In this research, the investigation of the temperature condition of reinforcing bars under laboratory temperature and outside temperature conditions in the insulation curing method of Korean-Chinese concrete bubble sheet to examine the suitability of the bubble sheet curing method. As a result, the heat of hydration of the concrete on the wall part affects the exposed reinforcing bars to delay the temperature drop at the part where the bubble sheet is not laid.

증발접시 증발량의 경우 저수지 증발량을 산정하는 간접적인 방법으로 유용하게 적용되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이용할 수 있는 기상자료 가 제한적인 경우에 기온자료만을 이용하여 증발접시 증발량을 산정하는 식을 제안하였다. 이를 위해서 전국 12개 지역에서 관측된 증발접시 증발 량과 비교를 통해 제안식을 유도하였다. 또한 전국 44개 지역에 대해서 본 연구에서 제안된 증발접시 증발량 산정식을 다른 기온자료에 기초한 식 들뿐만 아니라, 여러 종류의 기상자료(기온, 풍속, 습도, 일조시간)를 필요로 하는 식들과 비교하여 적용성을 파악하였다. 연구결과에 의하면 본 연 구에서 제안된 증발량 산정식들은 다른 기온자료에 기초한 식들과 비교하여 전반적으로 양호한 증발접시 증발량 산정결과를 보였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 증발량 산정식의 경우 우리나라 56개 연구지역 대부분에서 전반적으로 양호한 증발접시 증발량 산정결과를 보였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 수 정 제안된 기온자료만을 이용한 증발접시 증발량 산정식들은 우리나라에서 이용할 수 있는 기상자료가 제한적인 경우에 특히 적용성이 있는 것으 로 판단된다. 추후에는 저수지에서 관측된 기온 및 증발접시 증발량 자료를 바탕으로 저수지 증발량 산정을 위한 제안식들의 적용성 검토연구가 필 요하다.

To project the effects of climate-induced change on aquatic environments, it is necessary to determine the thermal constraints affecting different fish species and to acquire time series of the current and projected water temperature (WT). Assuming that a nonlinear regression between the WT at individual stations and the ambient air temperature (AT) at nearby weather stations could represent the best relationship of air-water temperature, This study estimates future WT using a general circulation model (GCM). In addition, assuming that the grid-averaged observations of AT correspond to the AT output from GCM simulation, this study constructed a regression curve between the observations of the local WT and the concurrent GCM-simulated surface AT. Because of its low spatial resolution, downscaling is unavoidable. The projected WT under global warming scenario A2 (B2) shows an increase of about 1.6 (0.9 ) for the period 2080-2100. The maximum/minimum WT shows an amount of change similar to that of the mean values. This study will provide guidelines for decision-makers and engineers in climate-induced river environment and ecosystem management.

Extreme temperature has direct and indirect effects on Human Health, and usually influences negatively. This study analyzes the correlation between extreme temperature and excess mortality caused by cardiovascular disease in Seoul. Excess mortality correlates with daily maximum temperature, especially daily excess fatality over two standard deviations, has a strong positive correlation. On the other hand, daily minimum temperature is not significantly related with excess death. Recently, significance of the correlation coefficient of high temperature in August decreases because of the heat wave preparation.

