Phosphine (PH3) fumigation has been widely used for controlling storedgrain insect pests, causing the development of resistance of stored-grain insect pests to phosphine. PH3 resistance in Sitophilus oryzae has been reported in Korea. However, PH3 resistance in Tribolium castaneum has not been reported yet. This study was conducted to determine susceptibilities of T. castaneum collected from five different domestic locations to PH3. The susceptibility to PH3 was investigated using the FAO fumigation method. All domestic T. castaneum individuals were controlled by PH3 at 0.04 g m-3. At 0.01 g m-3, T. castaneum collected from two domestic locations did not exhibit 100% mortality. A P45S point mutation in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene was found in a PH3-resistant strain of T. castaneum (Aus07), but not in five domestic stains or a PH3-susceptible strain (Aus10). No significant difference was found in dld or cyt-b5-r gene expression across all tested strains. However, the Gyeongju-collected strain of T. castaneum showed more than a 1.7-fold increase in cyt-b5-r expression compared to the Aus07 strain. cDNA sequence analysis revealed that P45S (C133T) in the dld gene was only present in Aus07. A characteristic single nucleotide polymorphism in the cyt-b5-r gene sequence was identified in the five domestic strains. This study suggests that it is necessary to continuously monitor PH3-susceptibility of T. castaneum in Korea to quickly identify resistant individuals and prevent the spread of PH3 resistance through rapid control.
고추역병균(Phytophthora capsici)은 고추 생육 전반에 걸쳐 병을 발생시켜 농가 소득에 큰 손실을 일으키고 있다. 고추 역병균 저항성은 양적 형질 유전자좌(Quantitative Trait Loci, QTL)에 의해 조절되며 주동 유전자는 고추의 5번 염색체에 존재한다고 보고 되었지만, 후보 유전자의 선발 및 저항성 유전자 규명 연구는 아직 초기 단계이다. 특히, 고추는 형질전환이 어려운 작물로써 병원균과의 상호작용 연구를 통한 저항성 유전자 동정에 제한이 많다. 반면 고추와 같은 가지과 작물인 담배(Nicotiana benthamiana)는 병원균 상호작용 모델로 알려져 형질전환을 통해 저항성 유전자 규명에 활용된다. 본 연구에서는 고추 역병 저항성 기작 규명을 위한 기초 연구로써, 식물 저항성 유사 유전자(Resistance Gene Analog, RGA)를 선발하고, 이들 유전자들에 대한 담배 형질전환 기법 최적화 연구를 수행하였다. 고추 5번 염색체에 존재하는 고추 역병 저항성 분자표지들을 분석하여 RGA 후보 유전자인 CaNBARC105, CaNBARC112 유전자를 동정하였다. 이들 유전자들에 대해 Agrobacterium tumefaciens를 매개체로 하여 고추 RGA가 삽입된 담배 형질전환체를 개발하였다. 형질전환 여부는 유전자 특이적인 서열을 이용한 genomic PCR과 RT-PCR 검증을 통해 이들 형질전환 된 담배들의 생육 및 발달에 영향이 없다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 향후 고추 병 저항성 후보 유전자들이 삽입된 담배 형질전환체는 고추 역병 저항성 유전자 규명 및 기작 연구에 기반이 될 것이다.
