Objective: To learn correlation and linear relation between Perceptual Quotient (PQ) and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) by evaluating visual perception and IQ of the children with cerebral palsy and normal children, to compare the difference of the subject groups, and to use it as the preliminary study on the correlation between the visual perception and the IQ. Method: The assessment for the visual perception has been performed by Motor Free Visual Perception Test-revised (MVPT-R) twice and for the IQ by Leiter International Performance Scale (LIPS). Subjects have been 11 children with the cerebral palsy and 9 normal children, at the age of between 5 and 11. Results: Regarding the scores of the MVPT-R and the IQ of LIPS, the normal children’s scores have been higher than the one with the cerebral palsy, with meaningful statistics. There has been very high correlation between mental age and perceptual age, the IQ and the PQ, and the IQ has increased as the PQ has increased. When it comes to linear regression, the cerebral palsy has fit 65.9% while the other with the normal children has fit just 34.2%. Conclusions: There is a possibility of predicting the PQ and the IQ owing to the high correlation and the linear relation showed between the PQ and the IQ. There is a need for the activated study on the linear relation collecting the data about enough subjects through further research.

학령전 아동의 zinc absorption, excretion, balance에 대하여 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. Zinc absorption은 남자아동의 경우 29.7%, 여자 아동의 경우 23.3%, 평균 25.8%로 나타났다. 대상자의 zinc absorption은 zinc intake와는 상관성이 나타나지 않았으며, zinc balance와 유의적 상관 (p<0.01)을 보였다. Zinc balance는 남자 아동의 경우 평균 3.25mg/day, 여자 아동의 경우 1.78mg/day, 평균 2.34mg/day로 1명의 대상자를 제외하고 모두 positive balance를 보였다. Fecal zinc loss는 평균 6.31mg/day, nary zinc loss는 평균 0.16mg/day였다. zinc intake는 fecal zinc loss및 zinc balance에 유의적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 (p<0.01), urinary zinc는 intake의 영향을 받지 않았다. 우리나라 학령전 아동의 zinc absorption 및 balance, 는 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이 방면의 연구 자료가 많지 않아, 성장기 아동을 대상으로 한 zinc nutrition에 대한 구체적이고 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

This study was designed to investigate nutrition intakes and its relation to the obesity and the prevalence of anemia in 252 children(136 boys, 116 girls) aged 2~6 years. The hematological parameters, daily nutrient intakes and height and weight were measured. Calorie intakes of 2 and 3year-old-children were over their RDA while those of 4-6 years were below the RDA. Intakes of protein, P, and vit B complex were far over the RDA in all ages of children. Fe and vit A intakes were insufficient in all ages except 3 years while Ca intakes were insufficient in all ages except 2 and 3 years. About 18.2% of the children were evaluated as obese. However, very few children were anemic by hematologic parameters. The mean Hb concentrations were 12.2mg/dl in boys and also in girls. The mean Hct was 36.2% in boys, 35.8% in girls. Serum Fe concentration was 100.1mg/dl in boys, 101.1mg/dl in girls. RBC count was significantly higher in boys while MCH was significantly higher in girls. Intakes of protein, P, Fe, vit B1, niacin, vit C were significantly higher in obese group compared to under weight group. There were significant positive correlations between protein intake and Hb, Hct, MCH, and MCHC. The correlation between Fe intake and Hb or Hct was not significant. In conclusion, it seems that the nutritional status of the most children was in very good condition. However, they needed to take more foods supplying Fe, Ca, and vit A.

