Women aged between 36 and 55 are the main players in the cosmetics market in Taiwan in recent years. Particularly, the sector of anti-ageing cosmetics has grown continually with the support of women at the ages, who have stronger purchasing power than others. Furthermore, the changes of the channel structure in Taiwan have an impact on cosmetics consumption. Department stores have been the leaders of the high-end cosmetics market for a long time. Nevertheless, Taiwanese middle-aged women no longer only purchase cosmetics products in the department stores, but also shop around the pharmacy chain stores, like Cosmed, Poya and Watsons, which expand rapidly in Taiwan recently, buying OTC (Over-the-counter) cosmetics brands and products. It is convenient for women to attach with cosmetics products since the widespread shops available for consumers to pop in and consume a wide range of cosmetics products with more affordable prices (Kantar Worldpanel, 2013). The current research examines the cosmetics shopping and consumption of middle-aged women in the Taiwanese cultural context. The phenomenological interviews were conducted with a purposive sampling with 6 Taiwanese middle-aged women ranging in age from 40 to 60, who used cosmetics on a daily basis, varied in duration, between 1 to 2 hours. The sample size is kept deliberately small as phenomenological interviews are designed to elaborate the richness (Baker et al., 1992) of individuals’ lived experiences, feelings and perceptions of cosmetics consumption. Each interview was conducted online using the social media, Skype, through a webcam. The purpose of the interview was described to the informants as an exploration of women’s cosmetics consumption and how it affected their experiences in their daily lives. They were encouraged to share their own experiences freely. The unstructured interviews started with a question, “What comes to your mind when speaking of cosmetics?” enabling participants to start the dialogue with their most familiar topics and be free to define the meanings of cosmetics in their own words (Liu et al., 2012). In the process of data analysis, 6 principal themes emerged to give more explanations in detail of how middle-aged women in Taiwan strategically manipulate cosmetic shopping to construct, maintain, change, and give meanings to the sense of self in transformational levels during their lifetime course. In addition, due to the widespread of pharmacy stores in recent days, it is found that the middle-aged women’s had changed their shopping behaviours in accordance with the change of retail stores. For example, Karen likes to shop around the pharmacy stores looking for open counter brands which are made in Japan and buying products with the signs showing that are ranked number 1, instead of shopping at the department stores, where she used to go. Moreover, Amy also likes to go to the pharmacy stores which are close to where she lives. There are many new-opened stores, such as Cosmed, Watsons, and Poya rapidly expanded in the rural area that make it more convenient for residents to shop in. She also prefers to buy facial cleansing products which are made in Japan and ranked number 1. As the structure of channel and lifestyle have changed with time, consumers’ cosmetics consumption is changing as well. The research finds that wearing cosmetics has become habits for the Taiwanese women aged between 40 and 60 since they have been using cosmetics for more than 20 years. The meaning behind their “used-to habits” with cosmetics is that consumer’s possessions - cosmetics, have become their extended self and being strategically manipulated to accompany them experiencing through every path of their lives, including pursuing their ideal, hoped-for possible selves, escaping from their negative, feared possible selves, managing their relationship with the social self, and developing their past-present-future self within the historical context.

The recovery of epididymal sperm in animals is considered as one of the important tools to preserve high value or endangered species. However, there are no appropriate castrating indicators such as months of age in bull, sperm morphology, and motility, particularly in young Korean native bull (Hanwoo). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate sperm number, morphology, and motility of sperm in the epididymis tail of young Hanwoo bulls at 8 and 15 months of age. After castration, epididymal tails were collected and minced with blades to recover sperm. In experiments 1 and 2, sperm number, morphology, and motility were examined. Total number of sperm and percentage of normal sperm from bulls at 8 months of age was lower than that of bulls at 15 months of age after collection (P<0.05). Percentage of abnormal head, tail, proximal cytoplasmic droplet, dead and damaged acrosome of sperm from bulls at 8 months of age were higher than those of bulls at 15 months of age (P<0.05). In experiment 3, sperm motility from bulls at 8 and 15 months of age were examined before freezing and after thawing. Frozen-thawed sperm at 8 months of age showed low total motility and motile sperm with ≥ 25 μm/sec compared to those at 15 months of age and commercially-used sperm (P<0.05). In conclusion, sperm derived from the epididymal tail of bulls at 8 months of age showed high abnormal morphology and poor motility, which are not adequate for AI and IVF. On the other hand, sperm derived from the epididymal tail of bulls at 15 months of age showed high normal morphology and motility.

