Oil dispersants using polyoxyethylene monooleate, polyoxyethylene oleylether, and poly(oxypropylene-oxyethylene)glycol block copolymer were prepared, and oil dispersant efficiency was measured using vertical shaking flask method to 4 kinds of Bunker B oil with different physical properties by appling the prepared dispersants. Although the dispersant efficiency was differed according to the differences of physical properties of Bunker B oil, the dispersant prepared using polyoxyethylene oleylether was the most effective to disperse the oil into water. The impurities like surfur contained in sample oil have to be removed by filteration to obtain the correct degree of absorption using UV spectrophotometer.

The fatty acid, all cis-δ5,11,14-C20:3, in the Gingko nuts oils, was isolated and, purified by urea-adduct method, silver ion silica gel chromatography and HPLC equipped with reversed phase μ-Bondapak C18 column. Its structural elucidation was conducted by IR and 1H-, 13C-NMR technique. The fatty acid composition of seed oils mainly consists of linoleic acid(37.73%), vaccenic acid(18.30%), oleic acid(15.18%), palmitic acid(3.37%), palmitoleic acid(3.37%) and δ5 NMDB fatty acids(8.50%) in which all cis-δ5,11,14-C20:2 predominates.

Levels of total lipids in the seeds of three species of the Pinaceae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were also analyzed by a gas-chromatograph equipped with a capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The results are summarized as follows: Lipid contents of the seeds amounted to 56.9% in P. koraiensis, 29.9% in P. thunbergii, and 21.2% in P. rigida. In all lipids 19~20 fatty acid were detected and, surprisingly, fatty acids having δ5-non-methylene interrupted conjugate double bond such as δ5, 9-C18:2,δ5, 9, 12-C18:3 and δ5, 11, 14-C20:3 occurred in appreciable amounts. In the lipids of P. koraiensis, the main component was C18:2Ω6(45.0%), followed by C18:1Ω 9(26.9%) and δ5, 9, 12-C18:3(14.6%), and then δ5, 9-C18:2(2.2%) and δ5, 11, 14-C20:3 were also present. Levels of saturated fatty acid such as C16:0 and C18:0 were as low as 7.5%. The seed oil of P. thunbergii predominantly comprised C18:2Ω6(45.2%), and was then occupied by equal amounts δ5, 9, 12-C18:3(18.1%) and C18:1Ω9(18.1%). Its δ5, 11, 14-C20:3(5.8%) level was the highest in the samples tested. δ5, 9-C18:2(2.8%) was also detected with other minor components. In the oils from the seeds of P. rigida, C18:2Ω6 was present as a main component, accompanied by C18:1Ω9(21.6%) and δ5, 9, 12-C18:3(20.3%). The latter showed higher level than in any other samples. A minor component corresponding to δ5, 9, 12, 15-C18:4(not confirmed by GC-Mass) occurred in P. thunbergii and P. rigida.

In this paper, the behaviour of cavitation erosion, influence of corrosion and corrosion control on slide bearing metals for internal combustion engine were investigated, and this experiment was done by the vibratory cavitation erosion tester. The main results obtained are as follows: 1. With decreasing the space between horn and specimen, the weight loss and its rate increased step by step. But the weight loss and its rate of 0.2mm space decreased conversely more than that of 0.4mm space at early stage. 2. The weight loss and its rate with change of pH were appeared to the order of pH2>pH12>pH7>pH4. And the weight loss and its rate at pH 4 decreased at best. 3. The weight loss and its rate by cavitation erosion for bearing metals were shown to the order of W.M7>W.M1>K.M4. 4. There appeared mainly small pit hole at pH2, and appeared the pit of netting thread type at pH12 by the results of the damaged surfaces at pH2 and pH12 environments that were sensitive to cavitation erosion. 5. With increasing the viscosity of lubricating oil, the weight loss rate by cavitation erosion became dull at the space below 0.5mm. 6. The protective efficiency of cavitation erosion-corrosion is superior inhibitor of chormate(25 ppm) to cathodic protection.