광주시에 있는 한 초등학교에 재학중인 9세의 학생 136명을 조사 대상으로 식습관과 영양소 섭취량 및 혈액 성상에 관한 연구 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 조사 대상자의 연령은 9세로 남자가 76명, 여자가 60명으로 평균 신장은 123.3cm였고, 평균 체중은 24.4㎏이었으며, 평균 가슴둘레는 49.9㎜. 평균 앉은 키는 67.6㎜를 나타냈다. 2. 조사 대상자의 헤마토크리트치는 36.0%로 기준치와 거의 비슷하였고, 백혈구는 6.8×10exp(3)/㎣을 나타냈고, 적혈구는 4.5×10exp(6)/㎣이었다. 헤모글로빈은 12.7g/dl로 기준치보다 약간 높았다. GOT는 23.1unit였고, GPT는 14.7unit였다. 혈액 중의 콜레스테롤 함량은 170.9㎎/dl로 정상 범위였다. 3. 조사 대상자의 식습관 조사 결과 학년이 올라갈수록 식사시간이 불규칙해지고 식품의 배합이나 균형을 생각지 않고 섭취하고 있었으며 맵거나 짜게먹고 있었고 아침 식사를 거르는 비율이 높게 나타났다. 4, 조사 대상자의 열량 섭취량은 1, 306㎉를 섭취하였고, 단백질 섭취량은 47.9g, 지방섭취량은 28.8g 이었으며 섬유소 섭취량은 , 3.9g이었다. 칼슘의 섭취량은 446.9㎎이었으며 인의 섭취량은 835.0㎎이었고, 철분의 섭취량은 7.9㎎, 나트륨의 섭취량은 3, 721.0㎎이었고, 칼륨의 섭취량은 1, 863.5㎎ 이었다. 비타민 A의 섭취량은 362.3RE, 비타민 B_1은 0.8㎎, 비타민 B-2는 0.7㎎, 나이아신은 10.8NE, 비타민 C는 93.9㎎ 및 콜레스테롤 섭취량은 173.5㎎이었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 에너지, 단백질. 칼슘, 철분, 비타민 A 등 대부분의 영양소 섭취량이 권장량에 미치지 못하여 성장기에 있는 아동들의 영양소 섭취 상태에 문제가 있음을 시사해 주었다. 5. 조사 대상자의 식습관과 영양소 섭취량의 상관관계는 식사시간의 규칙성은 단백질, 식이성 섬유소. 비타민 A및 티아민 섭취량과 양의 상관을 나트륨 섭취량과는 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 음식의 간(염도)은 인과 콜레스테롤 섭취와 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 들깨가루나 들기름 사용 여부는 열량. 탄수화물 및 인의 섭취량과 음의 상관을, 지방, 철분, 리보플라빈 및 나이아신 섭취량과는 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 결식 여부는 지방. 철분 및 나이아신 섭취량과는 양의 상관관계를. 열량, 탄수화물. 인, 나트륨 및 콜레스테롤 섭취량과는 음의 상관을 보였다. 외식의 빈도수는 단백질, 지방, 식이성 섬유소, 철분, 레티놀, 티아민, 리보플라빈 및 나이아신 섭취량과 음의 상관을 보였다. 이상의 연구 결과 9세 아동의 체위와 혈액 성상은 정상 범위에 속하며, 연령이 증가할수록 바람직하지 않은 식습관을 나타내었고, 에너지, 단백질, 칼슘, 비타민A등 대부분의 영양소 섭취량이 권장량에 미치지 못하였고, 특히 칼슘과 비타민 A의 섭취 증가가 요구되었다. 또한 식사시간이 규칙적일수록 단백질, 식이성 섬유소, 레티놀 및 티아민의 섭취량이 높았고, 식사 양이 많을수록 리보플라빈 섭취량이 많았으며, 맵고 짜게 먹을수록 인과 콜레스테롤 섭취량이 높았으며, 들기름을 사용하지 않을수록 열량과 탄수화물 섭취량이 많았고, 외식의 빈도수가 높을수록 단백질, 지방등의 섭취량이 높게 나타났다. 특히 초등학교 고학년 학생들의 불규칙적인 식사습관, 소금 섭취량 및 외식의 빈도수가 여러 영양소 섭취상태에 영향을 주고 있음을 확인할 수 있었고 따라서 성장이 왕성한 학동기에 균형잡힌 좋은 식습관과 규칙적으로 가정에서 식사할 수 있도록 특별한 관심을 가져야 함을 시사해 주었다.

