Electrical Conductivity (EC) or Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) has been often used to evaluate the water quality in some water education program for children and youth. This study attempted to find out whether EC (or TDS) can be used as a water pollution criteria in water education program. To clarify it, we used the water analysis data of July 2019 and January 2020 from Water Environment Information System. Data from 332 points in Han-river were used to investigate correlation between the parameters, such as BOD, COD, TN, TP vs EC. Correlation(r) for all data of BOD vs. EC was 0.347 for July 2019 and 0.483 for January 2020. No correlation was observed for BOD Ia and BOD Ib for July 2019 (r=-0.041, -0.030, respectively) and BOD Ia for January 2020 (r=0.041). Better correlation for all data of COD vs. EC was obtained (r=0.543 for July 2019 and r=0.610 for January 2020). However, no correlation was observed for COD Ia for January 2020. High vlaue of EC or TDS does not always mean water pollution, especially for clean water environment. Thus, EC (or TDS) alone can not be used as a water pollution criteria.

This work was performed to develop a dip injection wet scrubber (DIWS) system with chlorine dioxide as the oxidant. The exhaust pollutants from a lime kiln of paper-mill were introduced to the system. When NaClO3 was used to oxidize NO into NO2, the oxidation was unsatisfactory and the combination of HNO3 or H2SO4 was required for 100% oxidation. ClO2 is recommended to oxidize NO and SO2 effectively. With the combination of 1st stage of DIWS and ClO2, 57.1% of NOx and 98% of SO2 were effectively removed. In the case of 2nd stage of DIWS and ClO2, 93.5% of NOx and 99% of SO2 were removed. The ClO2+DIWS process was superior to the ClO2+Scrubber process in terms of investment, running cost and NOx removal efficiency.

This study investigated the use of a hydroxyl-radicals-generated microbubble/catalyst (MB/Cat) system for removing organic pollutants, nitrogen, and phosphorous from liquid fertilizer produced by livestock wastewater treatment. Use of the MB/Cat system aims to improve the quality of liquid fertilizer by removing pollutants originally found in the wastewater. In addition, a reduction effect has been reported for antibiotics classified as representative non-biodegradable matter. Samples of liquid fertilizer produced by an aerobic biological reactor for swine wastewater treatment were first analyzed for initial concentrations of pollutants and antibiotics. When the MB/Cat system was applied to the liquid fertilizer, TCOD, TOC, BOD5, and NH3-N, and PO4-P removal efficiencies were found to be approximately 52%, 51%, 30%, 21%, and 66%, respectively. Additionally, Amoxicillin hydrate was removed by 10%, and Chlortetracycline HCl and Florfenicol were not present at detectable levels These findings confirm that the MB/Cat system can be used with livestock wastewater treatment to improve liquid fertilizer quality and to process wastewater that is safe for agricultural re-use.

The National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) has been sampling and cryogenically preserving various wildlife specimens to monitor bio-accumulations of chemical pollutants since 2010. Recently, the NESB set up a plan to develop reference materials at their facility to assure the analytical quality of and validate the analytical methods for their monitoring samples. One of the crucial characteristics of reference materials is intra- and inter-bottle homogeneity. In this study, we used ANOVA for total mercury concentrations in some samples to validate their homogeneities after milling and homogenization. We examined the intra- and inter-bottle homogeneities of two cryogenically-milled samples (Korean mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and black-tailed gull’s egg (Larus crassirostris). The variations in the total mercury concentrations were not significantly different intra- and inter-bottle (mussel: F=0.74, p=0.67; gull egg: F=1.96, p=0.10). Additionally, the relative standard deviations of the total mercury concentrations showed low values (mussel: 2.02%, gull egg: 1.78%). Therefore, the cryogenic-milling process statistically proves the homogeneity of the materials of mussels and sea gull eggs for chemical analysis for total mercury.