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter는 다양한 기질을 세포 밖과 세포 안으로 수송하는 대표적인 수송단백질이다. 곤충에서 ABC transporter는 살충제에 대한 저항성을 발달시키는 중요한 역할을 한다. 현재까지 모델곤충인 초파리를 대상으로 ABC transporter의 살충제 교차저항성에 관한 연구는 많이 수행되어오지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 ABC transporter에 속하는 Mdr49A 유전자가 여섯 종류의 살충제에 보이는 교차저항성 기작을 형질전환 초파리를 이용하여 구명하였다. 초파리 91-R과 91-C 계통은 공통된 조상으로부터 유래되었으며 91-R은 60년 이상 DDT에 노출되었지만 91-C는 어떠한 살충제에도 노출되지 않고 유지되어 왔다. 91-R 계통의 MDR49A 단백질에서 유래된 3개의 아미노산 돌연변이를 형질전환 초파리에 과발현 시켰을 때 carbofuran에 대해서 2.0~6.7배 그리고 permethrin에 대해서 2.5~10.5배의 교차저항성을 나타 낸 반면 다른 약제, abamectin, imidacloprid, methoxychlor, prothiofos에 대해서는 어떠한 교차저항성도 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 Mdr49A 유전자의 과발현과 더불어 3개의 아미노산 돌연변이는 두 개 약제, carbofuran과 permethrin에 대해 교차저항성 기능을 한다고 제시하고 있다
본 연구는 옥수수 재배 시 환경에 영향을 미치는 노균병 저항성과 관련된 유전자 후보군을 탐색해서 노균병으로 인한 토양오염과 옥수수 생산량 감소를 해결하기 위하여 노균병 저항성 품종을 효율적으로 발굴하기 위한 연구이다. 옥수수의 6번 염색체의 152,892,333과 154,335,437 사이에 있는 노균병 저항성 유전자를 탐색하였으며 이 부분에 존재할 것으로 예상되는 전사체에서 38개의 프라이머 세트를 디자인하여 이 중 16개의 예측 전사체를 가려 내었다. 또한 RT-PCR을 수행하여 감염된 Ki11의 발현이 높은 7개의 전사체로 5개의 품종에 대하여 건강한 샘플과 감염된 샘플을 검정하였고 최종 5개의 후보 유전자군[알려지지 않은 미확인 유전자 2개, OFP transcription factor, bZIP transcription factor, pentatricopeptide repeat (Ppr)]이 발견 되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 추가적인 실험 설계를 통해 5개의 후보 유전자군에 대한 재검정을 통하여 확실한 노균병 저항성 유전자를 발굴하고 이를 노균병 저항성 품종 개발 및 방재에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.
내혼계 배추에서 BrSOS1 (3,432개 뉴클레오티드), BrSOS2 (1,341개 뉴클레오티드), BrSOS3 (666개뉴클레오티드) 유전자들을 동정하였으며, 담배를 대상으로 BrSOS3 완전장이 전이되는 pSO3 계통과 RNA interference(RNAi) 기법으로 담배 SOS3(NtSOS3) 유전자의 발현을 억제하는 pSI3 계통을 생산하였다. 두 계통을 200mM NaCl에서 5일동안 염 스트레스 처리를 한 결과, pSO3 계통은 NtSOS3의 발현이 비형질전환체 대비 2.5배 이상 증가하였고, pSI3 계통에서는 4배까지 감소하였다. 표현형 분석에서도 pSO3 계통은 정상적인 생육을 보임으로써 염 스트레스에 저항성을 가지는 것으로 나타났지만, pSI3 계통은 그렇지 못하였다. 위 결과들을 근거로 BrSOS3 유전자의 발현은 작물의 염 저항성 향상에 매우 밀접하게 연관된 것으로 판단된다.
최근 콩 재배지에서 선충 피해가 지속적으로 나타나고 있으며 이는 수량감소와 직·간접적으로 연결되어 있으나 국내 콩 재배품종에서는 씨스트 선충 저항성 품종이 전무한 실정이다. 콩 씨스트선충 저항성 유전자는 양적형질로 알려져 있으며 기 보고된 유전자 외의 씨스트선충 저항성 유전자를 탐색함으로써 콩 씨스트 선충 저항성 품종 구별을 위한 마커개발과 씨스트선충 저항성 콩 품종 육성에 기여하고자 본 연구를 진행하였다. 유전적 다양성 집단의 HG-type 분류를 위하여 사용되는 Lee74를 포함한 지표 8품종을 실험재료로 RAPD 분석을 통하여 저항성 기대 유전자를 선발 분석하였다. 520개의 Operon사의 random primer를 이용하여 다형성을 확인하고 저항성 기대 유전자를 선발하였다. 전체 520개의 primer를 이용하여 2327개의 band를 확인하였고 74(3.1%)개의 다형성 band를 나타내었으며, 콩 씨스트선충 저항성에 기대되는 다형성 band를 16(0.7%)개 선발하여 sequence 분석과 유전자 기능을 탐색하였다. 선발된 band 분석 결과 serine-threonine kinase domain과 연관된 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 선충 관련 저항성 후보 유전자와 관련된 단백질 구조를 가지고 있어 콩 선충 저항성 유전자로 기대된다.
