아이코사노이드는 곤충의 다양한 세포성 면역 반응을 중개한다. 본 연구는 면역반응에 따라 혈구세포 밀도 변화에 대한 아이코사노이드의 새로운 중개 기능을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 5령충은 세균 감염에 따라 2 시간이 지나면 총혈구수의 현격한 증가를 보였다. 이 총혈구수 증가는 주로 부정형혈구와 소구형혈구 밀도의 증가로 해석되었다. 파밤나방 유충에 phospholipase A2 (PLA2) 억제자인 dexamethasone을 처리하면 세균 처리에 의한 총혈구수 변화가 일어나지 않았다. 하지만 dexamethasone을 처리한 유충에 PLA2의 촉매산물인 arachidonic acid를 첨가하면 총혈구수 증가가 회복되었다. 이러한 혈구 밀도 변화에 원인으로서 아이코사노이드 종류를 추적하기 위해 cyclooxygenase (COX)의 억제자인 naproxene을 처리한 결과 총혈구수 증가가 억제되고, lipoxygenase (LOX)의 억제자인 esculetin을 처리하면 총혈구수 증가가 유지되어 COX 산물이 세균 침입에 따른 총혈구수 증가에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. COX의 생산물인 prostaglandin E2(PGE2)를 세균 없이 단독으로 처리할 때도 총혈구수의 뚜렷한 증가를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 파밤나방의 세포성 면역반응 과정에서 총혈구수 증가를 중개하는 아이코사노이드의 새로운 기능을 제시하고 있다.

우리나라에서 가장 우점하는 BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus)에 의한 국내 육성 청보리 품종의 저항성 정도에 따른 생육 및 수량 피해를 조사하였다. 바이러스 감염 검정에서 선우는 BaYMV와 BaMMV (Barley mild mosaicvirus)에 감염되어 있었으나 영양보리와 유연보리는 BaYMV에만 감염된 것으로 나타났다. 병징 발생정도에 따라 선우와 유연보리가 각각7~9와 5의 이병 정도를 보였으며 저항성 품종인 영양은 3정도의 저항성이 조사 되었다. 월동 후 초장과 분얼 경수의 생육을 조사한 결과품종별 저항성 정도에 따라 14.6~32.9%의 신장억제율을 보였으며, 생육 후기의 분얼 경수 단축률은 8.7~19.7%로 낮아지는 결과를 보였다.수량구성 요소의 피해를 건전포장 결과와 비교했을 때 중도 저항성과 감수성 품종에서 저항성 품종에 비해 간장에서 특히 큰 차이가 났으며, 수량 구성요소인 간장, 수수 및 수장 등을발병포장과 건전포장에서 수확한 재료에 대해조사하였다. 간장 단축 피해율을 조사한 결과영양보리는 14.5%가, 유연 및 선우보리는 각각24.8%와 42.7%의 신장 피해를 보였다. 수장과수수에 대한 조사 결과에서도 간장의 피해정도와 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 수장과 수수는 품종의 저항성 정도에 따라 각각 8.9~21.3%와 24.3~31.0%의 감소율을 보였다. 총체 건물 수량성을 조사한 결과 저항성 정도에 따라 건전 포장에 비해 21.6~58.0% 감소를 보여 바이러스 감염에 의해 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 특히, 감수성이 큰 선우보리에서는 건전포장의 8.0톤/ha에비해 58.0%의 감소 피해를 나타내었다. 종실수량은 약 30.0~61.2%의 감소율로 총체 수량의피해와 비슷한 결과였다. 감수성인 선우보리에서 감염포장에서 60% 이상의 종실 수량이 감소하여 가장 큰 피해정도를 나타내었다.

Dispersion characteristics of respiratory droplets are important in controlling transmission of airborne diseases indoors. This study investigated the spatial concentration distribution and temporal evolution of exhaled and sneezed/coughed droplets in a ventilated hospital ward. The viability function of airborne bacteria was experimentally determined and encorporated into an air infection model with calculated results to estimate exposures and infection probability to the bacteria. The diffusion, gravitational settling and deposition mechanism of particulate matter were accounted by using an Eulerian modeling approach. The simulation results indicated that the ventilation flow was found to play a significant role in aerosol transport, leading to different spatial distribution patterns in infection droplet. The smaller size of infection droplet caused higher chance of ventilation from the outlet. The possibility of the proposed exposure estimation into the dose–response model for infection risk assessment was discussed. The infection probability is broadly different from 10^-6 to 7.2% by receptor's position and location and size of infection droplet conditions.