Background : Angelica gigas N., one of the herbs has been used most frequently with Glycyrrhiza uralensis. It is usually cultivated in semi-alpine of more than 400m in North Central province of South Korea. However its production is becoming more unstable due to the climate change especially abnormally high temperature. In particular, the environmental change may cause not only a change in production but also a change in active ingredient of Angelica gigas N. This study was performed to investigate these problems. Methods and Results : This study was carried out in temperature gradient tunnel(TGT) in Pyeongchang, Gangwon province. Temperature conditions were maintained the ambient+0~2℃ (T1), ambient+2~4℃(T2), ambient+4~5℃(T3) throughout the year. We planted and grown one year old seedlings of Angelica gigas N. from mid-April to early November. As a result, there was no difference in early growth of Angelica gigas N. among the temperature range but there was a difference between each treatment region from the survey in June. Average length of soot in T1, T2, T3 was the largest(36cm), medium(27cm), smallest(19cm) respectively. This trend was similar to a survey in September and November. Each of death rate was 0%(T1), 19%(T2), 71%(T3). There was no bolting according to the temperature. The yield of a plant of Angelica gigas N. was 476g(T1), 76g(T2), 26g(T3), respectively. Production of Angelica gigas N. is foreseen 84.7% and 94.5% reduction if the temperature rises to 3±1℃ and 4±1℃ more than it is at present based on temperature in Pyeongchang 2015. Total amount of Decursin was reduced at higher temperatures. Conclusion : The results of this study show that quality and production of Angelica gigas N. is expected to decline significantly if the temperature rise than the current. Therefore development of various techniques is required to response to climate change.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Schisandra chinensis Baillon were investigated under controlled temperature using growth chamber. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate and transpiration rate was higher in treatment of 25℃. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) and PIabs was higher in treatment of 25℃ which reflects the relative reduction state of PSII. But in treatment of 35℃ the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were higher than in treatment of 25℃ which implied that the relative reduction of electron transport at PSI and increasement of photo inhibition at reaction center. Conclusion : This result implies that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis through controlling a photosystem in Schisandra chinensis Baillon.

본 연구에서는 우리나라 강수 및 기온과 다양한 기상인자와의 교차상관관계 분석을 통해 대규모 기후변동이 우리나라에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 분석하였다. 강수 및 기온자료의 경우 앞선 연구인 “경험적 모드분해법을 이용한 기상인자와 우리나라 강수 및 기온의 상관관계 분석 : I. 자료의 분 해 및 특성분석”의 연구결과를 통해 주기성, 경향성에 따라 분해한 강수 및 기온자료의 내재모드함수를 사용하여, 자료의 변동이 심하고 잡음이 포 함된 원 자료를 통한 상관관계 분석보다 좀 더 명확한 상관계수를 계산하였다. 이렇게 분해된 기상자료와 기상인자간의 교차상관관계 분석을 통해 그 시간차와 상관계수를 계산하여, 주기성과 경향성 측면에서 어떠한 상관관계가 있는지를 분석하였다. 그 결과 주기성 측면에서 엘니뇨현상에 의 한 기후변동이 우리나라 기상현상과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 경향성 측면에서 기후변화로 인한 해수면 온도 증가추세가 우리나라 기상현상과 밀접 한 연관이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

최근 기후변화로 인한 자연재해가 증가하면서 강수 및 기온자료의 시계열에 대한 변동성과 추세를 분석하여 그 변화를 예측하는 연구의 필요성 이 점점 커지고 있다. 하지만 강수나 기온의 경우 복합적인 요소에 의해 변동이 일어나 자료의 변동성이 매우 심하고 너무 많은 요소를 포함하게 되 어 그 특성을 정확히 판단하기가 쉽지 않다. 따라서 자료의 시계열을 분해하게 되면 각 특성을 가진 요소를 추출할 수 있으므로, 정확한 변동 특성을 파악할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 강수 및 기온자료를 경험적 모드분해법(Empirical Mode Decomposition, EMD)을 통해 주기별로 분해 하여 각각의 내재모드함수(Intrinsic Mode Function, IMF)를 추출하였다. 또한, 추출된 내재모드함수의 에너지 밀도를 이용한 유의성 검정을 통 해 원자료로부터 유의미한 자료를 포함하고 있는 내재모드함수를 선별하고, 이들의 주기성, 경향성을 분석하였다.

