It is very important to treat infected livestock carcasses safely and quickly. In this study, the degradation characteristics and odor generation characteristics of carcasses were investigated during the treatment of swine carcasses using the anaerobic burial composting method. While the carcasses were decomposed, the temperature remained high, at 40~55°C on average, and most of the carcasses were decomposed rapidly. The major odorcontributing substances in the buried composting method are sulfuric odor substances such as H2S, CH3SH, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), and the odor contribution of these substances is 93~99%. Among them, CH3SH, which accounts for about 56~89% of odor contribution, was the most representative indicator substance. Despite the anaerobic digestion process, the methane concentration in the digestion process was as low as 0.5~0.8% at the burial point of the carcass. The odor and methane produced during the decomposition of the carcasses decreased considerably during the discharge to the surface layer through the buried layer consisting of compost. These results suggest that anaerobic high temperature burial composting is one of the most useful methods to treat carcasses of infected livestock.

This study investigates the oxidation properties of Fe-14Cr ferritic oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel at various high temperatures (900, 1000, and 1100°C for 24 h). The initial microstructure shows that no clear structural change occurs even under high-temperature heat treatment, and the average measured grain size is 0.4 and 1.1 μm for the as-fabricated and heat-treated specimens, respectively. Y–Ti–O nanoclusters 10–50 nm in size are observed. High-temperature oxidation results show that the weight increases by 0.27 and 0.29 mg/cm2 for the asfabricated and heat-treated (900°C) specimens, and by 0.47 and 0.50 mg/cm2 for the as-fabricated and heat-treated (1000°C) specimens, respectively. Further, after 24 h oxidation tests, the weight increases by 56.50 and 100.60 mg/cm2 for the as-fabricated and heat-treated (1100°C) specimens, respectively; the latter increase is approximately 100 times higher than that at 1000°C. Observation of the surface after the oxidation test shows that Cr2O3 is the main oxide on a specimen tested at 1000°C, whereas Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 phases also form on a specimen tested at 1100°C, where the weight increases rapidly. The high-temperature oxidation behavior of Fe-14Cr ODS steel is confirmed to be dominated by changes in the Cr2O3 layer and generation of Fe-based oxides through evaporation.

Although ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula-judae) is cultivated worldwide, there are a limited number of commercial cultivars in Korea. Recent increase in the import of ear mushroom from China threatens the domestic farming. The present study introduces a new thermotolerant cultivar of ear mushroom, designated ‘Hyeonyu’, developed by mating monokaryons obtained from JBAA11 and CAA1 strains. The optimal growth temperature for Hyeonyu was 26-36?. The periods of primordia formation and fruit-body growth were 27 and 15 days, respectively. The average mushroom yield per bag (1 kg) was 350 g. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis with OPA1 and OPA7 primers identified polymorphic DNA bands between the control, the new variety Hyeonyu, and a Chinese variety.

본 연구는 고온기 때 사료 내 다른 에너지 수준 및 비테 인 첨가 급여가 육성돈의 영양소 소화율 및 생리학적 변화 에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 실험동물은 삼원교잡종(L×Y×D; initial body weight, 73.5±0.5kg) 거세 수퇘지 12두를 사용하였고 대사틀에 배치하였다. 실험기간 은 고온기인 7~8월에 실시하였다. 실험계획은 에너지 2수 준(3,300 및 3,400kcal/kg)과 비테인 2수준(0 및 0.5%)이며 4×4 Latin square로 하였다. 조단백질 소화율은 고에너지 사료(3,400kcal/kg)가 저에너지 사료보다 유의적으로 높았 다(p<0.01). 그러나, 비테인급여는 영양소소화율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 분석 결과에서는 에너지 수 준 및 비테인 첨가가 육성돈 내 생리적 변화를 보이지 않 았다. 면역반응을 나타내는 혈중 IgG에서는 고에너지 사료 가 저에너지사료보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 스트레스 지표를 나타내는 cortisol농도에서는 차이가 나지 않았고, 비테인 첨가급여는 IgG 및 cortisol 농도 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 사료 내 비테인 첨가급여보다 에너지 수준을 높이는 것이 돼지 체내에 더 긍정적인 효과를 보이며, 여 름철 고온스트레스를 받는 돼지 사료 내 고에너지를 급여 했을 때 어떠한 결과가 나오는지 추후 더 연구해 볼 만한 것으로 사료된다.