본 연구는 자원봉사자가 인식하는 노인복지시설의 사회적 책임이 자원봉사 지속성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조직신뢰 조절효과를 검증하였다. 연구 자료는 2013년 9월부터 12 월까지 서울, 경기권 노인복지시설의 20대 이상 성인 남녀 자원봉사자의 설문지 237부의 설문자료를 분석하였으며, 통계프로그램 SPSS 18로 조절회귀분석을 통계분석방법으로 사용하였다. 측정도구는 독립변수로 자원봉사자가 인식하는 노인복지시설의 사회적 책임, 조절변수로는 조직신뢰, 종속변수로는 자원봉사 지속성을 측정하였다. 연구결과 노인 복지시설의 사회적 책임 중 윤리적 책임과 조직신뢰의 상호작용이 조절효과가 나타나는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 노인복지시설의 사회적 책임이 자원봉사 지속성을 검증한 점에서 연구의 의의가 있으며, 이상과 같은 결과를 통하여 노인복지시설에서 자원봉사자들의 지속성을 높이기 위하여 사회적 책임을 실천해야 하는 함의를 제시하였다.

Until the late nineteenth century, the history of international law was remarkably Eurocentric. In the early twentieth century, however, a number of Chinese intellectuals examined and demonstrated existence of international law through the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period in China. They used international law as a symbol of civilisation to express a gesture of resistance toward the Western imperial oppression and cultural invasion. In this way, Chinese intellectuals hoped to maintain, publicise, or even resurrect China’s rich cultural tradition in a global order governed by the West. Their endeavour represented an important variable in the European imperialist expansion process and constituted political interaction with western ideas to create a truly universal discourse. Unfortunately, most of their efforts have almost been forgotten. What the readers could perceive from these faded writings are not only academic assertions, but also the final splendour of an aged empire.

PURPOSES : The performance properties (indirect tensile strength, rutting resistance, and resilient modulus) of recycled aged CRM mixtures and their correlation with Superpave binder properties (viscosity, high failure temperature, G*sinδ, and stiffness) were investigated. METHODS: A series of Superpave binder tests was performed by using a rotational viscometer, DSR, and BBR to evaluate the performance properties. In addition, the CRM mixes were artificially aged through accelerated aging processes, and their properties were evaluated. The correlation between the properties of recycled aged CRM binders and the engineering properties of recycled aged CRM mixtures was experimentally determined. RESULTS : The rut depth values decreased and the ITS values increased with increasing high failure temperature. In general, the resilient modulus properties seemed to be poorly correlated with the high-temperature values, regardless of the aggregate source. CONCLUSIONS: The recycled aged CRM binders and mixtures can lead to satisfactory performance, and the properties of these binders are strongly correlated with the engineering properties of the mixtures.

급속도로 진전되는 고령화 시대에 기업은 중고령자를 고비용의 주체로 인식하여 구조조정의 대상으로 삼고 있다. 이는 중고령자를 재무적 관점으로만 이해하고 이들의 숙련된 기술과 노하우를 기업의 인적자 산이라는 전략적 관점으로 접근하지 못한 결과이다. 저출산의 영향으로 청년노동력이 감소함에 따라 조 직에서 중고령자의 역할비중은 증대될 수밖에 없으며, 그러므로 암묵적 지식을 가진 중고령자의 활용도 에 따라 기업 경쟁력은 달라질 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 중고령자를 기업의 인적자산으로 인식하고 중고 령자의 직무만족도와 직무만족도에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하여 기업경영에 필요한 시사점을 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 실증자료는 전국단위로 설문을 실시하였으며, 기업에 재직하고 있는 50세∼ 64세의 중고령 임금근로자 563명을 대상으로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 직무적합도와 자기개발 노력은 중고령자의 직무만족도에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 직무부담은 중고령자의 직무만족도에 부정적 영향을 미치지 않았다. 세째, 고령친화 적 인적자원관리의 조절효과는 부분적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 연구결과의 시사점으로, 기업은 중고령자의 직무적합도를 제고하고, 원할한 자기개발이 가능하도록 조 직문화를 조성하며, 고령친화적 인적자원관리를 실시하여 중고령자의 직무만족도를 높여야 한다.

