In this study, the positions of Cs-137 gamma ray source are estimated from the plastic scintillating fiber bundle sensor with length of 5 m, using machine learning data analysis. Seven strands of plastic scintillating fibers are bundled by black shrink tube and two photomultiplier tubes are used as a gamma ray sensing and light measuring devices, respectively. The dose rate of Cs-137 used in this study is 6 μSv·h−1. For the machine learning modeling, Keras framework in a Python environment is used. The algorithm chosen to construct machine learning model is regression with 15,000 number of nodes in each hidden layer. The pulse-shaped signals measured by photomultiplier tubes are saved as discrete digits and each pulse data consists of 1,024 number of them. Measurements are conducted separately to create machine learning data used in training and test processes. Measurement times were different for obtaining training and test data which were 1 minute and 5 seconds, respectively. It is because sufficient number of data are needed in case of training data, while the measurement time of test data implies the actual measuring time. The machine learning model is designated to estimate the source positions using the information about time difference of the pulses which are created simultaneously by the interaction of gamma ray and plastic scintillating fiber sensor. To evaluate whether the double-trained machine learning model shows enhancement in accuracy of source position estimation, the reference model is constructed using training data with one-time learning process. The double-trained machine learning model is designed to construct first model and create a second training data using the training error and predetermined coefficient. The second training data are used to construct a final model. Both reference model and double-trained models constructed with different coefficients are evaluated with test data. The evaluation result shows that the average values calculated for all measured position in each model are different from 7.21 to 1.44 cm. As a result, by constructing the double-trained machine learning model, the final accuracy shows 80% of improvement ratio. Further study will be conducted to evaluate whether the double-trained machine learning model is applicable to other data obtained from measurement of gamma ray sources with different energy and set a methodology to find optimal coefficient.

To reduce the environmental burden caused by the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and maximize the utilization of the repository facility, waste burden minimization technology is currently being developed at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KEARI). The technology includes a nuclide management process that can maximize disposal efficiency by selectively separating and collecting major nuclides in spent nuclear fuel. In addition, for efficient storage facility utilization, the short-term decay heat generated by spent nuclear fuel must be removed from the waste stream. To minimize the short-term thermal load on the repository facility, it is necessary to separate heat generating nuclides such as Cs-137 and Sr-90 from the spent fuel. In particular, Sr-90 must be separated because it generates high heat during the decay process. KAERI has developed a technology for separating Sr nuclides from Group II nuclides separated through the nuclide management process. In this study, we prepared Sr ceramic waste form, SrTiO3, by using the solid-state reaction method for long-term storage for the decay of separated Sr nuclides and evaluated the physicochemical properties of the waste form. Also, the radiological and thermal characteristics of the Sr waste form were evaluated by predicting the composition of Sr nuclides separated through the nuclide management process, and the estimation of centerline temperature was carried out using the experimental thermal data and steady state conduction equation in a long and solid cylinder type waste form. These results provided fundamental data for long-term storage and management of Sr waste.

The International Atomic Energy Agency recommends the deep geological disposal system as one of the disposal methods for high-level radioactive waste (HLW), such as spent nuclear fuel. The deep geological disposal system disposes of HLW in a deep and stable geological formation to isolate the HLW from the human biosphere and restrict the inflow of radionuclides into the ecosystem. It mainly consists of an engineered barrier and a natural barrier. Safety evaluation using a numerical model has been performed primarily to evaluate the buffer’s long-term stability. However, although the gas generation rate input for long-term stability evaluation is the critical factor that has the most significant influence on the long-term hydraulic-mechanical behavior of the buffer, in-depth research and experimental data are lacking. In this study, the gas generation rate on the interface between the disposal canister and the buffer material, a component of the engineered barrier, was mainly studied. Gas can be generated between the disposal canister and the buffer material due to various causes such as anaerobic corrosion of the disposal canister metal, organic matter decomposition, radiation decomposition, and steam generation due to high temperature. The generation of gas in such a disposal environment increases the pore gas pressure in the buffer and causes internal cracks. The occurred cracks increase the intrinsic permeability of the buffer, which leads to a decrease in the primary performance of the buffer. For this reason, it is essential to apply the appropriate gas generation rate according to the disposal condition and buffer material for accurate long-term stability analysis. Therefore, the theoretical models regarding the estimation of gas generation were summarized through a literature study. The amount of gas generated was estimated according to the disposal environment and material of the disposal canister. It is expected that estimated values might be used to estimate the long-term stability analysis of buffer performance according to the disposal condition.