There is growing concern over the effects of global warning. In response, the power generation sector must consider a wider range of systems and fuels to generate power. One of the classes of solid fuels that is being increasingly developed is biomass. However, one of the most serious problems that biomass plants face is severe corrosion. To mitigate the problem, various approaches have been proposed in terms of additive utilization. This study is based on the results obtained during the co-combustion of wood chip and waste wood in a circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFBC boiler). The KCl concentration was reduced from 59.9 ppm to 3.9 ppm during the injection of ammonium sulfate, and NOx was reduced by 25.5 ppm from 30.6 ppm to 5.1 ppm. However, SOx increased by 110.2 ppm from 33.2 ppm to 143.4 ppm, and HCl increased by 71.5 ppm from 340.5 ppm to 412.0 ppm. Thus, we confirmed that the attitude of the superheater tube was reduced by 87 ~ 93%, and the injection of ammonium sulfate was effective in preventing high-temperature corrosion.

환경오염물질 배출 사업장에서는 환경오염 물질 배출에 대한 규제에 대응하고 나아가 자체적인 환경오염 물질 배출 개선을 위한 환경 모니터링 시스템 운영이 필수적이다. 현재 환경관리공단에서는 일정 규모 이상의 사업장을 대상으로 TMS(Tele Metering System)를 설치하여 전국적으로 환경오염 배출 물질을 실시간 감시 중에 있으며, 환경오염 배출 기준치 초과 시에는 예･경보를 발생시키도록 대처하고 있다. 그러나 기존 대부분의 환경 모니터링 시스템들은 환경 배출 물질 초과 발생 시 원인 분석 기능이 없고 특정 측정 장소(굴뚝 상단의 배출구나 특정 수질 측정소 등)에서의 환경오염 물질 농도 데이터만 활용하고 있다. 특히 이력이 제대로 관리되지 않기 때문에 유사 문제 혹은 동일한 문제 발생 시에도 즉각적인 조치가 이루어지지 못한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 환경 모니터링 시스템의 한계점을 적극 보완하여 개선된 시스템을 기획하며, IoT 센싱 기술을 기반으로 하여 실시간으로 사업장 내 이상 상황을 인지하고 원인을 분석하여 해당 조치를 작업자에게 즉각적으로 지원하는 원스톱 환경 모니터링 및 감시 진단 시스템을 개발하고자 한다.

기후변화에 따른 신재생에너지 사용에 대한 사회적 요구가 증가되고 있지만, 아직까지 우리나라는 전력생산의 약 40%를 석탄화력발전에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따른 석탄재 발생량은 지난 10년간 약 2배 정도 증가하여 2015년 한해에만 약 900만톤의 석탄재가 발생하였다. 이렇게 발생된 석탄재 중 비산재는 주요성분이 Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3의 광물 (>95%)로 구성되어 있어, 양회용 건설재료로 많이 쓰이고 있다. 하지만, 아직까지 연간 약 200만톤의 석탄재가 매립되고 있는 실정이여서 이와관련된 여러 가지 환경오염문제들이 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내화력발전소에서 수집한 석탄재를 이용하여 주요성분인 Al와 Si를 추출하여, 기존의 보고된 제올라이트 합성방법을 수정하여 새롭고 다양한 제올라이트로 합성하는 기술을 개발하였다. 또한, 합성된 제올라이트를 서포터로 하는 촉매를 개발하여 수내에 환경오염물질의 효과적인 제거가 가능한지 여부를 평가하였다. 본 연구의 결과들은 향후 지속적으로 발생되는 석탄재의 환경정화소재화 기술을 통해서 다양한 오염물질 분해에 적용할 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다.