In this study, the texture, nucleotide-related compounds, and sensory characteristics of dry-aged beef, made from third quality grade Hanwoo beef (Korean native cattle), were investigated according to aging periods. Loin cuts obtained from three different Hanwoos were dry-aged under the specific conditions (controlled temperatures, humidity, and air flow) during 0-7 weeks. With increasing aging periods, textures were significantly decreased after 5 weeks (hardness: from 13,264±2,033 to 7,112±1,743 g; chewiness: from 4,107±1,467 to 2,334±780) and four sensory characteristics were significantly increased after 3 weeks (texture: from 2.2±1.0 to 6.2±1.1; flavor: from 3.9±0.7 to 6.2±1.5; whole preference: from 2.5±0.8 to 6.3±1.3; purchase intention: from 3.7±1.4 to 6.0±1.5) except for color (p<0.05). On the other hand, the concentrations of IMP which is related to the umami flavor of beef were significantly decreased with increasing aging periods (from 40.44±5.97 at 0-week to 7.44±2.43 μg/ mg at 7-week) (p<0.05). These results obtained in this study could provide an useful data base for the quality control of dry-aging.

This study aimed to evaluate the health concern, eating habits, dietary behavior, and psychological stress among middleaged adults in Chungnam according to their exercise status. A total of 437 adults with a mean age of 42.6 years participated in this study and completed a questionnaire survey. The subjects were divided into one of three groups according to their exercise status: never doing exercise (NDE; n=144), doing exercise once a week (DEO; n=186), and doing exercise twice a week or more (DET; n=107). Results demonstrated significant differences in concern about health, subjective health status, meal regularity, dietary problems, and stress score among the three groups. The DET and DEO groups were more concerned about their health (p<0.001), and had a perception that their health status was better than that of the NDE group (p<0.01). A larger percentage of the DET group had breakfast everyday (p<0.05) and a smaller percentage of the DET group had dietary problems such as irregular mealtime and skipping meals (p<0.01), compared to the other groups. The average stress score of the DET group was significantly lower than that of the DEO and NDE groups (p<0.05). The results reveal that doing regular exercising at least twice a week is associated with higher health concern, more desirable dietary habits, and lower psychological stress in middle-aged adults. These findings support the beneficial effects of regular exercise for health, dietary habits, and stress control.

본 연구의 목적은 컬러명상 프로그램이 중년여성의 기분상태 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구 참가자는 중년여성들 중 컬러명상 프로그램에 참여하기를 희망하는 45명 표집하여 실험집단 15명, 비교집단 15명, 통제집단 15명으로 배치하였다. 실험집단에 실시한 컬러명상 프로그램은 총 9회기로, 1주에 3회씩 3주에 걸쳐 실시되었고, 각 회기는 60-70분가량으로 진행하였다. 비교집단에 실시한 블루 컬러명상 프로그램은 총 9회기로, 1주에 3회씩 3주에 걸쳐 실시되었고, 각 회기는 60-70분가량으로 진행하였다. 통제집단에는 아무런 처치도 하지 않았다. 본 연구에서 컬러명상 프로그램 실시 전과 후의 기분상태의 변화를 측정하기 위하여 기분상태검사지(POMS: profile of mood states)를 사용하였다. 기분상태 변인의 사후검사 점수의 세 집단 간 비교에서 사전검사 점수를 공변인으로 하는 공변량 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 컬러명상 프로그램이 중년여성들의 기분상태의 전반적인 변화에 가장 긍정적인 효과가 있었고, 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 기분상태 하위요인별로 살펴보면, 긴장, 우울, 분노, 피로요인에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 활력, 혼란요인에서는 컬러명상 프로그램을 실시한 집단의 사전-사후검사 변화량이 가장 높게 나타났지만 집단 간에 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 컬러명상 프로그램이 전반적인 기분상태 변화에 효과가 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 후속 연구를 위한 제안사항을 논의하였다.

East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) is one of seven provinces in the eastern region of Indonesia that contribute to the large number of out of school children (OOSC). A research study has been carried out to investigate the characteristics of OOSC and to determine the statistical model explaining factors that influence the OOSC occurrence in the age group 13 – 15 years in ENT. Data of OOSC were obtained from the Education Department and Regional Planning Board in 6 selected districts in ENT that were produced from the community based education information system (CBEIS) survey in coordination with UNICEF Kupang in 2013. The districts were Sikka, Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS), West Sumba, East Sumba, Central Sumba and the City of Kupang. A response variable of the study was the state of the children’s education with the category ‘yes’ for school and ‘no’ for out of school. Data was then analysed using descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression method. The analysis shows that there were 795 OOSC in 10350 children in the junior high school age group. The majority of them are males, living in the country side, have farmer parents, are from families with wealth quintile on the bottom class and have mothers with no education. Logistic analysis on the best model shows that literacy, working status, disability, occupation of household heads, wealth quintile, possession of birth certificate, living status are the factors that significantly affect the number of OOSC in the 13-15 age group. Odds ratio values of the first three factors are 26.5; 12.8 and 7.5 respectively.