농업적, 환경적, 경제적 및 사회적인 이익으로 농업생명공학에 의한 유전자변형(GM) 작물의 재배는 점차 증가되고 있다.국내에서도 주요 작물을 대상으로 유용 GM작물이 개발되고있으며, 최근 Choline kinase 유전자(OsCK1)가 도입된 병저항성 형질전환벼가 개발되었다. GMO의 안전성과 관련하여, 표시제의 시행 또는 사후 이력추적을 위해서 검정법이 필수적으로 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서 각 134, 306, 243bp의 PCR증폭산물을 갖는 유전자 특이, 구조 특이 및 이벤트 특이primer를 병저항성(OsCK1) GM벼의 검출에 사용하였고, 다른어떤 작물에서도 반응산물을 나타내지 않았다. 이벤트 특이primer CKRB32-1/02-2를 사용한 정성 duplex PCR을 통해서OsCK1 GM벼에 대한 검출한계(LOD)가 0.05%임이 확인되었다. Real-time PCR을 이용한 정량검정을 위해서 벼 내재유전자 염기와 OsCK1 GM벼의 5’-인접염기를 갖는 pSPSCKR을표준물질로 제조하였고, 10 copies 범위까지 정량검출이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 도출된 real-time PCR 방법의 정확성 및 정밀성을 확인하고자 0.5, 1, 3, 5 및 10%로 GM시료에 대하여 정량 분석하였으며, 표준편차 및 상대표준변이가 20% 내로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로, 개발된 이벤트 특이정성 및 정량 PCR 방법이 OsCK1 GM벼의 사후 GMO 모니터링 및 이력추적에 효과적으로 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.
농업생태계에 심겨진 탄저병 저항성 유전자인 PepEST 유전자가 내재된 유전자변형 고추의 환경위해성을 평가하기 위하여 2006년 고추의 생육기간 동안 절지동물의 군집구조를 3회(6월 20일, 7월 25일, 8월 28일)에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 두 가지의 고추 즉 모본(nTR, WT512)와 유전자 변형 고추(TR, line 68)의 꽃과 잎에 서식하는 곤충을 포함한 절지동물의 군집구조를 파악하기 위하여 곤충을 포획할 수 있는 진공 흡입기를 이용하여 절지동물
To assess the environmental risks of transgenic chili pepper with PepEST gene on non-target organisms before it exposes to the agro-ecosystem environments, we conducted the three sets of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae S.) life table experiment under laboratory conditions (Temp. 25℃, R.H. 50-70%, Photoperiod L16 : D8) in series during 2005-2006. We measured the net reproductive rate (R₀)*, the intrinsic rate of increase (r<SUB>m</SUB>), the mean generation time (T<SUB>c</SUB>), fecundity*, life span, and reproduction period between non-transgenic chili peppers and transgenic chili peppers, respectively. The life span of green peach aphids from three sets was 31, 27, 25 days, and the period of life span was similar to the general average length of green peach aphids, 25-29 days. Although the first reproduction of transgenic pepper was similar to the non transgenic pepper (P>0.05), the fecundity and the net reproductive rate (R<SUB>o</SUB>) by using Jackknife method of transgenic pepper were lower than those of non transgenic pepper (P<0.05). Conclusively, we observed the adverse effect from our results but we should execute further experiments to confirm the results at the fields with the similar way.
