Increasing sugar intake of population has become a nutritional issue in Korea. Sweet taste perception may be related to behaviors such as eating sweet food including high sugars and total sugar intake. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective sweet taste perception and the association among objective sweet taste perception, dietary behaviors related to eating sweet snack food including high sugar, and total sugar intake from the snacks. Participants were 261 healthy female college students (mean age: 21.0±1.6 years), who were divided into three subgroups based on oral sweet taste evaluation using a sweet taste assessment tool provided by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety: sweet-seeker group (n=139), medium sweet-seeker group (n=54), and unsweet-seeker group (n=68). There was no significant difference in weight and body mass index (BMI) among the three groups; however, the sweet-seeker group had significantly higher sweet taste preference than that of the other groups. Though more people in the sweet-seeker group thought they tended to eat sweet foods than the medium sweet-seeker and unsweet-seeker groups, over half of the sweet-seekers did not think they tended to eat sweet foods. The sweet-seeker group was more likely to eat sweet snacks such as breads, chocolate products, sugar-sweetened milk, and so on than the unsweet-seeker group. Total sugar intake from the selected sweet snacks was 44.4 g for the sweet-seeker group, 34.4 g for the medium sweet-seeker group, and 28.0 g for the unsweet-seeker group with a significant difference. These results indicated the absence of relationship between objective sweet taste perception and the obesity index; however, significant associations were detected among objective sweet taste perception, eating sweet snacks and total sugar intake from the snacks. We also found high disagreement between objective and subjective sweet taste perception of the subjects. The present study provided the novel insight that measuring objective sweet taste perception may be useful for assessing the risk of high sugar consumption and undesirable dietary behaviors.

24-hour recall is the dietary assessment method most frequently used to evaluate dietary intake; however, accuracy is an issue when using this method, especially in large-scale studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of dietary intake estimation using one serving size. Estimates of energy and nutrients taken in over a 24-hr period based on actual intake amount (24HRAI) and based on estimates of one serving size (24HRSS) were compared. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and a cross-classification method. In male subjects, intake levels of energy, fat, vitamin C, vitamin B1, Zn, and total food measured using 24HRAI were significantly higher than those measured using 24HRSS. In female subjects, intake of carbohydrates, fiber, fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B complexes, various minerals, and total food measured using 24HRAI were significantly lower than those measured using 24HRSS. Energy-adjusted Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed that intake of all nutrients showed a significant positive relationship between the two measurement methods in both males and females. Cross-classification analysis revealed that 50.5~67.6% of women and 40.3~71% of men were classified in the same quartile of intake of each nutrient when comparing data from 24HRAI and 24HRSS. We conclude that using one serving size in 24-hr recall analysis was valid and therefore may be used in studies to assess food consumption in the general adult population. Also, this method can be used to classify energy and nutrient intake into quartile, which is useful in examining the association between diet and chronic diseases.

This study was performed to compare the dietary intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), using a database of Zn composition developed in this study, between elementary schoolchildren in a remote rural area (RA, n=58, 9.9±1.7 yrs) and those in an urban area (UA, n=60, 9.4±1.8 yrs) in Chungnam province in Korea. A dietary survey for three days by food record method was performed. All kinds of foods (n=273) consumed by subjects were collected by aliquot sampling method, and the Zn content of these foods were analyzed by wet technique. The results showed that the daily mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin C from diet in the RA were in the range of 49-88% of the Korean DRI (KDRI), while those in the UA were similar to or greater than the KDRI, except for calcium and iron. The daily mean intake of Zn from the RA diet was 7.0±0.5 mg/d (114.1±8.4% of the KDRI), and 16.0±1.0 mg/d (258.3±16.3% of the KDRI) in that of the UA (p〈0.001). The percentage of dietary intake of Zn less than 2/3 of the KDRI was 19.0% in the RA, in comparison to 1.7% in the UA. Those in the RA consumed Zn from plant foods more often than did those in the UA (p〈0.001). Beef rib stew was the food source with highest Zn amount for the total subjects, followed by beef rib meat, roasted; and beef soup w/seasoned red pepper sauce. These results showed that some children in the RA had poor Zn nutrition based upon low intakes and poor food sources of Zn, while overall, children in the UA had good Zn nutrition. Therefore, those in RAs should have their Zn nutrition improved through government policy and nutrition education.