Total accident rate in the construction industry is a very meaningful reduction to establish a comprehensive disaster reduction measures, including through the Survey, the disaster prevention projects whilst driving status and problem analysis in order to reduce the mature workers in the construction industry is growing rapidly in all disaster disasters (share) The days. It is urgent to establish a framework and measures that can identify the specific cause for this than for the middle-aged workers and disaster reduction in disaster reduction efforts, which continue to increase. Used as measures of information and data presented in the basic requirements of mature workers also been.

The present study analyzed data from the 3D measurement of the feet of men aged over 20 years residing in the capital region as part of the 6th Anthropometry of Size Korea. To analyze the characteristics of the foot shapes of young men aged 20~39 years and middle-aged/elderly men aged 40~69 years by age and by type, a cluster analysis was conducted using the factors derived through the factor analysis as independent variables. The results of the study that analyzed the characteristics of foot shapes by type according to differences in age were as follows. First, through the analysis of the characteristics of the foot shapes of young men by type, five factors were extracted, and the foot shapes were classified into three types: Type 1 (short and flat), Type 2 (thick), and Type 3 (long and wide). Second, through the analysis of the characteristics of the foot shapes of middle-aged/elderly men by type, six factors were extracted, and the foot shapes were classified into four types: Type 1 (short and regular), Type 2 (flat), Type 3 (thick), and Type 4 (long and regular). The results of the present study are expected to serve as basic data for the design of shoes by age and foot type.

This study analyzed the body-type characteristics of 340 old-aged obese women that had been on the rise as a part of efforts to activate the silver clothing industry. The subjects were in the age range of 60-79 and met some obesity requirements, including a Rohrer Index of 1.6 or higher, a BMI of 25 or higher, and a WHR of 0.85 or higher. Old-aged obese women showed increased thickness of the torso with age, which suggests that they revealed the characteristics of regardless of gender. In other words, they became bigger in the waist and abdomen, shorter in height, slimmer in the lower body, and thicker in the torso. There are three types of obesity: Type 1 is lower-body obesity with a higher degree of obesity in the abdomen than the upper body. Type 2 is abdominal obesity with a higher degree of obesity in the upper body than in the lower body. Type 3 is whole-body obesity with balanced obesity of the whole body. As for changes to the types of obesity according to age, those who are in their sixties usually fall into the categories of upper-body and whole-body obesity, and those who are in their seventies are much more concentrated in the categories of abdominal obesity and upper-body obesity with a decreased percentage of whole-body obesity. It is apparent that the percentage of abdominal and upper-body obesity rises with age due to fat accumulation in the abdomen.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting acceptance of four kinds of dak-jjim samples in third year schoolaged children (n=100). Soy sauce, red pepper paste, Vietnam fish sauce, and star anise were applied to samples for their familiar and exotic characteristics. Significant differences among samples were observed in odor, taste, and acceptance (p<0.001). Soy (Soy sauce sample), RPPaste (Red pepper paste sample), and Soy_FishS (Soy sauce and Vietnam fish sauce sample) samples scored higher than Soy_StarA (Soy sauce and star anise sample) sample. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in intensities of saltiness, sweetness, and hot spicy flavor (p>0.05). Liked attributes in samples were saltiness, sweetness, chicken flavor, potato flavor, moistness of chicken, hot spicy flavor, and color. Disliked attributes in samples were hot spicy flavor, saltiness, and ginger flavor. Significant differences among samples were observed in familiar intensity and willing to try again (p<0.001). Soy, RPPaste, and Soy_FishS samples scored higher than Soy_StarA sample. Panels considered taste (46%) and nutrition (45%). Higher familiar intensity of sample was associated with higher acceptance in samples. In other words, familiarity of food affects acceptance of food. Therefore, familiar ingredients such as soy sauce and chicken can be used for development of Korean menu items considering taste and nutrition with enhanced Korean food acceptance in school-aged children.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting acceptance of four kinds of dak-jjim samples in third year schoolaged children (n=100). Soy sauce, red pepper paste, Vietnam fish sauce, and star anise were applied to samples for their familiar and exotic characteristics. Significant differences among samples were observed in odor, taste, and acceptance (p<0.001). Soy (Soy sauce sample), RPPaste (Red pepper paste sample), and Soy_FishS (Soy sauce and Vietnam fish sauce sample) samples scored higher than Soy_StarA (Soy sauce and star anise sample) sample. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in intensities of saltiness, sweetness, and hot spicy flavor (p>0.05). Liked attributes in samples were saltiness, sweetness, chicken flavor, potato flavor, moistness of chicken, hot spicy flavor, and color. Disliked attributes in samples were hot spicy flavor, saltiness, and ginger flavor. Significant differences among samples were observed in familiar intensity and willing to try again (p<0.001). Soy, RPPaste, and Soy_FishS samples scored higher than Soy_StarA sample. Panels considered taste (46%) and nutrition (45%). Higher familiar intensity of sample was associated with higher acceptance in samples. In other words, familiarity of food affects acceptance of food. Therefore, familiar ingredients such as soy sauce and chicken can be used for development of Korean menu items considering taste and nutrition with enhanced Korean food acceptance in school-aged children

