The phase stability of tetragonal phase in Y-TZP was investigated in terms of the distribution of grain sizes and heat-treating atmosphere. Y-TZP with various grain sizes were prepared using duration time at 1600℃ as experimental parameter. Accumulated grain size distributions were built from the SEM micrographs and the amount of tetragonal phase were measured using XRD. Both results were compared to determine the critical grain size before and after heat-treatment in vacuum. The critical grain size drastically decreased compared with the small increase of average grain size due to the autocatalytic effect which critically affects the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation. After heat-treatment in reductive atmosphere critical grain size relatively increased due to the stabilization of tetragonal phase. The formation of oxygen vacancies during heat-treatment was ascribed to the increase of stability.

The vacuum infiltration method is one of the composite producing methods. There are several parameters in composite production by vacuum infiltration. One of them is particle size of reinforcement in particulate reinforced composites. In this study, MgO powder and Al were used as reinforcement and matrix respectively. MgO powders with different size and amount to give same height were filled in quartz tubes and liquid metal was vacuum infiltrated into the MgO powder under same vacuum condition and for same time. Infiltration height was measured and microstructure and fracture behavior of composite were investigated. It has been found that infiltration height and fracture strength were increased with particulate reinforcement sizes. It has also been determined that molten metal temperature facilitates infiltration.

alloy powders were prepared using an industrial scale gas atomizer, followed by warm extrusion. The powders were almost spherical in shape. The microstructure of powders as atomized and bars as extruded was examined as a function of initial powder size distribution using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). The grain sizes were decreased with extruding as well as decreasing the initial powder sizes. Both the ultimate strength and elongation were enhanced as the initial powder sizes were decreased.

Core loss of soft magnetic powder cores have been focused on to achieve high efficiency of power supplies. In this study the effects of crystal grain size on core loss were investigated by changing heat treatment conditions. It was found that core loss is influenced by crystal grain size because eddy current loss decreased and hysteresis loss increased by making crystal grain size smaller, and it is also influenced by particle size.

Effect of phase transformation and grain-size variation of hot-pressed cobalt on its dry sliding wear was investigated. The sliding wear test was carried out against glass (83% SiO2) beads at 100N load using a pin-on-disk wear tester. Worn surfaces, cross sections, and wear debris were examined by an SEM. Phases of the specimen and wear debris were identified by an XRD. Thermal transformation of the cobalt from the hcp ε phase to the γ (fcc) phase during the wear was detected, which was deduced as the wear mechanism of the sintered cobalt.

In the paper, the influence of different particle size D:D>125μm, D<50μm and between on magnetic properties of a standardized dielectromagnetic is presented. The tests were taken at frequencies of between 50Hz, and 500Hz. Presented in the paper results provide important materials property data to allow the selection of the most appropriate dielectromagnetic particle size for different applications.

Discrete element analysis is used to map various log-normal particle size distributions into measures of the in-sphere pore size distribution. Combinations evaluated range from monosized spheres to include bimodal mixtures and various log-normal distributions. The latter proves most useful in providing a mapping of one distribution into the other (knowing the particle size distribution we want to predict the pore size distribution). Such metrics show predictions where the presence of large pores is anticipated that need to be avoided to ensure high sintered properties.

The particle size distribution and shape are among the important parameters for characterisation of quality of metal powders. Specific material properties such as ability to flow, reactivity as well as compressibility and its hardening potentials hence the most important characteristics of sintered metals - are determined by the size distribution and shape. The correct particle size distribution and particle shape information are the key to best product quality in atomisation processes of aluminium, milling of pure metals and other processes. This paper presents state-of-the-art technology for characterization of particle size distribution and shape.

토마토 펄라이트 자루재배법의 확립을 위한 기초 연구로, 입도분포가 다른 7가지 충진용 펄라이트를 대상으로 물리성 및 수분특성을 조사했다. S-1(1.2-5mm), S-2(0.15-5mm) 및 S-5(Parat No. 1)에서는 1.0-2.8mm의 입자 및 2.8mm 이상의 입자가 비교적 고르게 분포하였다. (1-3mm), S-4(Parat No. 2), S-6(OTAVI) 및 S-7(Agroperl B-3)에서는 1.0-2.8mm의 입자가 84.66, 58.67, 32.11 및 41.75%이었고, 2.8mm 이상의 입자가 8.85, 8.84, 15.73 및 22.26%로 비교적 대립이 적게 분포하였다. 특히, S-4, S-6 및 S-7은 1mm 이하의 입자가 많이 분포하였다. 공극률은 59~62% 정도로 제품간 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 용기용수량은 S-2에서 27.7%로 낮은 것을 제외하고는 35~40% 사이의 수치를 나타내었다. 모든 배지는 수분장력 0kPa에서는 약 60%정도의 수분을 보유하였으나 4.90kPa에서 급격히 감소하여, 식물이 쉽게 흡수할 수 있는 수분 량이 많았다. 물리적 특성을 조사한 7가지 배지 중에서 입도분포가 다른 3가지 배지 S-1, S-2 및 S-3에 대하여 자루재배 적응성을 평가하였다. 공시 토마토는 로꾸산마루(사카타종묘)이었다. 자루 규격은 길이 120×폭 34cm(배지량 40리터, 흑백PE비닐 두께 0.1mm)였다. 생육일수에 따라 일사량과 급액량 및 배액율을 조사한 결과, 배지간에 일정한 경향을 발견하기 어려웠으며, 처리간에 급액 및 배액의 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 배지 종류별 자루단면의 뿌리분포를 나타낸 결과, S-1과 S-2에서 S-3에 비해 뿌리 분포량이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 모든 처리에서 생육은 비슷하였다. 수량은 S-1 처리가 다른 처리에 비해 총수량이 8,628kg/10a로 다소 높았다. 과실 당도는 처리간 차이가 없이 4.9~5.1˚Brix 수준이었으며, 소형과와 기형과는 S-3에서 많이 나왔다. 이상 연구결과에서 입도분포가 1.2-5mm인 것이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다.