The rapid development of some industries generates a huge amount of useless biowastes. Recently, biosorption, which can use biowastes as biosorbents, has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly method for the removal of ionic pollutants from wastewaters. For this reason, many researchers have investigated the biosorption capacities of various biowastes. In this study, fermentation waste (Escherichia coli) was used as a biosorbent for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants: i.e., cationic dye (methylene blue (MB)), anionic dye (Reactive Red 4 (RR4)), cationic metal (cadmium (II)), and anionic metal (arsenic (V)). The uptake of the cationic pollutants by the biosorbent increased as solution pH was increased. The RR4 uptake increased with a decrease in solution pH. In the case of the anionic metal (As (V)), it was not well removed in the range of pH 2-7. To examine adsorption rates and mechanisms, kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted, and various kinetic and isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and RR4 were predicted to be 231.3 mg/g and 257.6 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, fermentation waste (E. coli) is a cheap and abundant resource for the manufacture of effective biosorbents capable of removing both cationic and anionic (in) organic pollutants from wastewaters.

The purpose of this experimental study is to develop the waterborne silicon acrylic surface finishing material of parking lots. Pollutant emission test was conducted in order to give a guide datum for developing the material by implementing modified polyamide resin. As a result, specimens satisfied with the quality standard regarding TVOc, HCHO, Toluene which is prescribed in KS F4937. As conclusion, this study confirmed that the developed finishing material could be an optimized surface finishing material usable for parking lot floor.

By the end of 2012, the recycled proportion of domestic waste tires was 287,330 ton (93.9%) of the amount of waste tires discharged (305,877 ton). The waste tires have been reused for heat supply, material recycling and other purposes; the proportions are 50.1%, 20.7% and 23.1%, respectively. In the case of heat supply, waste tires are supplied to cement kiln (104,105 ton, 68%), RDF manufacture facilities (47,530 ton, 31%) and incinerators (1,923 ton, 1%). Recently, there has been an increase in the use of waste tires at power generation facilities as an auxiliary fuel. Thus, physico-chemical analysis, such as proximate analysis, elemental analysis and calorific value analysis have been carried out to evaluate potential of waste tires as an auxiliary fuel in Korea. The LHV (Lower Heating Value) of waste tires is approximately 20% higher than that of coal, at an average of 8,489 kcal/kg (7,684 ~ 10,040 kcal/kg). Meanwhile, the sulfur content is approximately 1.5wt. %, and balance of plant (e.g. pipe line, boiler tube, etc.) may be corroded by the sulfur. However, this can be prevented by construction and supplementation with refractories. In this study, TDF (Tire Derived Fuel) produced from waste tires was co-combusted with coal, and applied to the CFB (Circulating Fluidized Bed) boiler, a commercial plant of 100 tons/day in Korea. It was combined with coal, ranging from 0 to 20wt. %. In order to determine the effect on human health and the environment, gas emission such as dioxin, NOx, SOx and so on, were continuously analyzed and monitored as well as the oxygen and carbon monoxide levels to check operational issues.

누출, 폭발, 취급 및 운송 등의 화학사고가 일어나면 다양한 화학 물질이 방출된다. 방출 된 화학 물질 또는 1차 방제 처리 후 얻게 되는 폐기물에는 유해하거나 독성이 있는 화학물질이 포함될 수 있다. 이러한 폐기물들을 처리 할 수 있는 구체적인 지침이나 기준이 없기 때문에 적절한 처리 방법을 찾기가 어렵다. 따라서 유해화학물질 사고 처리로 얻은 화학물질 또는 폐기물의 대부분은 지정폐기물로 처리하여 많은 비용이 든다. 이 연구는 유해화학물질의 사고 또는 누출이 발생하였을 때 1차 처리를 하면서 발생한 화학 물질 또는 화학 물질에 오염된 폐기물에 대한 지정폐기물, 일반폐기물 판정 기준을 제안하고자 한다. NFPA 등급, pH 등급 및 폐기물 발생량에 따라 점수를 부여하여 화학폐기물을 분류하는 정량화 된 방법을 제시한다. 보다 객관성 있는 판정기준을 마련하기 위해서 미국 국제화재방호협회(National Fire Protection Association : NFPA)에서 발표한 소방관련 국제 규격인 NFPA 704코드를 활용하여 판정기준을 마련한다. NFPA 704코드는 화학물질에 대한 건강위험성(Health Hazard), 화재위험성(Flammability Hazard), 불안정성 위험성(Instability Hazard)에 대한 정도를 0~4등급 까지 세분화 되어 있다. 추가적으로 산성 또는 염기성 화학물질에 대한 판정방법으로, 기존에 지정폐기물분류 기준에 활용되고 있는 오염물질의 pH를 판정기준에 활용한다. 또한 산업안전보건법에 따른 유해･위험물질 규정량, 또는 폐기물의 일일 처리량도 고려한다. 최종적으로 화학 물질 또는 폐기물은 제안된 분류 방법 또는 절차에 따라 얻은 통합 점수에 따라 지정폐기물 또는 일반폐기물로 분류할 수 있다.