목 적: 유아를 대상으로 한국과 일본에서 시행하고 있는 시력선별검사법을 비교 분석하여 개선을 위한 참고자료를 제안하고자 한다. 방 법: 유아(3~6세) 307명(614안)을 대상으로 한국과 일본에서 시행하는 시력선별검사를 실시하고, 표 준시시력표를 이용하여 나안시력을 측정하였다. 결 과: 한국과 일본의 시력선별검사 결과의 일치도는 낮았으며(k=0.40, p<0.001), 시력선별검사시표가 주된 요인으로 나타났다. 표준시시력표와 한국의 시력선별검사 결과는 일치도가 낮았으나(k=0.27, p<0.001), 표준시시력표와 일본의 시력선별검사 결과는 일치도가 높았다(k=0.89, p<0.001). 한국 시력선별 검사법 중 시력 판정 결과의 특이도(Specificity)는 100%로 높지만 연령별 민감도(Sensitivity)는 17.1% 이 하로 낮았다. 란돌트환시표를 사용하고 연령별 시력 판정기준을 다르게 적용했을 때 민감도와 특이도는 각 각 3세(시력 0.5 기준)에서 100.0%와 93.9%, 4세(시력 0.7 기준)에서 97.3%와 96.7%, 5세(시력 1.0 기준) 에서 85.4%와 99.1% 및 6세(시력 1.0 기준)에서 88.9%와 100.0%로 나타났다. 결 론: 현재 국내에서 유아를 대상으로 시행하는 시력선별검사법은 임상에서 적용하는 기준에 비하여 민감도가 낮다. 그러므로 그림시표를 란돌트환시표로 대체하고 연령별 시력의 판정기준을 다르게 적용할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

The apparel industry has recently been recognizing the important target market of middle-aged women. The aim of this study was to examine the anthropometric characteristics of US women of 46 to 65 years of age and identify distinctive body shape characteristics of US middle-aged women. A total of 1915 middle-aged women whose ages ranged from 46 to 65 were selected from the SizeUSA database. The age range was divided into two groups: 46-55 and 56-65. Twenty-four body measurements important for apparel development were chosen. Four factors—Girth Factor, Height Factor, Hip Drop Factor, and Bust Drop Factor—accounted for the US middle-aged women’s body measurements. The body shapes were classified into four body shapes, which were Y-Shape in the overweight range, S-Shape in the overweight range, H-Shape in the overweight range, and the A-Shape in obese range. H-Shape, which was the least-defined waist in relation to the bust and hips with a short height, existed more in older middle-aged women than in younger middle-aged women. Y-Shape, S-Shape, and A-Shape existed more in the group of younger middle-aged women than in the group of older middle-aged women. In addition, compared with the younger middle-aged women, older middle-aged women had narrower shoulders, a larger waist, thinner legs, and a longer distance between side neck to bust point. The findings from the current study may be applied in the apparel industry for developing clothing sizing systems for US middle-aged women.