Barrier effect model developed by CRIEPI is used for the estimation of rate of radioactive material release from a transport cask submerged in the ocean. If the containment boundary of cask is broken in an accident during maritime transportation, the sea water comes into the cask cavity and the leaching of radioactive material occurs. If the release of radioactive material thorough the opening of the containment boundary of cask is less than the leaching rate of the radioactive material inside the cask, then the release rate is controlled by the saturation limit of the sea water inside the cask cavity. In this study, the release rate estimation using the barrier effect model is compared with the model used in other codes, such as MARINRAD. And by parameter study, important factors that affect the releaser rate are identified and prioritized. It is shown that the gap generated in the containment boundary is the key parameter that determine the release rate of the radioactive material and the leaching rate is the dominant parameter to determine the saturation time of the cavity sea water.

Non-destructive estimation of leaf area is a more efficient and convenient method than leaf excision. Thus, several models predicting leaf area have been developed for various horticultural crops. However, there are limited studies on estimating the leaf area of strawberry plants. In this study, we predicted the leaf areas via nonlinear regression analysis using the leaf lengths and widths of three-compound leaves in five domestic strawberry cultivars (‘Arihyang’, ‘Jukhyang’, ‘Keumsil’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘Seollhyang’). The coefficient of determination (R2) between the actual and estimated leaf areas varied from 0.923 to 0.973. The R2 value varied for each cultivar; thus, leaf area estimation models must be developed for each cultivar. The leaf areas of the three cultivars ‘Jukhyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, and ‘Maehyang’ could be non-destructively predicted using the model developed in this study, as they had R2 values over 0.96. The cultivars ‘Arihyang’ and ‘Geumsil’ had slightly low R2 values, 0.938 and 0.923, respectively. The leaf area estimation model for each cultivar was coded in Python and is provided in this manuscript. The estimation models developed in this study could be used extensively in other strawberry-related studies.

We present a method to determine nitrogen abundance ratios with respect to iron ([N/Fe]) from molecular CN-band features observed in low-resolution (R ∼ 2000) stellar spectra obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST). Various tests are carried out to check the systematic and random errors of our technique, and the impact of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of stellar spectra on the determined [N/Fe]. We find that the uncertainty of our derived [N/Fe] is less than 0.3 dex for S/N ratios larger than 10 in the ranges Teff = [4000, 6000] K, log g = [0.0, 3.5], [Fe/H] = [−3.0, 0.0], [C/Fe] = [−1.0, +4.5], and [N/Fe] = [−1.0, +4.5], the parameter space that we are interested in to identify N-enhanced stars in the Galactic halo. A star-by-star comparison with a sample of stars with [N/Fe] estimates available from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) also suggests a similar level of uncertainty in our measured [N/Fe], after removing its systematic error. Based on these results, we conclude that our method is able to reproduce [N/Fe] from low-resolution spectroscopic data, with an uncertainty sufficiently small to discover N-rich stars that presumably originated from disrupted Galactic globular clusters.

본 연구는 우리나라 Holstein의 번식형질에 대한 유전모수를 추정하기 위하여, 2009년부터 2013년까지 분만한 농협 젖소개량사업소의 검정자료 경산우 144,793두의 211,899개의 번식기록을 이용하였다. 7가지 형질의 유전 및 오차 (공)분산을 WOMBAT 패키지를 이용하여 분석하였다. CTFS, GL, NRR, NS, FSTC, DO 및 CI의 유전력은 각각 0.064, 0.060, 0.005, 0.014, 0.012, 0.021 및 0.021로 추정되었다. 형질들 간의 유전상관은 –0.910에서 0.995로 나타났다. NRR과 NS, NRR과 FSTC 간에는 부의 유전상관이 나타났으나, DC와 CI는 강한 양의 유전상관을 나타냈다. CTFS와 FSTC는 DO 및 CI와 유의하게 양의 유전상관관계를 나타냈다(0.479~0.862). CTFS와 FSTC 사이의 낮은 유전상관은 두 형질이 서로 다른 유전적 측면에 있다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구는 번식능력 개량을 위한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이라 판단한다.

Pyroprocessing is a promising technology for managing spent nuclear fuel. The nuclear material accounting of feed material is a challenging issue in safeguarding pyroprocessing facilities. The input material in pyroprocessing is in a solid-state, unlike the solution state in an input accountability tank used in conventional wet-type reprocessing. To reduce the uncertainty of the input material accounting, a double-stage homogenization process is proposed in considering the process throughput, remote controllability, and remote maintenance of an engineering-scale pyroprocessing facility. This study tests two types of mixing equipment in the proposed double-stage homogenization process using surrogate materials. The expected heterogeneity and accounting uncertainty of Pu are calculated based on the surrogate test results. The heterogeneity of Pu was 0.584% obtained from Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) spent fuel of 59 WGd/tU when the relative standard deviation of the mass ratio, tested from the surrogate powder, is 1%. The uncertainty of the Pu accounting can be lower than 1% when the uncertainty of the spent fuel mass charged into the first mixers is 2%, and the uncertainty of the first sampling mass is 5%.