Domestic industrial waste small-scale industrial incinerators produce less than 200 kg/hr; this study chose 13 of the 249 potential facilities. The target average emissions for air pollutants resulting from the facilities were SOx 13.56 ppm, NOx 82.74 ppm, NH3 19.95 ppm, HCl 54.33 ppm, HF 0.84 ppm, Hg N.D, As 0.1 ppm, H2S N.D. Dust and heavy metal analysis results for the facilities revealed Dust 32.51 mg/Sm3, Cd 0.04 mg/Sm3, Pb 0.20 mg/Sm3, Cr 0.08 mg/Sm3, and Cu 0.03 mg/Sm3. Combustion indicators were O2 11.58% and CO 271.20 ppm. Average PCDDs/DFs were 17.87 ng ITEQ/ ton. The target facilities were equipped with anti-pollution facilities. However, some items were found to exceed the emission standards. These results are even equipped with control facilities due to manual limitation actions of the management personnel. Therefore, it is determined that the emission control of contaminants is difficult.

최근 들어 화석연료 고갈 및 환경오염 등 다양한 이유로 인해 신재생 에너지 자원에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며 관련 연구의 분야도 다양해지고 있다. 국내 신재생 에너지 시장은 점차 증대될 전망이며, 이러한 신재생 에너지는 바이오매스, 폐기물, 태양광, 수력 등 다양한 에너지 자원을 지칭하며 본 연구에서는 폐기물을 이용하여 신재생 에너지 자원 활용을 하고자 한다. 폐기물은 다양한 기술을 통해 활용이 가능하며 국내 폐기물의 경우 종량제 실시 등 법적 제도 덕분에 타 국가에 비하여 재활용률이 높으며 이러한 특성은 폐기물이 신재생 에너지 자원으로 사용되는데 큰 장점으로 나타난다. 최근 들어 주목받고 있는 기술인 Solid Refuse Fuel (SRF) 기술은 파쇄, 선별, 건조 공정을 거쳐 가연분 함량을 높여 열처리 시설에 연료로 사용할 수 있게끔 하는 기술로 이전에는 성형 SRF가 이송 및 투입의 이점에 의해 주목 받았으나 최근 들어 경제적 측면을 고려하여 비성형 SRF가 각광받고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 비성형 SRF를 시료로 하여 8 ton/day 규모의 pilot급 가스화 시스템에 적용하였으며, 가스화 공정 중 발생하는 다양한 가스상 오염 물질에 대한 배출 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이 뿐만 아니라 일반적인 가스화 특성 지표로 알려진 냉가스 효율, 탄소 전환율, 합성가스 조성 파악 등에 대하여 결과 값을 정리하였다. 가스상 오염물질은 질소 화합물(HCN, NH3), 염소 화합물(HCl), 황 화합물(H2S)을 선정하여 분석을 진행하였으며, 습식 정제 시스템인 스크러버 및 습식 전기 집진기를 통과한 후 배출 허용기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