이 연구는 ‘시원함’의 의미를 지니는 날씨 표현 한국어 형용 사의 유의어 양상을 살피는 것이다. 국립국어원의 표준국어대사전과 유의어 사전을 바탕으로 현행 한국어 교재의 형용사 출현 빈도를 통 해 유의어를 추출하였다. 추출한 유의어를 대상으로 국립국어원의 한 국어 학습자 원시 말뭉치와 일기예보에서 사용된 유의어들의 형태와 빈도를 살펴봄으로써 현행 한국어 교재가 날씨 표현에 있어 언어 실 생활을 얼마나 반영하고 있는지를 살피는 것에 목적이 있다. 또한 한 국어 학습자들의 발화 양상은 학습자들의 학습 도구인 교재와 밀접한 관련이 있으므로 날씨를 나타내는 냉각 표현 형용사의 학습 도구 개 발의 필요성을 제시하는 데 의의가 있다.

뇌혈관 질환은 우리나라의 주요 10대 사망 원인 중 3대 사인에 해당하며, 이러한 질환은 동맥경화와 관 련이 있으므로 동맥경화를 예측할 수 있는 인자의 진단 방향의 제시가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 연령대별 상완-발목동맥 맥파전달속도와 뇌동맥 혈관 협착 및 혈압, 비만도, 복부비만과의 유의성을 평가하였으며, 뇌동맥 혈관 협착과 연령대별 유의성 평가는 50대의 연령대에서만 유의한 결과를 나타내었으며, 동맥경화의 위험인자인 혈압, 비만, 복부비만의 경우 전체 연령대에서 유의한 결과를 나타내었다. 그리고 상완-발목 동맥 맥파전달속도가 상승하였을 경우, 뇌동맥 혈관 협착은 전체 1,376명중 788명으로 57.2%의 분포를 나타내었으며, 위험인자인 혈압의 경우, 전체 7,557명중 3,255명으로 43%, 비만도는 2,708로 35.8%, 복부비만은 2,941명으로 38.9%의 분포를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 상완-발목동맥 맥파전달속도 검사 시, 동맥경화가 의심된다면 우선적으로 뇌동맥 혈관 협착을 의심하고 뇌동맥 혈관 검사를 시행할 것을 권한다. 동맥경화의 위험인자인 혈압, 비만, 복부비만과의 유의성 평가를 통하여 향후 유사 연구 시, 기초자료로 활용될 것이라고 사료된다.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the differences in use between the English adjectival synonyms distant and remote through COCA(The Corpus of Contemporary American English), and to assess Korean college students’ understanding of distant/remote+noun combinations. The major findings of the paper are summarized as follows. First, The adjective distant is mostly used with space/place nouns, while remote is mainly used with information/communication/ computer-related or abstract nouns. Second, according to nouns which they occur together with, the two adjectives sometimes have (almost) the same meaning (e.g. distant/remote island), and sometimes a considerably different meaning (e.g. distant/remote office). Third, the same noun is sometimes used in different meanings (e.g. distant/remote connection), depending on whether it is used with which one of the two adjectives. Fourth, the overall average score of the subjects was as low as 45.2%, and the average score by type was 62.6%(remote+noun), 56.6%(distant+noun), and 16.4% (distant-remote+noun).

This study was conducted to evaluate roughage to concentrate ratio on the changes of productivity and metabolic profiling in milk. Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups, T1 group was fed low-concentrate diet (Italian ryegrass to concentrate ratio = 8:2) and T2 group was fed high-concentrate diet (Italian ryegrass to concentrate ratio = 2:8). Milk samples were collected and its components and metabolites were analyzed by 1H-NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). The result of milk components such as milk fat, milk protein, solids-not-fat, lactose and somatic cell count were not significantly different between two groups. In carbohydrate metabolites, trehalose and xylose were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group, however lactose was not significantly different between two groups. In amino acid metabolites, glycine was the highest concentration however, there was no signifi-cant difference observed between two groups. Urea and methionine were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the T2 group. In lipid metabolites, carnitine, choline and O-acetylcarnitine there were no significant difference observed between the two groups. In benzoic acid metabolites, tartrate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. In organic acid metabolites, acetate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group and fumarate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. In the other metabolites, 3-methylxanthine was only significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group and riboflavin was only significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group. As a result, milk components were not significantly different between two groups. However, metabolites concentration in the milk was significantly different depends on roughage to concentrate ratio.