목적: 플라스틱 안경렌즈의 코팅막이 최초 균열되는 시점과 시간이 지남에 따라 진행되는 균열의 양상을 관찰하고자 한다. 방법: 하드 코팅, 멀티 코팅이 된 동일한 굴절력(Sph-3.00 D)에 상이한 굴절률(n=1.56, n=1.60, n=1.67)을 가진 플라스틱 안경렌즈를 각 5장씩 사용하였다. 사우나나 찜질방에 입장하는 경우를 가정하여 그에 해당하는 온도(건식 사우나–80~100℃, 찜질방–50~90℃) 중 90℃를 선택하여 전기오븐으로 구현한 후 2, 4, 7, 10분간 넣어두었다. 지정 시간이 경과 한 후 세극등 현미경(SL-2F, Topcon, Japan)을 통해 안경렌즈 표면의 균열을 관찰하고, 분광광도계(Genova nano, Jenway, UK)를 사용하여 각 안경렌즈의 광투과율을 가시광선 범위인 380 ㎚~780 ㎚ 범위에서 측정하였다. 시간에 따라 굴절률에 따른 코팅막의 상태를 비교하였다. 결과: 2분 이내에 코팅막의 균열이 발생하였으며, 시간이 지날수록 균열이 심해졌다. 코팅 막 균열의 양상과 정도를 살펴본 결과 굴절률의 차이, 혹은 렌즈 재질의 차이로 인한 유의미한 결과값은 나오지 않았다. 고온 환경 하에 놓인 시간이 길어질수록 코팅막의 균열이 심해졌고 광투과율도 감소하였다. 광투과율 감소폭을 살펴본 결과 굴절률의 차이, 혹은 렌즈 재질의 차이로 인한 유의미한 결과값은 나오지 않았다. 실험 전의 안경렌즈와 비교해 본 바, 모든 파장에서 균일하게 광투과율이 감소한 것을 알 수 있다. 결론: 사우나나 찜질방 등의 고온의 환경이 안경렌즈 코팅에 치명적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 알게 되었다. 코팅막에 균열이 생김으로써 안경렌즈의 광학적 특성이 저하되고 미관상으로도 보기 좋지 않게 되었다. 본 연구가 고온이 안경렌즈 코팅막에 미치는 영향에 대한 자료로 활용되어, 안경 관리에 대한 착용자의 주의 사항을 인식 시켜 렌즈의 사용 기한을 연장하는데 도움이 되었으면 한다.

고성능 복합재료 제조에 사용되는 고온경화용 에폭시 수지 시스템의 성형성을 연구하였다. 테트라글리시딜 메틸렌 디아닐린계 에폭시 수지 시스템의 조성과 화학구조를 여러 가지 분석장비를 이용하여 분석하고 확인하였다. 이 수지 시스템은 보통의 작업온도 조건에서 시간 경과에 따른 점도 상승이 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 유전 경화 모니 터링 방법을 이용하여 선정한 수지 시스템의 경화거동을 연구하였다.

Composite Floor system infilled with PCM(Phase Change Material) between upper and lower steel plates was developed to apply the steel frame. When steel frames were applied this system, it can absolutely reduce the duration of construction due to dry construction method. However to apply this system as a structural floor member without fire resistance covering, it must have 2 hours fire resistance performance. Because PCM consisted of three quarters of section with thermal insulation performance, fire resistance performance of this floor system was expected to easily have 2 hours fire resistance performance. This paper was to investigate behavior characteristics of PCM infilled floor system at elevated temperature using FEM analysis to develop the fire resistance performance of it.

P92 steel weldment scheduled to use for next generation ultra super critical(USC) boiler header is assessed on creep characteristics. The test method to assess local structure of weldment is small-punch creep(SP-Creep) test, which is a kind of micro test proved the availability on evaluation of mechanical property for local structure. The results for P92 steel weldment are compared with that of tensile creep test for same microstructures of steel weldment. Overall, the creep resistance of coarse grain HAZ(CGHAZ) at 650℃ is inferior to the other structures while fine grain HAZ(FGHAZ) is most superior in the P92 steel weldment. The power law relationships can be obtained for each weldment structures(BM, ICHAZ, FGHAZ, CGHAZ and W.M) of USC boiler header

This study develops numerical model of mega composite columns in fire and investigates the residual areas below 500℃ after 3 hours. In order to perform heat transfer analysis, thermal properties of steels and concrete were adopted from Eurocodes. In addition to, the temperature distributions of composite columns with respect to fire tests were compared with numerical analysis results. As a result, the residual areas below 500℃ of mega composite columns were evaluated.