Sparganosis is a rare parasitic disease caused by the infection of plerocercoid tapeworm larvae of the genus Spirometra. Up to date many cases of oral sparganosis had been diagnosed from biopsy specimens in Korea, however, in this study a 14 years old male showed an oral sparganosis in his buccal nodule producing its eggs, which were extruded through the ulcerated surface of buccal nodule. In the cytological observation for the pus‐like exudates many ovoid parasite eggs were found with a lot of inflammatory cells, which were mostly composed of eosinophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The eggs were measured about 50x50x80 μm, and had an operculum without opercular shoulder. In the subsequent biopsy examination the buccal nodule disclosed a diffuse granulomatous lesion with tunnel‐like spaces containing eosinophilic materials of parasite tegument, also infiltrated with a lot of eosinophilic PMNs. Therefore, we diagnosed it oral sparganosis producing its eggs with the characteristic features of sparganum granuloma in the cytological and histological observations, and also suggested that the cytological finding of parasitic eggs would be helpful to confirm the parasitic infection of sparganum matured enough to produce its eggs.

The present study was evaluated the antibacterial effect of the combination of Coptidis rhizoma, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischet, Schizandra chinensis and Corni Fructus(1:1:1) extracts(CGSC10). Furthermore, the effectiveness of CGSC10, sodium chlorate, and the combination of CGSC10 and sodium chlorate(CGSCS10) against E. coli O157:H7 infection was studied using ICR female mice. During the incubation period, the dose of 5, 10, and 20% CGSC10 was inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 by 34.7, 60.2, and 76.4%, respectively. For 7 days after single challenge with E. coli O157:H7, forty female ICR mice were divided into four experimental groups which were administered in drinking water with saline, 10% CGSC10, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10, respectively. On the 3rd day, the number of E. coli O157:H7 in mouse feces was significantly decreased by administration of CGSC10, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10 (p < 0.001). On the 7th day-after administration, CGSC10, sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10 were decreased the number of E. coli O157:H7 by 27.1, 67.7, and 83.3%, respectively. According to the results of the present study, administration of CGSCS10 to mice can reduce the severity of E. coli O157:H7 infection. In addition, it is suggested that CGSCS10 represents a good candidate for the treatment of enteric infections in domestic animals.

It has been suggested that Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infections can promote the development and progression of gastric cancer through the modulation of cell cycle regulators such as p27Kip1 and Skp2. p27Kip1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that blocks the G1/S transition necessary for cell cycle progression. Skp2 is a component of the ubiquitin ligase complex called SCFSkp2(SKP1-Cullin-F-box), which specifically binds and promotes the degradation of p27Kip1. A low level of p27Kip1 and a high level of Skp2 have been reported in many types of cancers, including gastric cancer. In addition, a decrease in p27Kip1 has been reported in H. pylori-infected specimens. However, data on Skp2 in H. pylori infections are limited. This study examines the changes in the status of Skp2 in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. For this, we stimulated AGS cells with H. pylori(NCTC 11637) at the ratio of 300:1(bacterium:cell) for 6 hours. The results of an immunoprecipitation analysis, followed by a western blot, indicate that the interaction between Skp2 and 14-3-3 was elevated 3 hours after the H. pylori treatment. In addition, there was an increase in cytoplasmic Skp2 after 3 hours, whereas there was no change in the nuclear level. Since it has been reported that interaction with 14-3-3 and the subsequent cytoplasmic translocation of Skp2 can increase its protein stability, increases in the interaction with 14-3-3 and the cytoplasmic Skp2 after the H. pylori treatment can increase the level of Skp2 in AGS cells. This phenomenon may explain, at least to some extent, the mechanism underlying the relationship between H. pylori infections and gastric carcinogenesis.