수공구조물 설계시 실측 유량의 자료 부족으로 홍수량의 빈도해석 결과보다는 강우자료를 수집하여 강우-유출 관계에 따라 산정된 설계강우량을 이용하여 특정 빈도에 해당하는 설계 홍수량을 사용하는 것이 일반적이다. 과거에는 첨두유량 산정을 위하여 합리식과 같은 경험식을 이용하였으나 지속기간이 장기화됨에 따라 실제 사상과는 다른 유출양상이 나타나게 되므로 확률강우량 시간분포의 정확성이 중요하게 되었다. 현재 실무에서는 설계강우량의 시간분포 방법으로 Huff의 4분위 방법 중 3분위를 사용하고 있으며 분위별 곡선에 대한 회귀식은 지속기간 전반에 걸쳐 정확도가 높은 이유로 6차식을 적용하고 있다. 그러나 통계 모델링에서는 간결함의 원리에 따라 회귀식이 간결할 필요가 있으며, 통계적 유의수준에 기초하여 회귀계수를 결정할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기상청 관할 69개 강우관측지점을 대상으로 설계강우량의 시간분포 방법으로 사용되고 있는 Huff 4분위 방법의 시간분포 회귀식에 대한 유의성 검정을 실시하였다. 기상청 관할 69개 강우관측지점의 Huff 4분위 방법의 시간분포 회귀식의 유의성 검정결과 대부분의 지점에서 4차식까지 회귀계수가 유의한 것으로 나타나 통계학적으로 Huff의 4분위 방법의 시간분포 회귀식은 4차까지만 고려하여도 무방한 것으로 분석되었다.

The chemical kinetics of steam reforming of polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) pyrolysis oil were studied using a ruthenium-based catalyst. The experiments were performed in a tubular flow reactor at temperatures of 530-680°C, Weight Hourly Space Velocities (WHSVs) of 0.453-7.916 h−1, and different steam and pyrolysis oil gas-phase concentrations. The activation energy of steam reforming of polypropylene oil and polystyrene oil is 136 and 142 kJ/mol, respectively. The reaction orders of polypropylene and polystyrene oils were 0.42 and 0.37, respectively. Conversions of polypropylene and polystyrene oils were 2.0-50.3 and 1.9-45.3%, respectively. Indeed, a Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism requiring the dissociative adsorption of pyrolysis oil and steam at two different sites on plastics appeared to be the most plausible pathway for the steam reforming reaction.

2012년 현재, 국내 광공업 중 자동차 및 트레일러 제조업, 금속가공제품 제조업 등 금속가공을 필요로 하는 사업체는 전체 광공업 사업체 중 약 40%를 차지하고 있으며, 이와 같은 금속가공 과정에서 필요로 하는 것이 절삭유이다. 그러나 절삭유 내에는 50~80% 정도의 미네랄 오일 외에 amins, carboxylates, chlorine, glycols와 같은 부식방지제, 안정제, 습윤제, 극압 첨가제 등 20여종 이상의 화학성분이 다량 함유되어 있으며, 인체에 지속적으로 노출 시 호흡기 자극, 천식, 폐렴, 피부염, 모낭염 및 피부암 등을 일으키게 된다. 또한 고농도의 유기성분이 함유되어 있으며 유기성분 외에도 금속가공유 내 함유된 암모니아성 질소는 수생태계에 방류되면 부영양화 및 녹조현상과 같은 문제를 일으키며, 수중에서 산화반응을 하여 아질산성 질소와 질산성 질소로 변화되면서 수계의 용존산소를 감소시켜 수계 내 오염을 일으켜 각별한 처리가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수용성 절삭유의 효율적인 처리를 위해 용성전극인 알루미늄과 SUS316전극을 이용하여 전극간격, 전압, NaCl 농도변화를 통해 암모니아성 질소 제거 효율에 미치는 영향을 검토하여, 전극 특성과 각 인자에 따른 제거양상을 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 시료는 수용성 절삭유 W1-1종을 초순수와 함께 5%(V/V) 희석하여 사용하였으며 성상은 Table 1과 같다. 장치구성은 반응조, 전극, 전원공급장치, 전압안정기(AVR)로 진행하였으며, 장치모식도는 다음 Fig. 1에 나타내었다.