VOCs는 인체에 치명적인 질환을 유발하는 물질로써 도장공정중 발생되는 양이 가장 큰 비 중을 차지하고 있다. 일반적으로 소형 도장시설에서 발생되는 VOCs를 처리하는 방법으로 활성탄 흡착 또는 흡착 후 연소 및 촉매 산화법 등을 사용하고 있다. 하지만 활성탄 교체주기, 재생시설 및 재생주기 등을 예측하기 어려워 새로운 처리방법이 필요하다. 비이송식 플라즈마 시스템을 이용한 VOCs 제거방 법은 일반 연소과정이 아닌 고전압 아크 방전에 의한 고온 플라즈마 유동 발생 기술을 이용한 제거방법 으로 화학반응이나 오염이 없는 고순도의 고온 열처리 및 열분해가 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 고온 아크 플라즈마 시스템을 이용하여 특수 환경오염물 및 VOCs 가스 열처리 공정의 핵심기술로 활용하여 작동 가스 유량 변화에 따른 VOCs 처리 효율 및 플라즈마 전력량에 따른 처리 효율을 측정하였다. 또한 유 해가스 처리효율성 증대를 위해 플라즈마 반응기를 최적화하여 제작하였으며 성능을 파악하였다.

In this study, we report the microstructure and the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Fe-Ni alloys by spark plasma sintering. Structural characterization is performed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The oxidation behavior of Fe-Ni alloys is studied by means of a high-temperature oxidation test at 1000oC in air. The effect of Ni content of Fe-Ni alloys on the microstructure and on the oxidation characteristics is investigated in detail. In the case of Fe-2Ni and Fe-5Ni alloys, the microstructure is a ferrite (α) phase with body centered cubic (BCC) structure, and the microstructure of Fe-10Ni and Fe-20Ni alloys is considered to be a massive martensite (α’) phase with the same BCC structure as that of the ferrite phase. As the Ni content increases, the micro-Vickers hardness of the alloys also increases. It can also be seen that the oxidation resistance is improved by decreasing the thickness of the oxide film.

In order to investigate the low-cycle fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 alloy used for pressure vessels, the strain-controlled fatigue test was performed in the room and high temperatures of 550°C. High temperature test was done using an electric furnace attached on the hydraulic fatigue test system. Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the Inconel 718 alloy at the temperature of 550°C decreased by 8% and 10%, respectively, compared to those at the room temperature. Subjected to the repeated cyclic loading under the strain-control, the material exhibited cyclic softening behavior with decreasing yield strength at both room and high temperatures. The low-cycle fatigue properties determined in this research could be effectively used for the fatigue life estimation of high temperature components made of Inconel 718 alloy.

Graphite was diffusion-bonded by hot-pressing to W-25Re alloy using a Ti interlayer. For the joining, a uniaxial pressure of 25 MPa was applied at 1600 oC for 2 hrs in an argon atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 oC min−1. The interfacial microstructure and elemental distribution of the W-25Re/Ti/Graphite joints were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hot-pressed joints appeared to form a stable interlayer without any micro-cracking, pores, or defects. To investigate the high-temperature stability of the W-25Re/Ti/Graphite joint, an oxy-acetylene torch test was conducted for 30 seconds with oxygen and acetylene at a 1.3:1 ratio. Cross-sectional analysis of the joint was performed to compare the thickness of the oxide layer and its chemical composition. The thickness of W-25Re changed from 250 to 20 μm. In the elemental analysis, a high fraction of rhenium was detected at the surface oxidation layer of W-25Re, while the W-25Re matrix was found to maintain the initial weight ratio. Tungsten was first reacted with oxygen at a torch temperature over 2500 oC to form a tungsten oxide layer on the surface of W-25Re. Then, the remaining rhenium was subsequently reacted with oxygen to form rhenium oxide. The interfacial microstructure of the Ti-containing interlayer was stable after the torch test at a temperature over 2500 oC.

In order to isolate thermophilic bacteria with high activity of CMCase and xylanase, spent mushroom substrates was collected from an oyster mushroom cultivation farm in Jinju, Gyeongnam, Korea. Among the isolates, one strain designated as YJ09 was selected by agar diffusion method. The isolate YJ09 was identified as a member of Bacillus licheniformis based on biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and MicroLog system. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that isolate YJ09 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus licheniformis with sequence similarity of 98.9%. Based on its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the isolate YJ09 was classified as Bacillus licheniformis. The CMCase and xylanase activity of B. licheniformis YJ09 was slightly increased corresponding to the bacterial population from exponential phase to stationary phase in the growth curve of B. licheniformis YJ09.