This paper considers a homogeneous multiple regression (HMR) model and a non-homogeneous multiple regression model, that is, ensemble model output statistics (EMOS), which are easy to implement postprocessing techniques to calibrate probabilistic forecasts that take the form of Gaussian probability density functions for continuous weather variables. The HMR and EMOS predictive means are biascorrected weighted averages of the ensemble member forecasts and the EMOS predictive variance is a linear function of the ensemble variance. We also consider the alternative implementations of HMR and EMOS which constrains the coefficients to be non-negative and we call these techniques as HMR+ and EMOS+, respectively. These techniques are applied to the forecasts of surface temperature over Pyeongchang area using 24-member Ensemble Prediction System for Global (EPSG). The performances are evaluated by rank histogram, residual quantile-quantile plot, means absolute error, root mean square error and continuous ranked probability score (CRPS). The results showed that HMR+ and EMOS+ models perform better than the raw ensemble mean, HMR and EMOS models. In the comparison of HMR+ and EMOS+ models, HMR+ performs slightly better than EMOS+ model in terms of CRPS, however they had a very similar CRPS and if there exists a ensemble spread-skill relationship, it is seen that EMOS is slightly better calibrated than the homogeneous multiple regression model.

In this study, we analyzed the performance of calibrated probabilistic forecasts of surface temperature over Pyeongchang area in Gangwon province by using Bayeisan Model Averaging (BMA). BMA has been proposed as a statistical post-processing method and a way of correcting bias and underdispersion in ensemble forecasts. The BMA technique provides probabilistic forecast that take the form of a weighted average of Gaussian predictive probability density function centered on the bias-corrected forecast for continuous weather variables. The results of BMA to calibrate surface temperature forecast from 24-member Ensemble Prediction System for Global (EPSG) are obtained and compared with those of multiple regression. The forecast performances such as reliability and accuracy are evaluated by Rank Histogram (RH), Residual Quantile-Quantile (R-Q-Q) plot, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS). The results showed that BMA improves the calibration of the equal weighted ensemble and deterministic-style BMA forecasts performs better than that of the deterministic forecast using the single best member.

We analyzed diurnal variations in the surface air temperature using the high density urban climate observation network of Daegu in summer, 2013. We compared the time elements, which are characterized by the diurnal variation of surface air temperature. The warming and cooling rates in rural areas are faster than in urban areas. It is mainly due to the difference of surface heat capacity. In addition, local wind circulation also affects the discrepancy of thermal spatiotemporal distribution in Daegu. Namely, the valley and mountain breezes affect diurnal variation of horizontal distribution of air temperature. During daytimes, the air(valley breeze) flows up from urban located at lowlands to higher altitudes of rural areas. The temperature of valley breeze rises gradually as it flows from lowland to upland. Hence the difference of air temperature decreases between urban and rural areas. At nighttime, the mountains cool more rapidly than do low-lying areas, so the air(mountain breeze) becomes denser and sinks toward the valleys(lowlands). As the result, the air temperature becomes lower in rural areas than in urban areas.

This study tried to compare and analyze the thermal comfort index according to GVZ of school green space. For the analysis, this study performed a correlation analysis with weather elements by measuring and calculating UTCI, PMV, and WBGT according to GVZ. GVZ was in the order of Type 3 (5.68 m3/m2) > Type 2 (4.71 m3/m2) > Type 1 (3.37 m3/m2). The average temperature and solar radiation, surface temperature, globe temperature among weather characteristics was in the order of Type 1> Type 2 > Type 3. The UTCI in the school green space was in the order of Type 1 (33.95°C) > Type 2 (33.68°C) > Type 3 (32.73°C). At Type 3 that the GVZ is higher than other Types, it is belongs to range of 26~33°C which gets normal heat stress, and other Types belong to range of 33~38°C which gets strong heat stress. The PMV was in the order of Type 1 > Type 2 > Type 3, and the estimated rate of unsatisfaction was appeared as 100%, so it is uncomfortable even in the school green space that it requires measure on heat wave. The WBGT was in the order of Type 1 > Type 2 > Type 3. The result of the correlation analysis according to the heat comfort index shows that, the higher the green ratio and GVZ are, the UTCI has negative relationship, and PMV and WBGT were analyzed as have no relationship according to green characteristics, but this result was considered as measured at green space when the temperature was at its highest so the uncomfortable feeling was also highest. The result of correlation analysis of green characteristics and the weather elements shows that GVZ and insolation, temperature has negative relationship, so it is considered that the higher the GVZ is, the solar radiation and the temperature are decreased.