Generally, metal working fluids (MWFs) are used to reduce friction in metalworking processes. In addition to mineral oils, MWFs contain many chemical substances, such as anticorrosive agents, extreme-pressure additives, and stabilizers, as well as high concentrations of organics and ammonia nitrogen. Accordingly, MWFs must be managed to advanced treatment for hydro-ecological conservation. This study investigated the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from MWFs according to operating time, applied voltage, distance between electrodes, and NaCl concentration using aluminum in a batch-type reactor. The experimental results were as follows: First, without NaCl, removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were 69.6%, 37.9%, and 22.7%, when the distance between electrodes was adjusted to 1, 4, and 7 cm, respectively, at 15 V for 60 min. Secondly, without NaCl, removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were 49.5 and 90.9% when the voltage was adjusted to 5 V and 10 V, respectively, for 60 min and 94.6% at 15 V for 40 min. Lastly, with the addition of NaCl 10 mM, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was 40.3% and 11.5% greater than that of no addition of NaCl at 5 V for 60 min and at 10 V for 30 min.

The chemical kinetics of the steam reforming of the pyrolysis oil of polypropylene (PP) over a ruthenium-based catalyst has been examined as a function of pyrolysis oil and steam partial pressures at various temperatures. The activation energy of steam reforming over Ru/Al2O3 catalyst is 136 kJ/mol, and the reaction orders of pyrolysis oil and steam are 0.42 and 0.24, respectively. Fitting the experimental data to the Langmuir?Hinshelwood expression shows that the steamreforming reaction probably proceeds via the dissociative adsorption of pyrolysis oil and steam on two different sites.

The seasonal variations of sea surface winds and significant wave heights were investigated using the data observed from the marine meteorological buoys (nine stations) and Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) in lighthouse (nine stations) around the Korean Peninsula during 2010~2012. In summer, the prevailing sea surface winds over the East/West Sea and the South Sea were northerly/southerly and easterly/westerly winds due to both of southeast monsoon and the shape of Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, the strong northerly winds has been observed at most stations near Korean marginal seas under northwest monsoon in winter. However, the sea surface winds at some stations (e.g. Galmaeyeo, Haesuseo in the West Sea) have different characteristics due to topographic effects such as island or coastal line. The significant wave heights are the highest in winter and the lowest in summer at most stations. In case of some lighthouse AWSs surrounded by islands (e.g. Haesuseo, Seosudo) or close to coast (e.g. Gangan, Jigwido), very low significant wave heights (below 0.5 m) with low correlations between sea surface wind speeds and significant wave heights were observed.

본 논문은 한국어 유의 관계 부사 중에서 정도부사의 교육 방안을 연구하고자 한다. 각 유의어군의 말뭉치(corpus)의 용례를 바탕으로 의미 변별 기준을 제시하고, 현재 한국어 교육에서 유의 관계 정도부사 교육현황과 사용실태를 살펴본다. 그리고 이 자료를 바탕으로 한국어 수업 시간에 활용할 수 있는 유의 관계 정도부사의 교육 방안을 마련하고자 한다.

The optimum annealing conditions of corn starch slurry were studied for RS4 type resistant starch production by phosphorylated cross-linking. When a corn starch slurry was cross-linked by using phosphate salts (STMP/STPP mixture) in the presence of 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5% NaOH/st.ds, a high concentration of NaOH resulted in a rapid increase of the RS contents at the early reaction stage. However, similar RS contents were obtained after 12 h of cross-linking regardless of NaOH concentrations. The annealing treatment was conducted under various conditions such as pH between 2-10, temperature 40-60℃, time 0-14 h followed by phosphorylated cross-linking. The lower slurry pH was for the annealing treatment, the higher RS contents were obtained after cross-linking. When the slurry annealed for various period of time and temperature, a maximal amount of RS was formed after 2 h of annealing at 50℃ of annealing temperature of the starch slurry (pH 2.0). Therefore, an optimal annealing conditions at pH 2.0 and 50℃ for 2 h were proposed under the cross-linking conditions of sodium sulfate 10%/st.ds, NaOH1.2%/st.ds and 12 h of the reaction time. The RS contents were linearly increased with the increase of phosphate salt addition. The RS4 prepared under the optimal conditions contained RS 72.3% and its phosphorus content was 0.36%/st.ds, which was below the limit (0.4%/st.ds) of modified starch by Korea Food Additives Code.