This research project provides the opportunity of foundation for Ministry of Agriculture y Ganaderia (MAG), University of El Savador (UES), and Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal (CENTA) and potato farmers of El Salvador to implement to achieve the project goal of poverty alleviation, nutrition improvement, and income increase of farmers through the establishment of sustainable self dependent national infrastructure for seed potato production and supply system and organized network of production of farmers. Kangwon National University has been designated by KOICA to implement the APP Track-II Project from April, 2015 to March, 2016. The support activities and research result include 'virus-free seed potato production facilities and laboratory equipment' provided to UES and CENTA, 'technology transfer of virus free seed potato production' such as making substrate, tissue culture, pathology test, subculture, mini tuber production, and some joint research result achievement, and various technological training conducted for participating researchers and local potato farmers for the virus-free seed potato production, table potato and seed potato cultivation technology, and the standard farming technology as well.

Recently, amorphous granular starch (AGS) or non-crystalline granular starch (NGS) is of great interest because it has specific physicochemical properties compared to native starches. Various approaches have been taken to prepare gelatinized starch while still maintaining its granular shape. The granular cold-water soluble starch (GCWS) can be prepared by alcoholic-alkaline treatment or by using liquid ammonia and ethanol. However, these starches exhibit significant deformation and shrinking, and chemical treatments may raise safety issues for their potential food applications. Therefore, in this study, the optimization of preparation method for amorphous granular potato starch (AGPS) was investigated using ethanol and heat treatments. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to find the optimum conditions for AGPS preparation based on granule integrity and birefringence. Optimum conditions were 53.3% ethanol and 93.87oC heat treatment for 15 min. Prepared AGPS maintained its granular structure and lost birefringence, crystallinity, and DSC amylopectin melting peak, suggesting that proper AGPS could be made using optimized conditions.

The effect of temperature distribution in the retort on the degree of sterilization and the product quality was investigated. The temperature distribution in the retort chamber in an industrial scale of retort was evaluated. The target processing temperature was set to 121.1°C based on the standard sterilization process for C. botulinum. The temperature distributions at several points in the retort chamber were measured during the sterilization process, such as the heating (25°C to 121.1°C), holding (121.1°C), and cooling (121.1°C to 25°C) processes. Fo-values at different positions in the chamber were evaluated and compared. Potato cubes were used as a control sample to obtain the heat penetration curve for evaluating the degree of sterilization and the quality changes. Potato samples in cube shape (13×13×13 mm) were prepared and packed in 5 kg of retort pouch pack. A significant temperature deviation occurred during the cooling process and it significantly affected the degree of sterilization.

The present study investigated the effects of fermented potato protein (FPP, Lianol® ferity) during gestation and lactation on productivity of sows. A total of 50 crossbred sows (Landrace×Yorkshire) in their 3 to 5 parities were allotted to one of two treatments (n=25) including control and FPP groups. FPP tablets applied in sows in two stages. Stage one involved applying FPP daily from 3 days before farrowing to 2 days after for 5 consecutive days. The second stage also involved a 5 day period around weaning time from 3 days before to 2 days after. After farrowing, the amount of feed offered 3 times per day gradually increased from about 3.6 kg at farrowing to 8.4 kg at late lactation. During the first lactation FPP tended to increase backfat thickness (BFT) at weaning at the first (p=0.069) whereas FPP increased BFT (p<0.05) at weaning in the second lactation. There was no significant effect of FPP on body weight changes and daily feed intake of sows. Decreased weaning to estrus interval was associated with applying lianol tablet at the second lactation (p<0.05). Weight of born alive piglets, weaned piglets and total weight gain were greater in FPP group at the second lactation (p<0.05). Applying FPP tended (p=0.062) to increase insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-I) at the weaning time in the first lactation. The effect of FPP on IGF-I was significant at the second lactation, revealing a higher concentration in blood at post farrowing and weaning time (p<0.05). This study shows the benefit of using FPP tablets in sows to increase blood IGF-I and both initial and final litter size to improve piglet weaning weights.