The present study was investigated the antibacterial effect of several sodium salts and the sodium salt mixture composed with sodium chlorate, sodium azide and sodium cyanide on Salmonella gallinarum (S. gallinarum) infection in murine derived macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In the infection assay of S. gallinarum in macrophage cells pretreated with 15 mM sodium chlorate, 0.3 mM sodium cyanide, 0.3 mM sodium azide and the sodium salt mixture (15 mM sodium chlorate, 0.3 mM sodium cyanide, 0.3 mM sodium azide), respectively, the numbers of S. gallinarum in all treated-groups tended to decrease in the process of time after treatment, but the group treated with sodium cyanide was no significant difference compared with control. After 24 hours of treatment, the number of S. gallinarum in sodium azide (p<0.05), sodium chlorate (p<0.001) and the sodium salt mixture (p<0.001) treated-group was significantly decreased compared with control, and that in the sodium salt mixture treated-group was decreased the higher than all groups. The results of this study demonstrated that the sodium salt mixture composed with sodium chlorate, sodium azide and sodium cyanide, has the antimicrobial activity for S. gallinarum and may be beneficial on the control of intracellular pathogens.

Seropositivity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was measured by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) on sera from 323 horses raised in Jeju. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was applied for the confirmation of its availability as a tool of detecting anti-JEV antibodies in horses. The positive rate scored 50.4%. The positive rates were increased according to ages. The highest peak was shown at October. And Jeju Ponies showed higher positivity compared to thoses of Thoroughbred horses. When compared the results obtained by HI and ELISA, there was slight correlations between the two methods (r=0.7100). Besides, ELISA could discriminate between true and false positive sera by neutralizing serum specimen with JEV antigen.

14-3-3 is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein family. It associates with diverse cellular proteins through its specific phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-binding activity and thus contributes to the regulation of crucial cellular processes such as metabolism, signal transduction, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, protein trafficking, transcription and stress responses. This study aims to determine changes in levels of 14-3-3 isoforms and 14-3-3 - associated proteins in Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. AGS cells were stimulated with H. pylori(NCTC 11637) at the ratio of 300:1(bacterium:cell). Western blot analysis revealed that 14-3-3 σ was elevated at 3 hr after H. pylori treatment. Other isoforms were not significantly affected by H. pylori infection. Using immunoprecipitation to 14-3-3 σ, followed by proteomic analysis, we found that S phase kinase associated protein isoform 2 bound to 14-3-3 σ has increased. In contrast, three proteins (DEAD-box polypeptide 3, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 and WD repeat-containing protein isoform 1) bound to 14-3-3 decreased by H. pylori infection. Our results suggest that 14-3-3 may play an important regulatory role in H. pylori-induced signal transduction in gastric epithelial cells.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a causative agent of erysipelas in avian and mammalian species globally. Eight dead 5-week-old Ross broiler chickens were submitted for diagnostic tests in September 2005. Typical signs including white necrotic foci on the liver, focal congestion of the pancreas, severe atrophy and hardening of the bursa of Fabricius were detected. E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from haemorrhagic lung samples. However, no specific PCR product for the viral diseases tested was detected in these chicken samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of E. rhusiopathiae in broiler chickens in Korea.

본 연구의 목적은 공기감염성 가축질병 유발의 주요 인자인 부유 세균 및 바이러스 등의 생물학상 인자들에 대한 유형별 공기청정기의 제균 효과를 비교 평가하는 데 있다. 시료 채취 장비에 대한 포집 성능 평가에서는 MS2 바이러스와 Pseudomonas fluorescens 모두 Button sampler보다는 Biosampler에 의한 채취 효율이 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 공기청정기 유형 및 시료채취 방법에 관계없이 MS2 바이러스의 경우 초기 농도 대비 가동 후 5분에 50% 이상, 15분에 70% 이상, 30분에 80% 이상, 그리고 마지막 측정 시점인 60분에는 90% 이상의 제거 효율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. P. fluorescens 세균의 경우 초기 농도 대비 가동 후 5분에 45% 이상, 15분에 50% 이상, 30분에 70% 이상, 그리고 마지막 측정 시점인 60분에는 75% 이상의 제거 효율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 유형별 공기청정기의 상대적 제균 효율을 비교해 보면 MS2 바이러스의 경우 이온 발생 방식>전기 집진 방식>습식 방식>건조 방식, P. fluorescens 세균의 경우 전기 집진 방식>이온 발생 방식>건조 방식>습식 방식의 순서로 조사되었다.