Relationship between grain quality-related traits and daily mean temperature/sunshine hours during grain filling stage was analyzed using eleven high quality rice varieties at 24 experimental sites through eight provinces of Korea in 2013~2014. In the data set pooled across varieties, experimental sites and years, grain quality-related traits such as percentage of head rice (PHR), head rice yield (HRY), protein in milled rice (PRO) and Toyo Mido Meter glossiness value (TGV) were higher at the temperature lower than 22.6℃ for 40 days after flowering (DAF), which was optimum for percentage of grain filling in this study. Optimum sunshine hours for 40 DAF were 6.0~6.1 hr d -1 when considered PHR, HRY and TGV. PRO was associated with daily mean temperature and sunshine hours for 40 DAF in more varieties than the other traits. PRO was closely correlated with daily mean temperature during early filling stage and sunshine hours during early to mid filling stage, compared to other stages during grain filling. It is concluded that general trend in the variation of grain quality-related traits could be explained by the changes in daily mean temperature and sunshine hours during grain filling. In addition, climate conditions during early grain filling stage played important roles to enhance grain quality.

Climate change, in particular temperature change, has an impact on the demand for heating and cooling. This paper explores the effect of gradually warming climate on the demand for heating and cooling in Seoul during 1995-2014 using an autoregressive distributed-lag model, a family of timeseries econometric multivariate regression model. The estimated results reveal that there are two peaks in Seoul's electricity consumption because cooling degree days (CDD) and heating degree days (HDD) are statistically highly significant. CDD’s regression coefficient for a short and long-run model is approximately twice bigger than HDD’s and the summer peak is more important in terms of electricity consumption in Seoul. Furthermore, there exists a long-run relationship between electricity consumption and the explanatory variables such as economic growth, CDD, HDD, seasonal dummies, and black out dummy.

This paper evaluates the applicability of a simple kriging with local means(SKLM) for highresolution spatial mapping of monthly mean temperature and rainfall in South Korea by using AWS observations in 2013 and elevation data. For an evaluation purpose, an inverse distance weighting(IDW) which has been widely applied in GIS and cokriging are also applied. From explanatory data analysis prior to spatial interpolation, negative correlations between elevation and temperature and positive correlation between elevation and rainfall were observed. Bias and root mean square errors are computed to compare prediction performance quantitatively. From the quantitative evaluation, SKLM showed the best prediction performance in all months. IDW generated abrupt changes in spatial patterns, whereas cokriging and SKLM ref lected not only the topographic effects but also the smoothing effects. In particular, local characteristics were better mapped by SKLM than by cokriging. Despite the potential of SKLM, more extensive comparative studies for data sets observed during the much longer time-period are required, since annual, seasonal, and local variations of temperature and rainfall are very severe in South Korea.

The purpose of this study is to characterize long-term (1973~2012) changes in intra-seasonal temperature and extreme low temperature events in winter observed at 61 weather stations in the Republic of Korea and their associations with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns around East Asia. Maps of long-term linear trends clearly show that both temperature means and extreme events in Korea have asymmetrically changed between early winter and late winter. In early winter, changes with statistical significance are less observable, while in late winter reductions in low extreme temperature events as well as increases in temperatures, particularly after mid-1980s, are obviously observed across the study region. Comparisons of tropospheric synoptic climatic fields before and after the mid-1980s demonstrate that in early winter of recent decades, active meridional circulation from the Arctic appeared in western Eurasia and Bering sea, while in late winter, zonal circulation around East Asia associated with positive Arctic Oscillation-like patterns prevailed. These results indicate that asymmetric changes between early and late winter temperatures in Korea are associated with intra-seasonally inconsistent atmospheric circulation patterns around East Asia.