제초제 저항성 형질전환 목초 생산을 위하여 유전자총(Gene-gun) 및 Agrobacterium 기법을 이용하여 형질전환을 시도한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시재료 : 알팔파 (cv. Vernal, Anker), 오차드그라스 (합성19호) 2. 캘러스의 유도 및 증식 : 알팔파 종자를 SH-3 배지 (SH기본배지, 2,4-D 3mg/L 포함) 그리고 오차드그라스 종자를 MS-5 배지 (MS기본배지, 2,4-D 5mg/L, 2g casein
The detection of the genome-based antibiotic resistance gene is an essential analysis process for the purpose of verifying the safety of probiotic strains, including lactic acid bacteria. In this study, 4 analysis platforms (AMRFinderPlus, staramr, rgi, ABRicate) were used for cross-comparison of 782 genomes corresponding to 19 kinds of probiotic species notified as functional foods. As a result of the analysis, the relatively fewest number of antibiotic resistance genes were detected in strains belonging to the order Lactobacillales, and antibiotic resistance genes were detected in 322 genomes used in the case of 2 types of Enterococcus genus. In addition, the presence and type of antibiotic resistance gene detection showed a lot of difference even for the same genome sequence depending on the database and analysis algorithm used by the analysis platform. These results can be confused in evaluating the potential for transmission of antibiotic resistance genes inherent in specific lactic acid bacteria and predicting potential risks that may occur in the future. Accordingly, it is judged that the antibiotic resistance gene-related analysis criteria need to be established more clearly and specifically in the safety evaluation of probiotic bacteria.
Background : Cytochrome P450 enzymes belong to the superfamily of monooxygenases that are found in all living organisms with diversity in their reaction chemistry. These P450 enzymes are being used extensively by plants in their defense mechanism. Tetracyclic triterpenes reported as major ginsenoside constituents in Panax ginseng, formed by multiple hydroxylation of cytochrome P450. CYP P450 enzymes is effective in metabolising both natural and xenobiotic compounds. In this study, two ginseng CYP genes (PgCYP76C and PgCYP736A) were functionally characterized by overexpression in heterologous plant system.
Methods and Results : In Arabidopsis thaliana and Panax ginseng, planta transformation was generated by floral and cotyledon dipping method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (C58C1) individually. Spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression were analyzed by qRT-PCR against abiotic and biotic stresses. Herbicide (chlorotoluron) tolerance was performed at seedling stage by in vitro assay to check ectopic expressions. PgCYP736A expression were more abundant in leaves compared to roots and stem of 2-years-old ginseng, where as PgCYP76C gene was found to be highly expressive in rhizome, roots and leaves. Differential expressions were observed in response to abiotic stresses of two ginseng CYP genes, both expressed higher in response to NaCl and SA (salysilic acid) in ginseng. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PgCYP76C gene showed small, rounded leaves and reduced height. This phenotype was found to be caused by down regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis-related genes. Another function revealed tolerance towards herbicides that belongs to phenyl urea.
Conclusion : This study indicates the functional roles of CYP genes in plant growth and stress responses. Studied genes also can be used as a tool to make plants herbicide tolerant. Further investigation might focus on it’s function over terpene biosynthesis and defence mechansim against (a)biotic stress.
Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed worldwide through the recombinant DNA technology and commercialized by global agricultural companies. Until now, GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea. Commercialization of GM crops requires a compulsory assessment of environmental risk associated with the release of GM crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of pollen mediated gene flow from Bt transgenic rice (Agb0101) to japonica non-GM rice (Nakdongbyeo), indica non-GM rice (IR36), and weedy rice (R55). A total of 729,917, 596,318 and 230,635 seeds were collected from Nakdongbyeo, IR36, and R55, respectively, which were planted around Agb0101. Selection of the hybrids was determined by repeated spraying of herbicide and Cry1Ac1 immunostrip assay. Finally, the hybrids were confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primer. The hybrids were found in all non-GM rice and out-crossing ranged from 0.0005% at IR36 to 0.0027% at Nakdongbyeo. All of hybrids were located within 1.2 m distance from the Agb0101 rice plot. The meteorological elements including rainfall and temperature during rice flowering time were found to be important factors to determine rice out-crossing rate. Consideration should be taken for many factors like the meteorological elements of field and physiological condition of crop to set up the safety management guideline to prevention of GM crops gene flow.