본 연구에서는 인체 내에서 방사성핵종의 거동에 관하여 국제방사선방호위원회에서 권고한 최근 호흡기 모델, 소화기 모델 및 생체동역학 모델을 사용하여 생물학적분석 자료로부터 섭취량과 예탁유효선량을 평가하기 위한 BIDAS 프로그램을 개발하였다. 프로그램은 생물학적분석 자료를 관리하는 데이터베이스 모듈, 각 방사성 핵종에 대한 예측 생물학적분석 양을 내장하고 있는 모듈, 측정된 생물학적분석 양에 근거하여 급성 및 만성 피폭으로부터 섭취량과 선량을 평가하는 계산모듈 등으로 구성되어 있다. 본 논문은 프로그램의 특성과 검증결과에 대해 기술한다.

방사성핵종의 특성, 섭취형태 그리고 내부피폭 감시주기는 작업자의 방사성핵종 섭취량 및 내부피폭선량 평가 결과에 중요한 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 방사성핵종이 흡입섭취 될 경우 섭취형태(급성 또는 만성) 및 내부피폭 감시주기에 따른 섭취량 평가 오차를 계산하였다. 섭취 핵종으로는 /I(Type F), Cs(Type F), U(Type M, Type S)를 고려하였고, 방사능입자크기(AMAD)는 1 와 5 를 고려하였다. 섭취형태에 따라 평가된 섭취량의 상대오차는 방사성핵종, 흡수형태 그리고 내부피폭 감시주기에 따라 달랐으나, 입자크기에 의한 영향은 거의 없었다. 섭취형태 가정에 따른 섭취량 평가 오차를 10% 미만으로 줄일 수 있는 내부피폭 최대감시주기는 /I(Type F)에 대해 60일, Cs(Type F)에 대해 180일, U(Type M)에 대해 90일, 그리고 U(Type S)에 대해 360일로 나타났다.

보존료인 소르빈산 및 소르빈산칼륨, 안식향산 및 그 염류, 파라옥시안식향산에스테르류를 중심으로 식품첨가물의 일일추정섭취량을 평가하는 새로운 방법으로서 설문조사법을 제시하여 일일추정섭취량을 구하였을 때 조사한 보존료 모두 일일섭취허용량(ADI)의 1%미만으로 매우 안전한 수준이였다. 기존에 수행된 최대허용량을 이용한 단순추정방법 및 실제 분석치를 이용한 정밀추정방법과 비교·평가하였을 때, 설문조사법에 의한 총 일일추정섭취량은 소르빈산염류의 경우 0.39 ㎎/㎏ bw/day로 실제 분석치를 이용한 정밀조사방법에 의한 값인 0.22㎎/㎏ bw/day보다 높았으나 최대허용량을 이용한 방법에 의한 값인 1.39 ㎎/㎏ bw/day보다는 훨씬 낮았다. 또한 안식향산염류와 파라옥시안식향산에스테르의 경우도 설문조사가 0.29㎎/㎏ bw/day, 0.03㎎/㎏ bw/day으로 정밀추정방법보다는 높게 나타났으나 단순추정방법인 최대허용량을 이용한 방법보다는 훨씬 낮은 값으로 정밀추정방법에 의한 값에 가까운 결과를 보였다. 따라서 설문조사법을 간편하고 경제적이면서 섭취량을 정밀하게 추정할 수 있는 식품첨가물 섭취량 평가의 방법으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

