have become popular mushroom species for cultivation. In particular, China exceeded 8.7 million tons in 2002, which accounted for 71.5% of total world output. A similar trend was also observed in Korea. Two kinds of mushrooms— Gumji (金芝; Ganoderma) and Seoji—are described in the ancient book 'Samguksagi' (History of the three kingdoms; B.C 57~A.D 668; written by Bu Sik Kim in 1145) during the Korea-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms are also described in more than 17 ancient books during the Chosun-dynasty (1392~1910) in Korea. Approximately 200 commercial strains of 38 species of mushrooms were developed and distributed to cultivators. The somatic hybrid variety of oyster mushroom, ‘Wonhyeongneutari,’ was developed by protoplast fusion, and distributed to growers in 1989. Further, the production of mushrooms as food was 199,829 metric tons, valued at 850 billion Korean Won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included) in 2015. In Korea, the major cultivated species are P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, and Ganoderma lucidum, which account for 90% of the total production. Since mushroom export was initiated in 1960, the export and import of mushrooms have increased in Korea. Technology was developed for liquid spawn production, and automatic cultivation systems led to the reduction of production cost, resulting in the increase in mushroom export. However, some species were imported owing to high production costs for effective cultivation methods. In academia, RDA scientists have conducted mushroom genome projects since 1997. One of the main outcomes is the whole genome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes for molecular breeding. With regard to medicinal mushrooms, we have been conducting genome research on Cordyceps and its related species for developing functional foods. There are various kinds of beneficial substances in mushrooms; mushroom products, including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the market. In addition, compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest.

경영환경변화와 경쟁환경이 가속화 되면서 고객만족의 개념이 점차 고도화 되어 고객의 요구사항이 시시각각으로 변하고 있다. 고객만족경영을 통해 고객에 대한 품질, 원가, 납기에 대한 우위를 점하기 위해서는 정보의 가치를 극대화해서 의사결정에 반영하여야 한다. 고객의 요구는 고객의 언어로 정성적이고 모호한 특성으로 고객 스스로도 자신의 요구를 정확 하게 표현하지 못하는 경우도 존재한다. 따라서 연구에서는 품질정보시스템 데이터베이스에 축적된 정보를 AHP를 이용하여 공정 담당자의 경험과 직관을 활용하여 급변하는 고객의 요구를 신속하게 추가함으로써 공정의 중요한 관리항목을 선정하는 방법을 제시한다.

2011년 이후 농식품 산업에서 연구개발 기술 자산들에 대한 평가를 수행할 때주도적으로 활용되고 있는 방법이 현금흐름할인(DCF) 방법이었으며, 최근에 종자기술 등과같은 기술자산의 경우에는 기술료 사례 정보를 기반으로 하는 기술평가를 병행하여 수행해오고 있다. 지금까지 알려진 현금흐름할인 방법은 추정되어야 할 입력변수가 많아 기술평가시에 정교한 추정이 요구되고 있다. 또한 기술료 사례 정보를 근거로 하는 거래사례비교 방법이나 업종별 산업표준(industry norm)을 적용할 때에도 평가대상 기술자산과 보다 근사한거래사례가 적용되어야 하는 것은 농식품 산업분야에서도 동일하게 고려되어야 하는 문제이다. 농식품 산업에서 기술평가 시 활용되고 있는 주요입력변수는 경제적 수명주기, 농식품업종 관련 재무적 정보, 할인율, 기술기여율 등이며, 해당 평가기관에서는 기반 정보구축과자료 최신화를 주기적으로 수행해오고 있다. 본 연구에서는 농식품 산업에서의 기존의 기술평가 시 평가결과에 가장 중요한 영향 미치는 주요변수를 탐색하고, 기술평가 입력 정보의 최신화를 통해 도출된 참조 지원정보를 활용하여 기존의 대표 평가사례들의 평가결과가 어떤 변화가 발생하였는지를 분석하였다. 또한입력자료 최신화가 기술평가 결과에 미치는 단편적 정보제공을 보완하기 위한 방안을 제시하면서 기존평가 결과와 자료 현행화 이후의 기술평가 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 이러한 분석을 수행하기 위해서 과거 농식품 산업에서 수행되었던 기술평가 사례를 선별하고 이를 바탕으로 입력변수들에 대한 민감도 분석 방법과 주요 핵심변수를 활용한 시뮬레이션 분석방법을 적용하였다. 본 연구결과는 농식품 분야에서 기술평가 시에 활용되고 있는 입력변수들에대한 자료 최신화 필요성과 핵심입력변수 기반 구축에 대한 중요한 정책적 시사점, 그리고기술가치평가 결과에 대한 보다 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 사례는 공작기계산업의 A사에서 수행한 R&D 개발완료 과제 79건을 대상으로 R&D 효율성을 DEA를 활용하여 분석하고, 그 개선방안을 제시한 것이다. DEA 분석에서투입변수는 R&D 투자비와 연구인력 맨먼스, 산출변수는 개발기간 목표달성률과 예상매출액(5년간)으로 설정하였으며, 표본은 제품, 선행기술, 제어기술로 구분하여 분석하였다. 여기서선행기술은 제품성능을 위한 요소기술과 응용프로그램을 개발하는 것이고 제어기술은 컴퓨터를 토대로 수치제어 프로그램을 설계하는 것이다. 분석결과에 따르면 제품, 제어기술, 선행기술 순으로 효율적으로 운영되고 있어 선행기술의 효율성이 가장 낮았다. 그 이유는 선행기술의 불학실성에 기인한다. 선행기술은 개발목표를 정하기 어렵고 개발계획도 수립하기 어렵다. 심지어 운영하는 과정에도 환경변화가 영향을 미친다. 투자효율성 분석결과에서 CRS는 제품 34.6%, 선행기술 14.3%, 제어기술 38.9%이다. IRS는 제품 53.8%, 선행기술 85.7%, 제어기술 38.9%이다. DRS는 제품 11.5%, 선행기술0%, 제어기술 22.2%이다. 전체적으로 본 사례는 과다투입보다는 과소투입이 문제가 되고 있다. 이는 R&D 투자 부족을 의미한다. 주목할 부분은 기업의 미래 경쟁력이 될 수 있는 응용기술에 대한 과소투입이 심각하다는 것이다. 비효율적 DMU의 효율적 운영을 위해서는 최적의 투입량을 관리해야하며, 이것은 준거집단과의 비교를 통해 구할 수 있다.