Food freezing preservation is an important process due to its high quality and long shelf-life. In order to improve the quality of frozen sweet potato stem, the freezing rate, thawing, and packaging method was optimized by the determination of physical properties. There was no significant difference among the treatment of freezing rate. Further, the drip loss of sweet potato stem was higher at a relatively fast freezing rate (immersion freezing) than at slow freezing rate (natural convection freezing at -20 or -40oC). For the comparison of packaging methods, the aircontaining packaged sweet potato stem had the lowest significant differences from the result of color, pH, and hardness. From the result of the drip loss, the high frequency and microwave using thawing samples were more effective than room temperature and water thawing. Therefore, fast freezing and thawing rate with air-containing package were recommended to obtain the better quality of sweet potato stem.

The pea leafminer fly, Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an emerging pest in Korea. High population and heavy damage of this pest were observed from potato fields in the southern part of Korea in 2012. Morphological and genetic evidence confirmed the species as L. huidobrensis. The infestation was expanding throughout the country and a rich complex of parasitoid was recognized. From the exclusion study, high density infestation of leafminers reduced yield among potato varieties (Chubeak, Seohong, Goun, Dejima, and Sumi). Higher leaf damage was evident in the lower part of plants. In olfactory bioassay and feeding preference tests, leafminers choosed the Goun variety most. Given the six constant temperatures, the developmental time from egg to adult significantly decreased with increment of temperatures. From the insecticide toxicity tests, abamectin and lepimectin and spinetoram were found effective against immature stages, while cartap hydrochlorid (Neonicotinoid) was against adult insects. Overall, these studies help to pave the ways for managing this new invasive pest.

The objective of this study was to increase starch extraction efficiency from domestic potato by five kinds of foodgrade cellulases (mixture of β-glucanases, pectinase, cellulase, hemicelullase, and β-glucosdiase). Cellulase-treated potato had a maximum of 40% higher starch extraction yield than non-enzyme treated potato. It turned out that the shape and structure of cellulose-treated and nonenzyme-treated potatoes were the same. The average particle size of cellulose-treated potato starch was smaller than non-enzyme treated potato. Interestingly, the small starch granular (<10 μm particle) was shown in extracted starch from cellulose-treated potato. Rapid viscosity analysis showed that starch from cellulase treated potato had lower pasting temperature than starch from nonenzyme-treated potato. The range of the gelatinization temperature (49-62oC) of starches from cellulose-treated potato was broader than that of starches from nonenzyme-treated potato. Therefore, the results of this study confirm that cellulase plays an important role in the extraction of starch from the potato and physicochemical characteristics of potato starch.

새로운 형태의 건조감자소재를 개발하기 위해 감자조직 을 구성하고 있으며 감자전분들을 다양한 정도로 함유하고 있는 유세포를 펙틴 가수분해효소를 이용하여 개별적으로 분리할 수 있고, 최대 분리수율을 얻을 수 있는 최적의 유 세포 분리조건을 탐색하였다. 감자조직은 동결하여 -18oC에 서 저장하면서 해동하여 유세포 분리를 위한 원료로 사용 하는 것이 생 감자조직을 사용하는 것 보다 2배 이상의 감자유세포를 얻을 수 있었다. 펙틴 가수분해효소는 pectin lyase를 주요 구성효소로 하는 펙틴 가수분해효소 용액을 탈이온수로 200배 희석하여 pH 2.5의 효소반응용액 350 mL 당 1 mL를 가하여 50oC에서 2시간 동안 100 rpm 으로 기계적으로 교반할 때 가장 높은 수율의 건조감자유 세포 소재를 얻을 수 있었다. 유색감자보다는 일반감자들 중 추백, 추동, 추영, 조원, 대지 품종들이 건조감자유세포 소재의 제조를 위한 원료로 적합하였으며, 이 중 대지감자 를 사용할 때 가장 높은 수율의 건조감자유세포를 얻을 수 있었다. 감자의 총 전분 함량, 비전분성 탄수화물고분자 함 량과 생감자의 조직경도가 감자조직으로부터 유세포의 분 리수율에 유의적인 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 품종을 알 수 없는 감자가 건조감자유세포 소재의 원료로 적합한지를 판 단할 때 이 감자의 조직경도와 총 전분 함량의 측정을 통 해 결정할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Liriomyza leafminer flies comprise a pest group that causes both considerable economic losses and serious quarantine problems. To investigate Liriomyza spp. abundance and distribution along with natural enemies, we surveyed of leafminer (LM) species and its natural enemies (NE) on potato crop from 146 farmers’ field in the potato growing provinces during 2015. Sweeping (10 sweeps/ field) and visual inspection were employed within 5 minute-walking distance, and damaged leaflets (10 leaflets/ field) were collected in each field. Leafminer species were identified by morphological, and its NE was identified by morphological and molecular techniques. L. huidobrensis was the most dominant Liriomyza species. Distribution of L. huidobrensis on potato fields was expanding. Highest potato fields were infested with leafminer in southern parts of country. Highest rate (100%) field damage was recorded in Miryang, Namwon, Henam, and Boseong. Overall, NE species collected constituted of 4 families and 18 and 20 species in sweeping, and damaged samples respectively. There was a rich complex of parasitoid species including 20 species (13 species of Eulophidae family). The endoparasitoid, Braconid sp., Ganaspidium sp., and ectoparasitoid, Diglyphus isaea were dominant species in sweeping. While Diglyphus isaea, Hemiptarsenus varicornis, and the Braconid sp. were most dominant species collected from damaged samples. The number and diversity of parasitoid species in potato crop in Korea provides insight into the development of integrated control strategies of invasive LM pests in the field, and glasshouse crops.