The amorphous alloy strip was pulverized to get a flake-shaped powder after annealing at for 90 min and subsequently ground to obtain finer flake-shaped powder by using a ball mill. The powder was mixed with polyimide-based binder of , and then the mixture was cold compacted to make a toroidal powder core. After crystallization treatment for 1 hour at , the powder was transformed from amorphous to nanocrystalline with the grain size of . Soft magnetic characteristics of the powder core was optimized at with the insulating binder of 3wt%. As a result, the powder core showed the outstanding magnetic properties in terms of core loss and permeability, which were originated from the optimization of the grain size and distribution of the insulating binder.

The growing oocytes become progressively capable of resuming meiosis, and full meiotic competence appear when they are about 80% of the size of fully grown oocytes. As hormonal influences vary at different stages of reproductive cycle, the size of oocytes may vary according to the reproductive stages. The present study was designed to compare the diameter between the ovulated and freshly collected immature canine oocytes. The ovulated oocytes were collected 72 hr after ovulation by oviductal tube flushing by laparotomy under general anesthesia. Immature oocytes were collected by ovarian slicing method. Diameter of all oocytes was measured directly using epiflurescence microscope with a calibrated micro-eyepiece micrometer at ×200 magnification. The thickness of zona pellucida and diameter of cytoplasm were measured separately and recorded. A total of 2209 zona intact oocytes were collected, among them 628 from anestrus, 675 from follicular, 838 from luteal and 68 by fallopian tubes flushing methods. The average number of oocytes was 104.7, 168.8, 119.7 and 11.3 for anestrus, follicular, luteal and fallopian tubes flushing methods, respectively. The average diameters of the ooplasm and oocyte were significantly varied in different reproductive stages as well as with ovulated oocytes (P<0.05). The average diameter of ooplasm and oocyte was 115.6 and 127.7, 143.0 and 162.0, 134.6 and 150.6, 159.6 and 185.6 for anestrus, follicular, luteal and ovulated oocytes, respectively. Highest number of oocytes with larger diameter could be collected from the follicular and luteal stages. In conclusion, the follicular and luteal ovaries are the best sources of oocytes for canine IVM.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of expansion joint spacing (slab size) on the life cycle costs of owning Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) airfield pavements. Previous research has shown that slab size has a statistically significant impact on pavement performance. A probabilistic life cycle cost analysis was performed to determine if the effect of slab size on pavement performance would affect the total cost of ownership of PCC pavements. Data from 48 Pavement Condition Index (PCI) inspections of military and civilian airfields were used to develop probability-of-distress-by-condition curves, which were then used to develop probabilistic cost-of-repair-by-condition curves. A present worth life cycle cost analysis was then performed for various slab sizes, using construction costs, rehabilitation costs, and maintenance costs. Maintenance costs were determined by assuming a condition deterioration rate appropriate for each slab size and applying the cost-by-condition curves. The probabilistic cost-of-repair-by-condition curves indicated that smaller slabs are more expensive to repair on a unit cost basis. Life cycle cost analysis showed that larger slabs have a higher total cost of ownership than smaller slabs due to a faster rate of deterioration.

The present study investigates the behavior of the sintering and hardness of stainless steel samples reinforced with NbC and TaC. Matrixes of pure stainless steel were compacted with addition of up to 3% wt NbC or TaC in a cylindrical die of steel at 700 MPa and sintered in an electrical resistance furnace under argon atmosphere. The sintered samples were characterized by density and hardness measurement, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preliminary results show that the size and distribution of carbides influence in the sintering and hardness of the sintered samples.

The MIM technology is an alternative process for fabricating near net shape components that usually uses gas atomised powders with small size (< 20 μm) and spherical shape. In this work, the possibility of changing partially or totally spherical powder by an irregular and/or coarse one that is cheaper than the former was investigated. In this way, different bronze 90/10 components were fabricated by mixing three different types of powder, gas and water atomised with different particle sizes, in order to evaluate how the particle shape and size affect the MIM process.

The linear intercept (LI) method was used to quantitatively measure the intercepts of WC grains in nano-grained WC-10Co hardmetal. When the surveyed intercept numbers of WC grain exceeded 200, the statistic data for the mean grain size of WC were reproduced. The discriminative minimal grain size of used LI method was 12 nm; the maximum intercept of WC grain was 109 nm; the average intercept of WC grains was 45 nm and the corresponding 3D mean grain size of WC was 70 nm which is agreeable with the XRD outcome.