담배가루이는 열대성 난방제 해충으로 국내에서는 1998년 장미 재배지에서 처 음 발생하였으며, 시설재배지의 화훼 및 채소류에 큰 피해를 주고 있다. 2008년 9 월 하순경 경북 성주군 대가면 참외 시설 재배지(위도 35° 53‘ 10.96“, 경도 128° 11‘ 64.10“)에서 곤충병원성곰팡이에 자연적으로 집단 감염된 담배가루이 성충이 발견되었다. 채집된 감염성충에서 포자를 순수 분리한 후 분리된 균주에 대하여 형태적 관찰과 유전자 분석한 결과 Isaria fumosorosea로 동정되었다. 분리된 I. fumosorosea-S08은 SDA+Y배지에서 계대 배양(균총 직경 45㎜/14day)하였으며, colony는 회색이었다. 직립한 분생자병은 직경이 1.6㎛로 크기가 5.3×2.1㎛인 long stipe을 지닌 4～6개의 phialide를 가지며, phialide 위의 분생포자는 투명한 타원형의 긴 체인형태로서 크기는 3.0×1.8㎛이었다. 균주의 정확한 동정을 위해 5.8S rDNA와 ITS 염기 서열을 분석하고 NCBI 검색 결과 radial root dentrogram 상에서 I. fumosorosea와 같은 cluster에 있음을 확인하였다. I. fumosorosea는 1999년 국내 처음 토양에서 분리되었으나 담배가루이로부터 분리된 것은 이번이 처음이다.

Salmonellosis is the commonest zoonosis worldwide that generally causes enterocolitis and foodborne poisoning which represents a considerable public health burden. Salmonella spp. are potential enteric pathogens and intracellularly replicates in host cells resulting in chronic infections. The medical treatments for salmonellosis have been difficult yet and had a serious problem including the increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance. The present report was designated to investigate the antibacterial effects of Saururus chinensis Baill ethanol extract (SCEE) on pure culture and infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) in murine derived macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In determination of antibacterial activity of SCEE against S. typhimurium, bacterial viability was markedly decreased compared to the control. Also, SCEE significantly induced morphological change (p<0.05) of RAW 264.7 cells. In infection assay of S. typhimurium in RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with 100㎍/㎖ of SCEE, which is a non-cytotoxic concentration, bacterial uptake ability of macrophage was increased corresponding with morphological change, whereas bacterial survival rates within macrophage were markedly reduced compared with untreated control. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) production in SCEE-treated cells was slightly increased until 2 h but showed a tendency of decrease after 4 h until 24 h post infection compared with untreated control with S. typhimurium infection. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that SCEE has the antibacterial activity for S. typhimurium and the protective effects against S. typhimurium infection through activating murine macrophage independent on NO, suggesting that SCEE may be beneficial on the disease caused by intracellularly replicating pathogens as a safe alternatives of conventional chemotherapies.

충남 논산시, 부여군 시설딸기재배지에서 2010년 4∼5월에 40개의 포장의 토양 을 채집하여 식물기생선충을 조사한 결과 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충이 우점선충 이었으며 각각 32.5%, 52.5%의 검출율을 보였으며, 평균 밀도는 토양 100g당 뿌 리혹선충은 49마리(J2), 뿌리썩이선충은 328마리였다. 이중 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩 이선충이 동시에 감염된 포장은 11개포장으로 27.5%를 보였다. 뿌리혹선충과 뿌 리썩이선충이 동시에 감염된 유기농 딸기 포장의 선충 밀도는 정식시(2009. 9. 7.) 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충은 각각 24, 23마리/토양100g에서 5개월후에는 25.8 배(629마리) 24.3배(559마리) 증가하여 피해를 주었다. 두 선충이 감염된 포장의 딸기는 태양열 토양 소독으로 선충을 방제한 포장의 딸기에 비해 지상부 생육과 뿌리의 발달이 저조하였다.