In this study, growth and yield characteristics of 14 potato varieties were analyzed in the uncultivated field Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land in spring season cropping and to select suitable varieties for the cultivation. The shoot emergence has been started about 20 days after planting and has been continued for 10 ~ 22 days after first emergence. All varieties showed 90% or higher emergence rate. The potato varieties yield was classified into three groups depend on the total yield. High yield varieties; Atlantic, Chuyeong, Seohong, Chubaek and medium yield varieties; Chudong, Goun, Haryung, Jopung, Dejima, Superior and low yield varieties; Hongyoung, Jayoung, Jowon, Namseo. For the marketable yield, Jowon, Altantic, Chuyeong, Jopung, Seohong, Goun, Superior and Haryung varieties showed 70% or higher while Hongyoung showed the lowest with 47%. According to the results of virus detection test after two year successive cultivation in reclaimed tidal land, very low amount of Potato virus Y (PVY) was detected only on Seohong sprouts (fitst year) and Dejima leaves (second year) while other varieties were shown no symptom of virus. From the survey with consumers, Haryung, Superior, Goun, Dejima and Chuyeong varieties were found to be relatively higher in the purchase preference for the shape, color and taste. The measurement of antioxidant activity showed Jayoung variety to be excellent with the total phenol contents and DPPH antioxidant activity. Atlantic, Chuyeong, Seohong, Goun, Haryung and Jopung varieties showing high total yield and marketability of 70% higher were considered to be suitable for cultivation in the sandy loam of Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. According to the above results, the growing possibility of spring potatoes in he sandy loam of newly Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.

수형자들은 심적인 안정과 내면의 변화를 유도할 수 있는 지도를 기술적인 처우보다 상대적으로 중요하게 인식하고 있다. 따라서 수형자들의 심리적 안정과 내면의 변화를 유도할 수 있는 교정·교화프로그램의 개발 및 실시가 필요하다고 본다. 이에 법무부와 농촌진흥청등 5개 부처의‘출소예정자등의 취업, 창업지원을 위한 업무협약을 계기로, 일부 교도소에서 원예의 교정, 교화효과를 인식하고 원예활동의 양육, 돌봄 등과 관련된 치유적 특성을 이용한 체계적이고 완성도 높은 전문 교정교화용 원예프로그램의 개발 및 수행을 요구하고 있다. 교도소에서 수형자들이 수형생활을 하는 동안 교정당국에서 제공하는 교정프로그램을 통하여 새로운 이념과 가치관을 형성 정서적 행위적 태도를 새롭게 형성하게 함으로써 원활한 사회복귀를 돕고 나아가 출소 후 다시는 범죄를 저지르지 않도록 하는데 초점을 두어야 한다.