This study was designed to evaluate food habits, anthropometry and obesity of 252 children(136 boys, 116 girls) aged 2~6 years old. The anthropometric indices were measured and food habits were surveyed. Average food habit score was 11.7/20.0 in boys and 11.8/20.0 in girls. It was found that 60.3% of the subjects belonged to fair score group(7-13) in food habits, while subjects in poor (0-6) and in excellent (14-20) were 30.6% and 9.1% respectively. There was no significant difference in food habits score between boys and girls. The food habits score tended to be higher as the mother's education level, total family income, number of siblings were increased. The mean height, weight and chest circumference of the subjects were much higher than the Korean standards. Evaluating the obesity by weight for height, 77.8% subjects was normal, 4.0% was underweight and 18.3% was obese. Underweight children did not seem to enjoy their meals and ate too slowly compared to normal or obese children. Therefore they needed to promote food habits by good nutritional education.

The purpose of this study is to find the standard value of hand width, of grip strength and of pinch strength by age, sex, and by left hand and right hand and also to find how the general characteristics influences grip strength and pinch strength. Martin Vigorimeter (List No. 17-27-01) was used for measuring grip strength, and the pinch gauge (0∼30 lbs) of B&L engineering for measuring pinch strength. The subjects of this study are the children at the age of three to seven years, who attending the babies' play room, kindergarten and the primary school in Seoul and the Kyungki province area. They all were normally developed without any significant neurology problem. wo hundred girls and two hundred boys were partifipated in this study. They were divided into ten subgroups according to the age of six month interval. Each group consisted of forty children of twenty boys and twenty girls. Analysis of data presents the technical statistics upon the hand width of right and left hand and the grip strength and pinch strength according to the age and sex. Multiple regression analysis using mixed liner model was operated in order to find how the general characteristics (of the age, sex, and side of hand) influence hand width, grip strength, and pinch strength individually. Also, we calculated the correlation among hand width, grip strength and pinch strength under the condition of controlling general characteristics; and to find correlation between the right hand and the left hand of the age and sex, we carried out paired t-test and came to the conclusion as follows: 1.　Hand width is significantly increased with the increase of age (p<0.01). The increase of hand width according to age, boy is wider than that of girl significantly (p<0.01), and the right hand is wider than that of the left hand significantly (p<0.01). 2.　Grip strength is significantly increased as the age and hand width increased (p<0.01). The increase of grip strength according to the age, boy is stronger than that of girl significantly (p<0.01), and grip strength of the right hand is stronger than that of the left hand(p<0.01). 3.　Three-jaw pinch strength is increased as the age, hand width and grip strength are increased(p<0.01). But there is no significant difference of three-jaw pinch strength according to sex and the side of hand(p>0.05). 4.　Tip pinch strength is significantly increased as the age and grip strength are increased(p<0.05). The increase of tip pinch strength according to the age, boy is stronger than that of girl significantly (p<0.05), but there is no significant difference between the right hand and the left hand(p>0.05). 5.　Lateral pinch strength is significantly increased as the age and grip strength are increased(p<0.01). But the increase of lateral pinch strength, there is no significant difference according to the hand width, sex and the side of hand(p>0.05). 6.　The test of correlation among hand width, grip strength and pinch strength showed the correlation between grip strength and pinch strength was stronger than the correlation between hand width and pinch strength(0.3<r<0.7). There was strong correlation between each pinch strength(0.3<r<0.7). Above all, the correlation of three-jaw pinch strength and tip pinch strength was strongest(0.7<r<1.0). 7.　The test of hand width according to the age and sex, and the difference between the right hand and the left hand in grip strength and pinch strength showed that there was significant difference against all the test of hand width, of grip strength, and of pinch strength in the age group from seven years and six months to seven years and eleven months than the age group under six years, specially in girls group(p<0.05).

Compared to last decade, body size of children has been changed because of many factors such as caloric intake, hereditary evolution, individual exercise, and so on. Naturally, children will grow up and they will become teenagers, college students as time goes by. Also, all children will enter into appropriate educational institutes according to age. The objective of this study is to compare and analyze the data of body size of children for safe educational environment. The data are measured by some parts on body such as stature, height, weight, circumferences, length, width, and depth. The samples for this study are randomly chosen from kindergartens in. Seoul and Kangnung during three months (2000. 3 ∼ 2000. 5).