단체급식소 12개소의 식단을 수거하여 각 메뉴별 및 1인분 식단별 NA 함량을 분석하였고 인공소화 기법을 활용하여 체내에서 생성 가능한 NA의 함량을 예측하였다. 육류와 어패류를 주재료로 요리된 메뉴들의 인공소화 전·후 NA 함량을 분석한 결과 멸치볶음에서 NDMA 함량이 흔적량 ~ 4.8 ㎍/kg으로 가장 높았고, 채소류를 주재료로 한 메뉴들에서는 불검출에서 흔적량의 NDMA가 정량되었으며, 인공소화 후에도 흔적량 이하로 정량되었다. 1인 분량의 식사를 수거하여 인공소화 전·후의 NA를 분석한 결과 NDMA는 인공소화 전 0.20 ~ 0.78 ㎍/kg의 범위였으나 인공소화 후에는 0.43 ~ 0.80 ㎍/kg으로 약간 증가하였다. 상기의 분석 결과를 기초로 하여 성인 1일 NA 섭취량을 계산한 결과 0.60 ~ 2.34 ㎍/day/person이며, 인공소화를 통한 체내에서의 생성량을 고려하면 최대 5.15㎍/day/person으로 추정된다.

A study has been performed to estimate the average and high (90th percentile of consumers-only) daily intakes of sorbates by age-sex groups (＞ 3 years old) in Korea. The estimation of daily intakes was based on individual-based dietary intake data in `National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998' and the contents of sorbates from samples. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of sorbates for average consumers ranged from 0.09 mg/kg bw/day to 0.51 mg/kg bw/day corresponding to 0.4-2.1% of acceptable daily intake (ADI). For high consumers, the range of EDI of sorbates was 3.42-14.65 mg/kg bw/day corresponding to 13.7-58.6% of ADI. Foods that contributed most to the daily intakes of sorbates for all age-sex groups were processed fish products, processed meat products, and salted foods. There was an inverse relationship between age and the consumption of sorbates for average and high consumers, whereas no marked pattern was emerged by sex categories. The intake levels of sorbates even among high consumers were below the ADI in Korea.

A study has been carried out to estimate the average daily intakes of sorbates, benzoates, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid commonly used in Korea. The estimation of daily intakes was based on individual dietary intakes in $quot;National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998$quot; and the the contents of preservatives from 264 samples. Estimated daily intakes(EDI) of sorbates, benzoates, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were 0.22, 0.015, and 0.004 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. When assuming the standard body weight of 55 kg for Korean, ratios to acceptable daily intake(ADI) of sorbates, benzoates, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were 0.88, 0.30, and 0.04%, respectively.

Daily intakes of 14 preservatives were evaluated by using their maximum permitted levels(MPL) and national food disappearance data in 1998. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of each preservatives were compared with corresponding acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). EDIs of dehydroacetic acid, sodium dehydroacetate, p-hydrobenzoic acid ester, propionic acid, sodium propionate and calcium propionate were leas than 2% of ADI and judged to be safe. However, EDI of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate were 76.61 mg/person/day and it reached 5% of its ADI. EDI of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate were 85.65 mg/person/day and it reached 31% of its ADI. The highest intake of benzoic acid came from carbonated drink.

The Budget method used currently in Codex for estimation of use levels of food additives was investigated and the specific approach that can be applicable for Koreans has been proposed. Theoretical maximum daily intakes(TMDIs) of benzoate, p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester, butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), t-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), nitrite, nitrate, sorbate, and sulfite were estimated and compared with corresponding acceptable daily intakes(ADIs). Additives requiring further precise evaluation were screened. TMDIs of benzoate, BHA, BHT, TBHQ, nitrite, and sulfite exceeded ADIs. On the other hand, it appeared that TMDIs of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, nitrate, and sorbate were below ADIs. It is expected that the Budget method may be used as one approach for the estimation of use level and risk assessment.