We attempted to estimate potential habitats of Clithon retropictus and to determine the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates by presence of C. retropictus. 2016 to 2018 database of “Survey and Assessment of Estuary Ecosystem Health” by the Ministry of Environment were used to identify the distribution site of C. retropictus. The occupancy model was applied to estimate the potential habitat of C. retropictus. Four diversity indices were used to confirm the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates. C. retropictus was found in the southern coast area and part of the east coast, and this pattern was consistent with previous studies. Additionally, the occupancy model predicted that a potential habitat of C. retropictus could appear in the west coast area. The community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates was relatively high at the site with C. retropictus than the site without C. retropictus. Therefore, the occupancy model can be considered when conserving C. retropictus inhabiting a limited area. Additionally, C. retropictus can be used to the indicator species that can represent the brackish water environment.

바람에 의한 구조물의 진동은 관심대상이 되는 지배모드의 감쇠비에 매우 민감하다. 감쇠비의 발현 메커니즘의 불확실성 등 에 의해 감쇠비의 추정은 여전히 도전과제이며 보다 정확한 감쇠비 추정을 위한 연구가 지속되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 스펙트럼 밀도 적분함수라는 새로운 개념을 이용하여 구조물의 감쇠비를 추정하는 기법을 다룬다. 모드 응답스펙트럼에 포함된 외부하중 스펙트럼을 적분에 의한 평균화효과에 의해 평탄화 한 후 이론적 적분함수와 비교하여 감쇠비를 구하는 원리이다. 감쇠비 추출 가능성 탐색을 위 해 이론적 스펙트럼 밀도 적분함수의 특성을 분석하였으며, 비고전감쇠 시스템이 가지는 혼성 모드응답에 적용할 수 있는 감쇠비 추 정법로 확장하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 감쇠비 추정법을 검증하기 위한 수치해석과 계측응답에 대한 적용이 이루어졌으며, 검증결과 제안된 감쇠비 추정법이 안정적이며, 신뢰도가 높은 감쇠비 추정이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

This study was carried out the estimation on consumption patterns and consciousness of domestic forage for improvement of the quality of domestic forage. Although the cultivated area in South Korea of forage has increased significantly compared to the past, the self-sufficiency rate of domestic forage has increased to around 80% since 2010. Also, livestock farmers prefer to use import forage than domestic due to convenience of use. In Korean beef farms, the ratio of import to domestic forage was higher in domestic forage (import forage 3 : domestic forage 7). In the method of securing domestic forage, purchase of forage (55.6%) was higher than self-cultivation of forage (44.4%). The ratio of use by bailing type was shown in the order of rice staw rice straw (50.5%), domestic hay (15%), imported hay (12.5%), and total mixed ratio (10.7%). The preference of forage was in the order of amount of foreign matter, moisture content, price, feed value in Korean native cattle farm. The result of satisfaction with domestic and import forage showed that the satisfaction of domestic forage price was higher than import forage, while the moisture content and foreign matter of forage were lower than import forage. In addition, in the results of the satisfaction and importance of domestic roughage compared to imported roughage, satisfaction with imported roughage was generally high in all items except for price. As a result, in order to improve the satisfaction of domestic forage in Korean native cattle farm, it is necessary to minimize foreign matter in forage and increase hay production for moisture content uniform in forage.

친환경 에너지원 개발에 관한 관심이 증가하면서, 해상풍력발전기 시장은 매년 높은 증가율을 보이면서 성장하고 있다. 이와 맞물려 대용량 해상풍력발전기를 설치할 수 있는 설치선의 수요 또한 급증하고 있다. 풍력발전기 설치 선박(Wind Turbine Installation Vessel)은 설치 및 해체를 위하여 레그(Leg)와 스퍼드캔(Spudcan)을 해저면에 관입시켜서 고정하며, 이때 스퍼드캔 구조 강도 안전성에 대 한 검토는 전체 시스템과 연관된 중요한 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 현재 선급에서 제시하고 있는 절차서를 분석하고, 실제 발생할 수 있는 하중 시나리오를 반영한 새로운 절차서를 제안하였으며, 유한요소해석을 통한 검증을 하였다. 기존 방식은 해저면의 기울기와 레그에 발 생하는 휨모멘트 그리고 형상에 따른 영향을 검토하지 않기 때문에, 허용응력보다 작은 최대 응력 값을 보이지만, 신규 절차에 따른 결과 는 대부분 구조보강이 발생하였다. 이러한 현상은 해상풍력발전기의 크기가 커지면 커질수록 차이가 크게 나타나며, 실제 관입(Pre-load) 조건을 고려하면 상당수의 부재에서 구조적 문제가 발생할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 더욱 실제적인 작업조건을 고려한 절차 서를 제안하였고, 적용 시 문제점들에 대해서 구조해석을 통한 검증을 수행하였다.