플랜트의 유황 저장 탱크는 강재로 구성되며, 탱크 저면은 앵커볼트에 의해 Ring Wall 형상의 콘크리트 기초와 연결된다. 탱크 내 유황이 내부 열원에 의해 고온상태를 유지하기 때문에, 유황 저장 탱크는 상온의 유체를 저장하는 다른 탱크에 비해 큰 체적팽창을 겪게 된다. 일반적으로 탱크 기초의 구조설계는 기초의 내외부의 온도차를 하중으로 적용한 구조해석이 수행 되는데, 이 방법은 탱크의 열팽창 특성이 앵커볼트에 의해 집중하중 형태로 콘크리트 기초에 전달되는 현상을 고려할 수 없 다. 이는 온도하중의 영향을 과소평가하게 되며, 앵커볼트에 인접한 콘크리트의 균열을 야기한다. 본 연구는 앵커볼트에 의 한 온도 하중전달 메커니즘을 고려한 하중 평가식을 제안함으로써, 콘크리트 기초에 작용하는 하중을 보다 합리적으로 결정 하고자 한다. 이를 위해 탱크 바닥판과 앵커볼트가 포함된 유한요소모델을 이용해 앵커볼트 개수 증감에 따른 온도하중의 변화를 분석하였으며, 분석결과를 이론해와 결합해 앵커볼트에 의해 전달되는 하중을 평가할 수 있는 명시적인 형태로 해를 제시하였다. 제안된 식의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 실제 플랜트 현장의 유황 저장 탱크 설계에 적용하였으며, 실무적으로 사 용 가능함을 보였다.

This study investigates the thermal shock property of a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) produced by a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) sintering process. Three kinds of PDCs are manufactured by the HPHT sintering process using different particle sizes of the initial diamond powders: 8-16 μm (D50 = 4.3 μm), 10-20 μm (D50 = 6.92 μm), and 12-22 μm (D50 = 8.94 μm). The microstructure observation results for the manufactured PDCs reveal that elemental Co and W are present along the interface of the diamond particles. The fractions of Co and WC in the PDC increase as the initial particle size decreases. The manufactured PDCs are subjected to thermal shock tests at two temperatures of 780oC and 830oC. The results reveal that the PDC with a smaller particle size of diamond easily produces microscale thermal cracks. This is mainly because of the abundant presence of Co and WC phases along the diamond interface and the easy formation of Co-based (CoO, Co3O4) and W-based (WO2) oxides in the PDC using smaller diamond particles. The microstructural factors for controlling the thermal shock property of PDC material are also discussed.

The influence of NiCrAlY bond coating on the adhesion properties of an Fe thermal coating sprayed on an Al substrate was investigated. By applying a bond coat, an adhesion strength of 21MPa was obtained, which was higher than the 15.5MPa strength of the coating without the bond coat. Formation of cracks at the interface of the bond coat and the Al substrate was suppressed by applying the bond coat. Microstructural analysis of the coating interface using EBSD and TEM indicated that the dominant bonding mechanism was mechanical interlocking. Mechanical interlocking without crack defects in the coating interface may improve the adhesion strength of the coating. In conclusion, the use of an NiCrAlY bond coat is an effective method of improving the adhesion properties of thermal sprayed Fe coatings on Al substrates.

Results of this study appeared chicken breeding households nationwide in 3,323 households. Local broiler breeding two numbers are Jeonbuk>Chungnam>Jeonnam> Gyeonggi>Gyeongbuk>Chungbuk>Gyeongnam>Gangwon>Jeju appeared in other net. Local chicken breeding numbers are Chungnam>Jeonbuk>Gyeongbuk>Jeonam> Chungbuk>Gyeongnam>Gangwon appeared in order. Livestock mortality is 482,000 numbers in 2012, and 911,000 numbers in 2014 and 2.494,000 numbers in 2015, a significant increase year by to 4.298,000 numbers in 2016. Insurance 11.2 billion in 2012, 49.8 billion in 2013, 21.2 billion in 2014, 74.5 million won was paid in 2015 is expected to be paid in 2016, 128.4 billion won. A study on the future, preventing livestock damage caused by high temperature will have to continue.

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of the high temperature on physicochemical properties of barley kernels during ripening stage. High temperature treatment was lasted from each 10, 17 and 24 days after heading(DAH) until the harvest time at 21oC, 24oC, 27oC in artificial climate room. The results showed that ripening period from heading to maturity was tend to be shorter at higher temperature treatment condition and at longer duration treatment condition. and 1000-grain weight was decreased as the ripening period shortened. Furthermore, gelatinization properties was changed by high temperature due to the reduction of starch and amylose contents. As the shortening of grain filling period by a high temperature treatment, the protein content was increased. In the 10 DAH at 27oC treatment, the grain filling period was shortened by 9 days. The starch contents was reduced by 5.7 %, and the protein content was increased by 5.6 % in a such condition. Protein contents was showed negative correlations with amylose, starch contents and gelatinization properties, respectively. Starch contents, however, showed positive correlations with amlyose content and gelatinization properties.