건강기능성 물질을 함유하며 고유의 색과 향미를 가지는 유색감자 홍영 분말을 첨가한 반죽 및 면의 물리화학적 특성을 확인하였다. 홍영 미세 분말은 ball-milling을 통하여 제조하였으며, 매우 낮은 입자도로 인하여 감자의 세포 및 전분 구조가 파괴되어 손상 전분의 함량이 높았다. 이 같은 손상 전분은 낮은 온도에서 물을 흡수하고 팽창하는 성질이 높아 일반 분쇄를 통하여 얻은 분말로 제조한 반죽에 비하여 BM 분말을 반죽에 첨가하였을 때 탄성이 높고 자유수가 적은 반죽 및 면이 제조되었다. 입자 크기를 달리하여 분쇄한 홍영 분말의 경우 손상 전분이 아닌 첨가 분말의 표면적에 의하여 영향을 받으므로 입자 크기가 클수록 반죽 내의 자유수가 많아 열처리 시 더 많은 호화가 발생하였다. 홍영 분말을 첨가한 경우 홍영 특유의 붉은색이 증가함을 확인하였으며, 홍영 분말의 입자 크기가 커질수록 적색도가 감소하였다. 홍영 분말의 다양한 입자 크기에 따라 손상 전분의 발생 및 입자의 표면적에 의하여 서로 다른 호화 특성 및 면 반죽의 조직감을 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과를 통하여 미세 분말(BM)의 경우 손상 전분으로 인하여 생반죽의 탄성이 밀가루에 비하여 매우 높아 성형에 더 많은 힘이 필요함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 미세 분말인 BM 분말과 다르게 생반죽의 성형이 용이하면서 홍영 특유의 붉은 색을 가장 잘 나타내며, 조리 이후 반죽의 탄성을 향상시키고 밀가루와 인장력에 유의차가 나타나지 않는 R1 및 R2 분말로 제조한 면이 우수한 품질을 나타냄을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 전분을 함유하는 대체 분말을 이용한 제면 제품의 개발 시 입자 크기의 결정에 대한 기반이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

To assess actual foliage damage due to potato leaf miner, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), commercial potato pockets of Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Kavrepalanchwok, Sindhupalchwok and Makwanpur districts of Mid-Nepal were surveyed in 2009. Percent foliage damage analysis and ANOVA (with unbalanced frequency distribution) of multiple regressions of different factors were done to evaluate the level of damage and factors significantly influencing damage. Damage level was found more in lower altitudes (790-1568 meters above sea level) than in higher altitudes (1560-2610 meters above sea level). Similarly, lower leaves were more damaged than the upper ones. So, altitude and plant age were two factors influencing damage by test insect. Since the pest is becoming severe and can withstand chemical sprays, it is imperative to develop suitable IPM technique against this insect. Similarly, strict quarantine and awareness campaign against this insect pest are crucial to check its migration to virgin potato pockets.

Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, are natural water-soluble pigments, which are mainly found in vegetables and fruits. Anthocyanins have attractive pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of anthocyanins-rich fraction (ANF) from Korean purple sweet potato variety, "Shinjami", against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress. In our results, pre-treatment of HepG2 cells with ANF (10μg/mL) significantly prevented cell death and maintained cell integrity, following exposure to 0.9 mM hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2-dependent production of intracellular ROS was also significantly decreased by pre-treatment with ANF (6 h, 10μg/mL). In addition, ANF increased the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione level in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells. These results indicated that ANF protected HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by inducing protective system.

고구마 바이러스 무병묘 재배에 따른 세대 간 수량변 이를 구명하기 위하여, ‘안노베니’, ‘연황미’, ‘맛나미’ 등 3품종의 무병묘 세대(TC0, TC2, TC3) 삽수를 75×25cm 로 정식하여 흑색비닐로 멀칭재배하였다. 정식 30일째 줄기신장은 대조구인 농가묘보다 무병묘 세대에서 유의 한 증가를 보였으며, TC0에서 가장 왕성하였다. 120일째 수확기 생육은 줄기길이, 원줄기 마디수와 곁가지수는 농가묘보다 무병묘 세대에서 높았으나, 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 무병묘 세대의 지상부 생체중이 농가묘보다 유의하게 증가하였으나, 무병묘 세대간 그리고 품종간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 주당괴근수와 평균괴근중은 농가 묘보다 TC0와 TC1 세대에서 유의한 증가를 보였으나, TC2 세대에서는 농가묘와 차이가 없었다. 무병묘 세대의 주당괴근중은 농가묘보다 유의하게 증가하였고, 무병묘 세대간에는 TC0에서 가장 높았다. 무병묘 세대의 평균 상저수량, 상저비율과 소형 고구마(40-200g) 비율도 농가묘보다 유의한 증가를 보였다. 300g 이상 괴근비율은 TC0 세대에서 가장 낮았다. TC2 세대의 상저수량은 TC0 세대보다 유의하게 낮았고, 농가묘와도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 품종간 상저수량은 ‘맛나미’에서 가장 높았으며, ‘안노베니’, ‘연황미’ 순이었다. 따라서 무병주의 수량과 품질 유지를 위해서 농가는 3년 주기로 교체하는 것이 필요하다. 다만 교체주기는 바이러스 재감염 정도에 따 라 2-3년 주기로 실시하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