2015년 ‘파리협정’ 및 2021년 ‘기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립·녹색성장 기본법’ 제정에 따라 2030년 국가 온 실가스 감축목표(NDC, 2018년 대비 40% 감축) 달성을 위해서는 지자체별 적절한 온실가스 감축 목표 설정과 이행 노 력이 필수적이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 충청북도 지역을 중심으로 1990-2018년 까지 온실가스 배출 현황을 시계열로 분석하였고, 2030년 국가 온실가스 감축목표와 시나리오를 바탕으로 충청북도의 2030년 온실가스 감축 목표를 제안하였 다. 또한 감축 목표 달성을 위해 BAU 대비 장래 배출량을 고려한 2030년까지의 감축 잠재량을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 우리나라와 충북의 온실가스 배출량은 1990년 이래 인구 및 경제 성장에 따라 증가해온 것으로 나타났으며, 2018년 국가 대비 충북의 온실가스 배출량은 3.9%로 매우 낮은 편이였고, 시멘트 및 석회 생산, 제조업 및 건설업, 수 송업 등 연료연소에 의한 배출이 주를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 2030년 NDC 및 2050 탄소중립 시나리오를 반 영한 2030년 충청북도 온실가스 감축 목표는 2018년 대비 40.2%로 설정하였다. 이에 장래 배출량을 고려할 경우 목표 달성을 위한 감축 잠재량은 2018년 대비 46.8%인 것으로 추정되었다. 상기 결과는 국가 및 지자체의 온실가스 감축 목표 달성을 위해서는 분야별 온실가스 감축 수단을 통한 감축 잠재량을 충족하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 또 한 2030년 NDC 및 2050 탄소중립 시나리오 달성을 위해 충북을 포함한 국가 및 각 지자체는 온실가스 장래 배출량 을 연도별로 추정하여 매년 감축 목표와 감축 잠재량을 구하고 이를 삭감할 수 있는 구체적인 감축 수단을 마련할 필 요가 있음을 말해준다.

Using environmental DNA (eDNA) in the fisheries and oceanography fields, research on the diversity of biological species, the presence or absence of specific species and quantitative evaluation of species has considerably been performed. Up to date, no study on eDNA has been tried in the area of fisheries acoustics in Korea. In this study, the biomass of a dominant species in the northwestern waters of Jeju Island was examined using 1) the catch ratio of the species from trawl survey results and 2) the ranking ratio of the species from the eDNA results. The dominant species was Zoarces gillii, and its trawl catch ratio was 68.2% and its eDNA ratio was 81.3%. The Zoarces gillii biomass from the two methods was 7199.4 tons (trawl) and 8584.6 tons (eDNA), respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the acoustic backscattering strength values (120 kHz) from the entire survey area were 135.5 and 157.7 m 2 /nm 2 , respectively. The strongest echo signal occurred at latitude 34° and longitude 126°15’ (northwest of Jeju Island). High echo signals were observed in a specific oceanographic feature (salinity range of 32-33 psu and the water temperature range of 19-20℃). This study was a pilot study on evaluating quantitatively aquatic resources by applying the eDNA technique into acoustic-trawl survey method. Points to be considered for high-quality quantitative estimation using the eDNA to fisheries acosutics were discussed.

In this study, a mixed resin containing Bis-GMA was developed to produce a light-emitting sign using quantum dots. As a result of measuring the viscosity, color coordinates change, and luminance of the mixed resin, the following conclusions were obtained. The viscosity of the mixed resin decreased as the content of the diluent increased, and viscosity values ​​ranged from 3,627 to 1,349cps showed as a result. The viscosity of the mixed resin decreased as the temperature increased, and the viscosity showed a value of 5,156 to 1,132cps. For the optical properties of InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots, the absolute quantum efficiency was 91% at 522nm and 90% at 618nm when the gallium was 0.01%. The luminance of the light-emitting sign using the resin mixed with quantum dots was showed 142.6cd/m2 in white and 104.2cd/m2 in the red region.