최근 우리나라 남서해안지역을 중심으로 벼 줄무늬잎마름병 발생이 크게 증가 하여 피해를 주고 있다. 벼 줄무늬잎마름병은 벼 줄무늬잎마름바이러스(RSV) 병 원체를 보독한 애멸구가 기주인 벼를 흡즙하면서 매개하여 전염시키는 것으로 알 려져 있다. 최근 우리나라에서 벼 줄무늬잎마름병이 많이 발생하는 원인으로 애멸 구 방제 미흡, 벼 조기이앙 및 직파재배, 감수성 품종 재배, 동절기 기온상승 등 월 동조건, 애멸구 비래량 증가, 논 주변 중간기주식물의 영향, 바이러스의 병원성 변 화 등이 제기되고 있다. 그러나 병 발생의 직접적 원인이 되는 애멸구 보독충률 및 발생량과 벼 줄무늬잎마름병의 발생면적과의 관계가 충분히 설명되고 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 매개충인 애멸구의 벼 줄무늬잎마름병 감염력을 검토하기 위하여 감염능력이 서로 다른 유전적 변이 집단을 선발하고자 하였다.

The origin of squamous cell components in salivary gland tumor has been not yet clarified in detail. The squamous cell differentiation from adenocarcinoma has been reported in various carcinoma by HPV transfection in vitro. The adenocarcinoma cells adjacent to the squamous cell carcinoma components were positive for HPV. This is thought to indicate that after adenocarcinoma cells are transfected with HPV, they undergo morphological changes, and that squamous cell differentiation follows. The purpose of this study were to examine the effects of HPV-16 E6/E7 gene transfection into SGT cell line from human salivary gland adenocarcinoma, and to study the relation between the E6/E7 gene and squamous differentiation. Plasmid pBR322 containing HPV-16 was transfected into cultured SGT cell line using lipofectin method. Hygromycin was used as a selection marker. The presence of HPV E6/E7, transglutaminase 1, and involucrin mRNAs and protein in E6/E7 gene transfected cells was investigated by RT-PCR and immunoslot blot method. The apoptosis index was analysed by flow cytometry. The growth rate of E6/E7 gene transfected cells was reduced. E6/E7 transfected SGT cells increased apoptosis index. Involucrin and TGase I mRNAs by the squamous cell differentiation was most conspicuous in the E6/E7 gene transfected cell compared with non transfected cells. Squamous cell differentiation demonstrated in the transfectedSGT cell line, which expressed E6/E7 fusion gene mRNA.E6/E7 gene transfected cells showed squamous cell differentiation, expressing involucrin and TGase 1 protein by immunoslot blotting. The transfected SGT cell which expressed E6/E7 gene mRNA showed the squamous cell differentiation particularly clearly, and apoptosis was also demonstrated. It suggested that E6/E7 gene transfection into human salivary gland adenocarcinoma cells might induce clear squamous cell differentiation and contribute to study the pathogenesis of human salivary gland adenocarcinoma.

Although the sparganosis involving soft tissues, i.e, tongue, cheek, etc., has been frequently reported, the mandibular involvement of sparganosis is not reported up to date. We present a case of intraosseous sparganosis involving whole mandible, which was clinically diagnosed as chronic osteomyelitis. After surgical operation of saucerization for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis the removed specimens were pathologically examined and finally turned out intraosseous sparganosis. Radiological findings showed irregular multiple radiolucencies in round to ovoid shape throughout both mandibular body areas, of which peripheral rarefying radiopacity was less remarkable compared to the ordinary osteomyelitis. However, the radiolucencies of periapical granuloma, #34-36, were closely associated with the osteolytic lesions of mandibular body. Pathological examination showed a tunnel like space for the passage of sparganum larva, and heavy infiltration of eosinophilicleukocytes. And more, the parasitic tegument materials were found admixed with eggs in the granulomatous lesion, which were gradually degraded and resolved. Taken together, we presumed that the mandibular inflammatory lesion was primarily involved with sparganosis and secondarily aggravated by the periapical infection of #34-36.