몇가지 LED 광질이 고구마 바이러스 무병묘의 생장과 포장생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. ‘신황미’, ‘연황미’, ‘맛나미’ 등 3품종의 바이러스 무병묘를 20일간 담액수경 재배하여, 자연광하에서 10일간 순화시켜 30cm 크기의 삽수를 75×25cm로 6월 10일 정식하여 흑색비닐로 멀칭재배하였다. LED 광질은 형광등(40W) 을 대조구로 하여 적색(660nm), 청색(460nm), 적+청 8:2 및 적+청 7:3 혼합광을 사용하였다. 묘소질은 적+청 (7:3) 혼합 LED에서 줄기신장, 줄기두께, 잎수 및 뿌리 발달 등이 양호하여 건묘육성에 가장 효과적이었다. 정식 30일후, 포장 생존율은 적:청(7:3) 혼합 LED에서 형광등과 적색 LED보다 유의하게 높았으며, 품종간 차이는 없었다. 줄기길이, 줄기두께, 마디수 등의 지상부 생육특성도 LED 광질 및 품종간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 정식 120일후 지상부 생육특성에서도 줄기길이, 줄기두 께, 마디수, 곁가지수, 생체중 등에서 LED 광질에 따른 유의성은 인정되지 않았으며, 줄기길이, 마디수, 줄기두 께, 생체중 등에서 품종간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 주 당평균중, 평균괴근중 및 수량 등은 LED 광질에 따른 차이가 없었으며, 품종간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 품종간 수량은 ‘맛나미’와 ‘연황미’에서 ‘신황미’보다 유의 하게 높았다.

감자가루의 페이스팅 점도 특성에 영향을 미치는 감자전분의 특성 요인을 결정하기 위해 6품종의 황색육질의 감자로부터 제조된 감자가루의 성분분석과 페이스팅 점도 특성을 조사하고 감자가루로부터 추출한 감자전분의 물리화학적 특성을 분석하여 감자가루의 페이스팅 점도특성과 상관관계를 분석하였다. 감자가루의 총 전분 함량은 이의 페이스팅 점도 특성치들과 높은 상관성을 보유하고 있었다.감자전분의 아밀로오스 함량은 감자가루의 최고점도와 음의 상관관계를 나타내었으나 인 함량은 감자가루의 최저점도, 붕괴점도, 최종점도, 및 노화점도들과 유의적인 상관성을 존재하였다. 또한 감자전분의 인 함량에 의해 높은 영향을 받는 팽윤력은 인 함량과 감자가루의 페이스팅 점도특성들 사이에서 관찰된 상관관계와 유사하였다. 감자전분의 아밀로펙틴 분지사슬 분포에 있어 F1 및 F3 분획 분포들은 감자가루의 페이스팅 점도 특성치들과 높은 상관성을나타내었다. 감자전분의 페이스팅 점도 특성치들 중 최종점도는 감자가루의 페이스팅 점도 특성치들 모두와 유의적으로 높은 상관성을 보유하였다. 본 연구의 결과들을 종합할 때 감자전분의 아밀로오스 함량, 인 함량, 팽윤력, 아밀로펙틴의 짧은 분지사슬(DPn<25) 분포와 감자전분의 최종점도가 감자가루의 페이스팅 점도 특성을 예측할 수 있는중요한 특성요인일 것으로 판단된다.