Background : The P. ginseng breeding line G07006, was selected for salt tolerance through salinity screening of mature leaves at the NIHHS of the RDA in 2014-2016. However, it is difficult to maintain a genetically stable breeding line of cross-pollinating crop in the field. Therefore molecular marker required to identify and maintain breeding line G07006. Methods and Results : DNA was extracted following the CTAB DNA extraction protocol (Doyle and Doyle, 1987) with modifications. A pair-end (PE) library was constructed and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform by Lab Genomics, Inc. (Seongnam, Korea). Approximately 4.0 Gb of sequencing data were obtained, and de novo assembled by a CLC genome assembler(v. beta 4.6, CLC Inc., Rarhus, Denmark). The complete chloroplast(CP) genome size is 156,356 bp, including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 52,060 bp, separated by the large single-copy (LSC 86,174 bp) and small single-copy (SSC 18,122 bp) regions. This CP genome encodes 114 unigenes (80 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes), in which 18 are duplicated in the IR regions. Conclusion : This complete chloroplast DNA sequence will provide conducive to discriminate line G070006 (salt-tolerant) and further enhancing genetic improvement program of this important medical plant.
Four bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, pyramid elite japonica rice lines were developed for enhancing the resistance of rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea. Seven doubled haploid (RDL1-7) and ten F6 lines (RPL1-10) having Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 which were derived from the cross between Ilmi, high grain quality japonica rice cultivar carrying Xa1, and Iksan575, elite line carrying Xa3+xa5+Xa21, were developed using marker-assisted selection for resistance genes and phenotypic selection for bacterial blight resistance and agronomic traits. Among resistance genes combinations in F2 population, four resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, showed the highest resistance and conferred the enhanced resistance than three genes combination, Xa3+xa5+Xa21. Four genes pyramid lines (RDL and RPL) showed broad-spectrum resistant against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates and the yield and quality of the lines did not alter by the inoculation of K3a, the most virulent race in Korea. In addition, these lines had excellent plant type and exhibited more enhanced yield than previously developed resistant cultivars. Four bacterial blight resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, was efficient and promising combination and developed lines with four genes could be useful materials and will be applied to the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance of japonica rice against bacterial blight.
This experiments were carried out to know the response to Brown Planthopper(BPH) resistance genes at rice seedling stage using Biotype 1 for develoment of resistant cultivars. Varieties with Bph1, Bph3 and Bph18 genes showed a very strong resistance response, Bph2, Bph6, bph7 and Bph9 genes exhibited moderate resistance. bph5 and bph8 gene retention varieties and Nampyeongbyeo showed a very weak sensitivity in response to BPH. After 72 hours, Nampyeong(no gene) and IR72(Bph3 gene) were showed a feed-preference 690% and 0%, respectively. Results of Antixenosis and seedling resistance response to BPH were grouped into similar by specific resistance genes. Ten days after inoculation, BPH survival rate of vareities with resistance genes were below 30%, whereas Nampyeongbyeo was more than 70%. The results showed that Bph3 and Bph18 genes are highly resistant response against BPH, these genes are very useful for improve the rice cultivars with various resistance genes
Genetically modified (GM) pepper H15 containing the gene for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) coat protein (CP) and its control line non-GM pepper P2377 were investigated for their allergic risk. Amino acid sequence of the inserted gene product CMV-CP was compared with those of known allergens. No known allergen had greater than 35% amino acid sequence homology over an 80 amino acid window or more than 8 consecutive identical amino acids. Protein patterns of GM and non-GM pepper extracts were evaluated by SDS-PAGE, which showed similar distribution of protein bands for both GM and non-GM pepper. Antigen-antibody reactions were compared between GM and its non-transgenic parental control. ELISA and immunoblot analysis of sera from allergic patients showed some IgE reactivity; however, no differences were observed between GM pepper H15 and P2377. We therefore conclude that CMV-CP is less likely to be an allergen; the protein composition and allergenicity of the GM pepper H15 is not different from that of P2377 and safe as a commercial host.