The safety accident has been repeatedly abolished and resurrected according to the social atmosphere and the issue of the effectiveness of education has been constantly raised. As shown in [Figure 1], the training of the manager, During the ten years of revival due to the amendment of the law in 2007, the accident rate further increased. Industrial accidents often occur in combination with unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions. Unsafe behaviors are indispensable factors in the work that human beings engage in. In order to prevent accidents, it is imperative to establish systems and measures to understand the more obvious causes.

2016년 4월 7일, 식품의약품안전처에서 [제1차 당류 저감 종합계획]을 발표하였다. 발표 내용에 의하면 당류의 과잉 섭취는 국민 건강을 위협하고 과도한 사회비용을 야기할 수 있고, 우리 국민의 가공식품을 통한 당류 섭취량이 증가 하고 있어 선제적 관리가 필요하다고 한다. 우리 국민의 평균 당류 섭취량은 섭취기준 이내이지만 증가 추세이며 일 부 계층(어린이, 청소년, 청년층)의 가공식품을 통한 당류 섭취량은 기준을 초과한다고 밝혔다. 가공식품 중 당류 주요 급원식품은 음료류이며 음료류를 통한 당류 섭취비율은 증가추세에 있다고 한다. 따라서 식품의약품안전처는 ‘우리 국민의 당류 적정 섭취 유도 - 가공식품을 통한 당류 섭취량을 1일 열량의 10% 이내로 관리’를 2020년까지의 목표로 설정하고, 1) 덜 달게 먹는 식습관 유도, 2) 당류 저감식품 선택환경 조성, 3) 당 류 저감정책 추진기반 구축이라는 3대 핵심전략을 바탕으로 세부 과제를 추진하기 시작하였다. 이어서, 한국식품산업협회는 식품의약품안전처의 발표에 대하여 ‘식품산업계는 정부의 당류 저감 정책에 적극 참여 할 것’이라는 제목의 성명서를 발표한 바 있다. 식품산업계는 국민의 요구와 식품업계 수용 역량에 맞게 추진될 수 있 도록 적극 참여하고자 한다고 밝히고, 특히 우리나라 당류 섭취 수준이 다른 국가에 비해 아직 심각하지 않으나, 당류 과잉 섭취와 비만이 문제되고 있는 국제적인 상황에 선제적으로 국가적 노력을 추진코자 하는 정부의 발표에 식품산 업계의 뜻을 같이 하고자 한다고 하였다. 이에, 식품산업계는 다양한 제품 개발에 힘써 소비자들의 선택 폭을 넓히도 록 돕는 한편, 소비자들의 올바른 식생활 형성을 위한 과학적이고 객관적인 정보 전달과 건강한 생활을 지속할 수 있 도록 안전하고 균형잡힌 영양의 식품을 제공하기 위한 노력을 지속하겠다고 성명하였다. 현재, 식품산업협회에서는 음료류 제조업체들이 중심이 되어 ‘음료업계 공통의 당류 저감 계획(안)’을 마련하기 위 하여 활발한 협의가 진행되고 있으며, 논의가 되고 있는 당류 저감 전략은 다음과 같다. 음료업계의 당류 저감 전략은 1) 기존 제품의 당류 함량 저감 (Reformulation), 2) 저당 제품 개발 확대 (Innovation), 3) 소용량 포장 제품 확대 (Smaller Package), 4) 당류 저감 제품의 광고/홍보 증대 (Promotion)로 논의 되고 있다. 기존 제품에 대하여 저감화 우선 순위을 설정하여 순차적으로 당류 저감을 진행하는 한편, 저당 제품 개발의 확대를 위하 여 새로운 고감미료 및 무열량 당류 등의 신소재 원료 식품(첨가물)의 개발에 연구 및 투자를 하고 있다. 또한 기능성 워터 제품, 탄산수 제품, 블랙 커피 제품과 소용량 포장 제품을 확대하여 판매/공급하면서 이러한 당류를 줄인 제품에 대한 광고/홍보비를 증대하는 등의 과제를 계속 시행 및 추가 계획하고 있다. 음료업계는 소비자의 기호에 맞는 제품을 제공하는 것 뿐만 아니라 우리 국민의 균형된 식생활을 돕기 위해 당류의 적정 섭취에 도움이 되는 제품들 개발/판매에 노력을 더 할 것으로 기대한다. 결과적으로, 음료업계를 포함한 식품산업계는 우리 국민이 당류 적정 섭취를 통한 건강한 식생활을 유지할 수 있도 록, 당류를 줄인 제품을 어디서든 쉽게 선택할 수 있도록 하는데 노력하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