The purposes of this study are to evaluate the development of disabled children us- ing LAP(Learning Accomplishment Profile) and to investigate the correlation between subtest scores of LAP. The development scores were obtained using 244 items in 5 su-btests (gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language/cognitive, and self help) of LAP in 34 children with delayed development from February, 1998 to March, 1999. The birth history and risk factors for developmental disablilty such as prematurity, hyperbilirubi-nemia, low birth weight, and seizure were evaluated. Collected data were analized by Pearson's correla tion coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test. The results were as follow : 1) Among the subtests of LAP scores, fine motor, language/cognitive, and self-help were signi ficantly correlated with the cognitive subtests scores (p > 0.001) 2) On the other hand, gross motor subtest scores were independent to cognitive sub-test scores. 3) The children who had history of seizure during neonatal period showed significantly low scores in language-naming, fine motor-writing, and self help-eating. The LAP is considered as a useful tool to evaluate the cognitive development disab- led children. Cognitive function significantly influence on other developmental areas es-pecially on fine motor development.

This study was to evaluate the anthropometry, dietary attitudes and the other factors of 201 children in day-care centers according to their parents' income levels. The evaluation was conducted using anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and questionnaire survey which was completed by the children's mothers. The results are summarized as follows: Overall growth of children was normal according to Korean standard. There were no significant differences in anthropometry according to the income levels. The scores of eating habits of children were different significantly according to income levels. That is, the score was the lowest in the low-income group. Children generally prefer one-dish meal or snacks, while the preference levels of kimchi, seasoned vegetable and beans broiled in soysauce were lower than those cf other foods. In the questions to know mothers' nutrition knowledge, we could see that they didn't know well about protein, breast-feeding, weaning and balance in nutrients. Nutrition knowledge score of mothers was significantly lower in the low income group, which shows close relationship with low-score eating habits of their children. The score of nutrition knowledge was affected by the mother's education level. The higher the mother's nutrition knowledge and education level, the better children's eating habits. These findings emphasize the planning and application of nutrition education programs for mothers especially in the low income group.

According to economical status, under-nutrition and over-nutrition coexist in preschool children in Korea. Subjects consumed more than RDA in most nutrients, and children in of the upper income class tended to have more nutrients than those of the low income class. Especially in case of energy, protein, fat, vitamin B2, and P there were significant differences among the different classes. The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrates, protein and fat were 57~59: 16~17: 26~27 and fat calorie percentage was higher than quantity recommended for Korean adults. Energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, B1 and C intakes were taken mostly from plant food sources. In the upper income class group, intakes of protein and vitamin B2 from animal food sources were higher than in any other income classes. Intakes of iron, vitamin A, B1 and C were largely provided by plant food group. Especially 44-45% of vitamin A were taken from vegetable and fruits group, which indicated that about 50% of vitamin A intake was the form of β-carotene. Also compared with other groups, in the upper income class group, the intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 from cereal and potatoes were significantly lower, and those of Ca and P from milks and meats, fishes & eggs were significantly higher(p〈0.05). The mean fat intake in all subjects was 38~43g/day. Regardless of income class, oleic acid(6.6~8.4g) and linoleic acid(6.7~8.1g) were the most abundant fatty acids contained in the diet. The upper class group consumed significantly more total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids(p〈0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids, there were no differences between 3 different income classes, but intakes of total Ω6 fatty acids in the upper class tended to be higher and those of total o3 fatty acids in low class tended to be higher. Therefore, Ω6/Ω3 tended to be higher in the upper class group. Regardless of income classes, P/M/S and Ω6/Ω3 ratios in all subjects were 0.9~l.3/1.0~1.1/1.0 and 5.2~7.4/1.0, respectively and were in a desirable range. Cholesterol intake of subject was 184-218 mg/day, which was comparable to the value of Korean adult intake.

Hand skills are important to interaction with environment. Hands are the tools most often used to accomplish work, to play, to express and communicate. This study observed the grasp patterns of spastic cerebral palsied(39) and athetoid cerebral palsied children(l3). They were asked by occupational therapist that wrote their name with pencil and colored a circle with crayon. Their grasp patterns were recorded on the basis of which fingers were used to grasp the object, the surface areas of the fingers in contact with the object, and the position of the joints of the fingers. This paper will present the skill acquisition and the activities of daily living for the fine motor skill and self care to the child who has a disability affecting hand skills.