급격한 산업화와 인구 증가 등은 국내 폐기물 발생량이 해마다 증가하는 요인으로 작용하고 있으며 이에 따른 다양한 폐기물 처리방법이 수행되고 있다. 대표적인 폐기물 처리 방법 중 하나는 소각에 의한 폐기물 처리이며 다량의 폐기물 처리가 가능하고 특히 폐기물의 부피와 무게를 10~20% 정도로 감량할 수 있으며 소각열에너지를 회수하여 폐기물의 자원순환에 일조하고 있다. 이러한 장점으로 인해 국내 폐기물의 소각처리 비율은 꾸준히 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 폐기물 소각처리 중 발생하여 배출되는 다양한 오염물질은 환경에 큰 단점으로 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 소각시설에서 배출되는 오염물질의 모니터링은 환경보전 문제에 있어 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 소각로에서 배출되는 오염물질의 특성을 파악하기 위해 의료 폐기물 소각로 44개소와 소형 폐기물 소각로 28개소, 총 72개의 가스 샘플을 채취하고 분석하여 주 대기오염 물질인 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물, 다이옥신을 측정하였고 배출허용기준과 비교하였다. 또한 주성분분석을 통해 오염물질 배출을 6개 그룹과 6개 샘플로 나누어 각각의 배출특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 다이옥신의 경우 배출허용기준을 초과한 시설은 의료 폐기물 소각로 7개소, 소형 폐기물 소각로 9개소로 나타난 반면, 이산화탄소, 질소산화물, 황산화물의 경우 소형 폐기물 소각로 10개소에서만 배출허용기준을 초과한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 통해 의료 폐기물 소각시설보다 소형 폐기물 소각시설의 오염물질 배출이 심각한 것으로 확인되었으며 방지시설과 운전 조건의 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, gasification experiments were conducted using high calorific waste by measuring flue gas and gaseous pollutant composition. The feedstock used in this experiment was collected from industrial wastes and had a heating value more than 5,000 kcal/kg as well as low moisture and ash contents. Experiments were conducted at 1,200°C temperature by changing equivalent ratios (ERs) to find out an optimum condition for syngas production. Results showed that at ER 0.3, the highest syngas composition (around 81%) was obtained in flue gas. In this study, gas pollutant was sampled in cold absorbent by following Korean air pollutant standard sampling method. Later, sampled solutions were analyzed by IC (Ion Chromatography) to find out gaseous pollutant concentration. Usually, after gas cleanup system, all of the gaseous pollutants are removed by wet scrubber and catalyst reactor. However, in this study, due to gaseous pollutants removed by wet scrubber, the removal efficiency of gaseous pollutants showed lower performance compared with other catalyst clean up system. Thus, it is advisable to install a cleaning unit to deal with tar and soot.

This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was 444.05 m3/year, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

This study was conducted to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities in Jeollanam-do. We selected 8 incineration facilities depend on type and the 19 items such as dust etc. were measured at the measurement hole for emission gas from air contamination control units. The range of emission concentrations for dust was 2.8 ~ 20.9 mg/Sm3 less than permissible air discharge standards. The results of 10 gaseous contaminants such as SOx was less than permissible air discharge standards. The range of emission concentrations for NOx was 13.4 ~ 120.0 ppm, less than permissible air discharge standards. As G facility was 112.4 ppm, 120.0 ppm, it exceeded emission standard (100 ppm) twice. The range of emission concentrations for HCl was ND ~ 85.300 ppm, B Facilitiy exceeded emission standard (20 ppm) as 85.300 ppm. The range of emission concentrations for NH3 was ND ~ 76.333 ppm, A, D, H Facility exceeded emission standard (30 ppm). The concentration of each facility was 42.416 ppm, 62.930 ppm, 76.333 ppm. The results of heavy metals (5 items) showed within emission standards. G facility is operating in condition that input of urea is 100 L/day. If input of urea were changed to 50 ~ 75 L/day, the operating cost of air pollution prevention facility can be reduced by 25% ~ 50%. In this study, the correlation between urea input and nitrogen oxides was statistically significant, but the correlation between urea input and ammonia showed insignificantly. Our research attempts to evaluate the emission characteristics of air pollutants from incineration facilities and to institute a reduction plan, an effective management of incinerators.