Monopolistic mechanisms can be detected in China in many respects through Chinese internet monopolists would outperform their peers in the US or the EU by. The Chinese government endeavors to keep its Internet industry globally competitive and thus authorities involved in antitrust activities tend to tolerate the oligopolistic structure of the market. This is evidenced most obviously in the repression of competitors in certain fields, e.g., ‘Baidu,’ the ‘Chinese Google,’ in the field of IT-services – leading to a stricter regime of monopoly control in terms of substantial law. However, in the course of enforcement, various legal and practical challenges impede the efficiency of these measures. This paper analyses existing competition law enforcement and proposes effective application of antitrust law for its enforcement in the Internet industry under present Chinese law.

Cultural industry has grown into a pivotal part of the knowledge economy and it characteristically allows high employment of young population with high education and at the same time is a labor-intensive industry that yields high added values. For these reasons, it has been regarded as an industry that can be an answer to ever worsening problems of youth unemployment and deteriorating employment quality in the service industry sector. The Korean government has established and enacted government-level supporting policies to foster the cultural industry, especially in the 2000s. In the process, a supporting system for start-up businesses in the cultural industry was implemented to foster one-person culture businesses, focusing on the supporting system for start-up businesses established by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA). This study will look into possible solutions to some problems that occurred in the course of implementing supporting policies for cultural industry and will see if there could be alternatives to them.

Pear is a representative fruit crop of high economic value in Taiwan. The pear varieties, cultivated in Taiwan are of Asian-type. The total amount of planted pears declined to 5,575 ha, and the production volume was 134,549 tons in Taiwan. The major pear cultivation areas were located Taichung (3,649 ha) these a amount to 65% of the total pear cultivation areas There are three production systems; the first system could be broadly categorized into Japanese pears, whose cultivars grown in high-altitude areas, and the second and third systems were used lower chilling requirement pear and top-grafted pear production method in the low-altitude area. Top graft pear, the main pear production system of Taiwan, is a unique pear production system in the world. Pear fruits were produced by grafting the scions, whose flower buds differentiations were completed in the high-altitude area of Taiwan, Japan or China. These flower buds were grafted on the water sprout of ‘Hengshan’ in the low-altitude areas from January to February. In other to use top-graft, the large amount of scion imports from Japan and china. Top-grafting pears could be harvested from early May, and their harvesting periods were from June to July. The Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute and the Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station have developed low-chilling requirement Varieties that can be grown in low-altitude areas; Such as ‘Tainung No. 1, No. 2, No. 3’, ‘Taichung No. 1, No. 2, No. 3’. In high-altitude areas, the main variety of cultivated is ‘Shinseiki’, and Low-altitude areas, the main varieties cultivated are ‘Housi’ and ‘shinko’.