우리나라는 2015년 현재 총인구 5천만 대비 노인인구 12.8%를 차지하면서 2017년 고령사회(aged society)에 진입하여 커다란 사회변동을 예측할 수 있으며 무엇보다 ‘노인의 성공적 노화 담론’의 의미는 매우 중요할 것이다. 개인은 사회와 역사적 추진력에 의해 형성된다는 C. W. Mills의 추상적 경험주의를 통해 한 사람의 일생을 사회와 역사 속에서 노인을 신노년의 측면에서 면밀하게 검토되어야 할 시기이다. 본 논문에서는 성공적 노화를 위한 기초적인 개념 및 인식의 전환을 위한 노화성공모델과 신노년을 위한 새로운 이론적 틀을 구축하여 노인 개인과 사회의 역할을 규명하여 건강한 고령사회를 대비하고자 하였다. 노인문제를 해결하고 성공적인 노화를 이루는 첩경은 기본적인 심리적, 생물적, 사회 적 문제에 대해서 충분히 이해하고 문제행동에 대해 대처할 수 있는 능력을 키워야 할 것이다. 첫째는 노년기의 대처행동의 핵심은 개체성이라 할 수 있다. 개체의 완성이 곧 정신활동의 근원이며 창발적 활동이 가능하다. 개별화로 대별되는 인간의 본성은 성공적 노화의 핵심요인이다. 그러나 인간의 본성을 규정하는 것은 유전자(Gene)도 아니고 인간 본성의 궁극적 산물인 문화도 아니다. 오직 성공적 노화는 후성 규칙(epigenetic rules)인 것이다. 생물학적 본성과 문화가 어떻게 상호작용하며 특히 사회에 의한 그런 상호 작용이 어떻게 인간 본성의 공통성을 만들어 내는가에 있다. 결국 유전자․문화 공진화(gene-culture coevolution)이라고 불리는 하나의 과정을 중시해야 한다. 둘째는 상호의존적 구조라는 차원이다. Martin Seligman이 Positive Psychology에서 자기 절제가 삶의 성공을 위한 핵심적인 힘이며 열쇠라고 주장한다. 자기절제는 스트레스를 없애고 중요한 도전에 의지력을 보존함으로써 삶을 이완하는데 도움을 준다는 것이다. 인간의 성장 및 변화의 원칙은 외적 상황에 따른 사고의 단순한 적응과 순응이 아닌 인간의 의지와 노력 등 끊임없는 훈련에서 단련되고 익숙해진 습관적 행동의 힘이라 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 일련의 과정은 인간 개체의 성숙과정이라 할 수 있는데 의존적 상황에서 독립적 상황으로 발전하며 결국에는 상호의존적 상황으로 내면적 성숙을 이루는 개인의 지속적인 자기쇄신 과정이라 할 수 있다. 적응적 노화 과정은 탄생하여 죽을 때까지 점진적으로 보다 높은 수준의 책임 있는 독립성에서 효과적인 상호의존성으로 변화해가는 상향적 나선형의 성장과 발전인 것이다. 사회체계 내에 개인의 안녕과 발달을 꾀하는 양육, 교육, 지도 등 활동을 통해 다음 세대를 증진시키는 역할을 해야 하는 중차대한 책무를 지고 있는 것이다. 결론적으로 노인의 성공적 노화는 C. W. Mills가 주장하는 “개인은 사회와 역사적 추진력에 의해 형성된다. 그러나 동시에 그는 그가 살고 있다는 사실 자체만으로도 비록 미약하나마 그 사회의 형성과 그 사회의 역사적 진로에 공헌하는 것이다”라고 주장하는 내용과 일맥상통한다.

Wellness is usually used to focus on the activities of young or middle aged generation. But, in the extremely aged society like Japan and other developed countries, we must pay much more attention to the wellness of aged person. This study discusses the issue with partnership marketing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the change in women’s somatotype with aging. The subjects were 1,123 women aged 40~69. Their anthropometric data were from the 6th Size Korea. The data were analyzed by factor analysis and cluster analysis. Seven factors were extracted: body mass, body length, back shoulder, arm length factor, front interscye factor, body rise factor, and shoulder angle. The upper body types of middle-aged and elderly women were classified into five types: skinny, short stout body type with forward posture, composite, tall & full body type, and short & skinny. The skinny and composite body type appeared more often than the short stout body type in the early 40s of Korean women. Starting in the mid-50s, composite body type was less often found. However, the number of women with short stout body type increased. In the 60s, the number of women with short stout and tall & full body types decreased. These results reveal that the body types of middle-aged and elderly women changed with some pattern with aging. And women in their early 40s, mid-50s, and 60s women had different body shapes and postures.