As a result of analysis based on the observed data for BOD, COD and TOC in order to manage non-biodegradable organics in the Geumho River, COD/BOD ratio was analyzed as the occupying predominance proportion. In this study, the classification(changes in water quality measurement : increase, equal, decrease) and measurement of BOD and COD were analyzed for trends over the past 10 years from 2005 to 2014 in the Geumho River. The Geumho River is expected to need non-biodegradable organics management because BOD was found to be reduced 61.1% and COD was found to be increased 50%. As a result of the analysis of land use, the Geumho-A is a unit watershed area of 921.13 km2, which is the most common area that is occupied by forests. The Geumho-B is a unit watershed area of 436.8 km2, which is the area that is highest occupied by agriculture and grass of 24.84%. The Geumho-C is a unit watershed area of 704.56 km2 accounted for 40.29% of the entire watershed, which is the area that is occupied by urban of 15.12%. Load of non-biodegradable organics, which is not easy biodegradable according to the discharge, appeared to be increased because flow coefficient of COD and TOC at the Geumho-B were estimated larger than 1 value. The management of non-point sources of agricultural land is required because the Geumho-B watershed area occupied by the high proportion of agriculture and field. In this segment it showed to increase the organics that biodegradation is difficult because the ratio of BOD and TOC was decreased rapidly from GR7 to GR8. Thus, countermeasures will be required for this.

폐기물을 사용한 가스화 공정에서 발생되는 합성가스는 폐기물의 특성상 분진, 타르 외에도 HCl, HCN, NH3 등 다양한 종류의 가스상 물질을 함유하고 있어 이들 가스상 물질로 인해 생물체에 해를 주거나 환경의 정상적인 기능을 저해하는 대기오염문제를 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 폐기물 기반의 합성가스를 활용하기 위해 이러한 대기오염물질들을 제어할 수 있는 정제 과정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 폐기물에서 발생한 합성가스에서 가스상 대기오염물질을 포집하여 각 정제설비 후단에서의 농도를 확인하여 정제설비의 가스상 대기오염물질 제거 효율을 파악하였다. 본 연구에서의 합성가스 정제설비는 급속냉각탑, 벤츄리 스크러버, 중화세정탑, 탈황세정탑, 습식전기집진기를 사용하였으며, 가스상 대기오염물질은 가스화로 후단, 중화세정탑 후단, 습식전기집진기 후단에서 각각 포집하였다. 3종류(HCl, HCN, NH3)의 포집을 위해 HCl은 0.1 N-NaOH, HCN은 0.5 N-NaOH, NH3는 0.5wt%의 H3BO3을 사용하였으며, 분당 2L의 유량으로 20분간 포집하였다. 폐기물 기반 합성가스의 가스상 대기오염물질 정제설비의 총괄 제거 효율은 HCl이 98.58%, HCN은 87.30%, NH3 는 99.68%로 나타났다. 또한, 급속냉각탑, 벤츄리스크러버, 중화세정탑의 가스상 대기오염물질 제거 효율은 HCl 92.13%, HCN 66.02%, NH3 91.40%로 나타났다.

This study attempted to find an optimum operation codition for co-incineration of food waste and industrial wastes, focusing on injection position and rate. As the result of analysis, during injection of food waste incineration facilities, atmospheric pollutant standard satisfied all requirement. However when injected into the primary combustion chamber, the dioxin exceeded emission standard. This result has been determined that contaminants generated as processing the more amount (150 ton/day) than the designed capacity (72 ton/day) emitted and exceeded not completely removed from the control facilities.