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate various hand functions in the most common position (chair sitting, standing, floor sitting) used by cerebral palsied children with spastic diplegia. The results, analysed statistically, could be useful in suggesting treatment strategy for the improvement of hand function in such patient. For this study, 27 children mild or moderate spastic diplegia were chosen. They were patients of the Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University Medical Center. Both dominant and nondominant hands were tested by the Box and Block Test. Bilateral hand function was tested by bead striding and card sorting activities. Collected data was analysed using univariate correlation analysis and MANOVA. Results were as follows: 1) In chair sitting there was a significant positive correlation between dominant hand scores in the Bloc and Box Test and chronological age, gestation period, and time of treatment initiation. In bilateral hand function, card sorting scores correlated positively with time of treatment initiation. 2) In standing, there was a significantly positive correlation between dominant hand scores in the Block and Box Test and time of treatment initiation. 3) In floor sitting, there was a significantly positive correlation between the dominance hand scores in the Block and Box Test and the tine of treatment initiation. Bead stringing, a bilateral hand activity, correlated positively with gestation period and birth weight but negatively with the postnatal incubation period. 4) That score of children who walked showed no significant difference in any of the three postures. 5) Highest test scores in children who could nat walk were in the Box and Block Test for nondominant hand in bead stringing for bilateral hand function. There scores occurred with the children in thee chair sitting posture. The results showed that, in order to improve hand function in children with spastic diplegia, it is necessary to maintain a well supported upright trunk posture with variations allowed for relevance to the chosen position of thee improvements hand activity being performed.

The main purpose of this study was to observe the effect of school lunch program on dietary habits of elementary school children and their food preferences. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 785 children and their mother in ele-mentary school with and without school lunch program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. 91.1% of subjects were eating rice for breakfast menu and 12.2% of subjects were skipping breakfast every morning. 2. Most of the children preferred fruits, ddugboggi, ice cream, fritter, cookie, bread, beverage and hot dog for snacks. 3. Despite of its restrictive practice, the school lunch program proved to be contributory to the improvement of children's food intake habits, table manners, keeping social order, sanitary consiousness, gratitude for their parents. 4. Children preferred kimbap, bokumbap and hamburger for main dish, fish jelly soup, brown seaweed soup and bean-sprout soup for soup, animal food for side dish and frying saute for cooking methods. 5. Most of the children disliked crown daisy, green pepper, mushroom, green onion, onion, dropwort, soybean and carrot for their food materials.

To find out the reference data of the school food service system, I serveyed four primary schools in Seoul, Korea and Nara, Japan respectively. The school children and their parents of whom arbitrary selected two classes among each primary school, were taken the questionaire about the present school food service system and their favorate food. The results were as follows; 1) 74.8% of Korean and Japanese children, and 92.5% of their parents were in favor of school food service. 2) Korean childrin wanted more amount of food and less salty taste. 3) Korean and Japanese children and their parents believed that the school food service system correct children's unbalanced diet. 4) Korean children wished more kinds of foods, western-styled cooking and that the food would be served in warm state. 5) Korean parents wanted that school food service system should be natural and better quality food material, and teacher should educate good eating habit. 6) Korean school children prefer yogurt, cuttle-fish, chicken, bean-curd, tomato, orange, dried laver, sweet potato, pine-mushroom in each food group. In conclusion, school food service system should be enough to meet children's good nutrition status, and the menu would be selected with consideration of children's preference and Korean traditional diet habit. Good table manner and eating all kinds of foods should be targht by school food service system as well as preparing good quality of food.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of nutritional and social factors among 100 children aged 5~6 years. Forty five children (45%) were selected from families with low socioeconomic status, while 55 children (55%) were from those with high socioeconomic status. Cognitive performance of the children was measured by the Draw a man test and the degrees of hyperactivity were assessed by both children's mothers and their teachers using two different Check List (Behavior check list and Conner's rating scale). There were few associations between cognitive performance and nutritional variables. However, levels of hyperactivity were related positively to diversity of food intake and weight percentage for age, and negatively to animal and processed food preferences. These results indicate a possible role of nutrition on psychological development.