Stable production of green manure crop is one of the critical factor for successful implementation of environmental-friendly agriculture in South Korea. Most green manure crops including hairy vetch cultivated in South Korea must be passed cold winter season. This study was conducted to establishment of cultivation zones on green manure crops under paddy field in South Korea using on minimum temperature and drainage class. In order to build the spatial distribution map, hairy vetch, triticale, barley, rye, and clover as green manure crop were selected and mean of daily minimum temperature and drainage class in paddy field were considered as limiting factor for stable growth of green manure crop. And cultivation zone on green manure crops was divided into two categories; ‘Availability area’ and ‘Safety area’. Low limit temperature on green manure crops in this study was the following. Temperature on ‘Availability area’ was –10℃, –8℃, –6℃, and –20℃ for hairy vetch (including triticale), barley, clover, and rye respectively. And temperature on ‘Safety area’ was lower –2℃ compared to that of ‘Availability area’ exception rye which was the same degree. Rye was expected to safely cultivated the almost whole paddy field (99.71%) of South Korea. ‘Safety area’ among the whole paddy field for hairy vetch, barley, and clover were 86.58, 53.06, and 15.76% respectively. The spatial distribution map of green manure crops reestablished in this study could be used the policy and agricultural management for environmental-friendly agriculture using green manure crops in South Korea.

In this study, we analyzed the intraseasonal variability and change of winter temperature over South Korea using long-term observations. The lowest temperature in the wintertime, using daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperature data occurred on January 7th in the period of 2003~2012, while on January 22~25th in the past 30 years(1973~1982, 1983~1992, 1993~2002). Representative seven stations in South Korea also showed consistent result. The strengthening of Siberian High and weakening of Aleutian Low in recent 10 years are found to be closely related with the recent intraseasonal temperature change over South Korea. The baroclinic structure of upper-level low and lower-level high system near Korean peninsula provided good condition for vertical cold-air advection, which resulted in minimum temperature on late January in 1973~1982 and early January in 2003~2012 with strengthened low-level northerly flow.

본 연구에서는 과거 50년간(1961～2010)의 서울 기후관측지점의 월 및 연별 강수량대비 잠재증발산량의 비인 건조지수의 변화를 분석하고, 과거기간(1971～2000)의 건조지수 대비 기후변화시나리오(RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5)에 따른 미래기간별(2011～2040, 2041～2070, 2071～2100) 건조지수 변화율(%) 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 각기 다른 5개의 잠재증발산량 산정식(FAO P-M식, Penman식, Makkink식, Priestley-Taylor식, Hargreaves식)을 적용하여 잠재증발산량 산정식이 건조지수와 건조지수 변화율(%)에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 RCP 4.5와 8.5 모두에서 과거기간에 비해서 기후변화시나리오에 따른 미래기간에서 월별 강수량, 평균기온 그리고 잠재증발산량이 증가하였다. 또한 잠재증발산량은 겨울철이 여름철과 비교하여 과거기간 대비 미래기간에서 큰 증가를 보였으나, 건조지수는 강수량의 영향으로 잠재증발산량과 다른 양상을 보였다. 따라서 수자원관리 측면에서 미래기후변화에 따른 겨울철 증발산량의 증가에 따른 적절한 대응이 필요하다. 기후변화시나리오를 반영하여 산정된 미래기간의 월 및 연별 건조지수 값은 각기 다른 잠재증발산량 적용식에 따라서 큰 차이를 보였다. 하지만 과거기간대비 미래기간의 월 및 연별 건조지수 변화율(%) 양상은 적용된 잠재증발산량 산정식에 따라서 큰 차이가 없었다.

Agreement in the vertical profiles of the temperature trends from radiosonde observation (HadAT) and four kinds of reanalysis dataset (ERA40, ERA-I, NCEP-DOE, and 20CR) are examined for the period of 1979-2000. There are noticeable spread among reanalysis and observation datasets in the temperature trend depending on region and vertical level. East Asia shows large discrepancy among datasets, while Europe shows relatively good agreement. Generally, biases in temperature trends are larger in the upper troposphere (above 300 hPa) than in the lower and middle troposphere. Comprehensive comparison of the long-term temperature trends among reanalyses is made for horizontal distributions with height, latitude-pressure cross-sectional distributions, zonally-averaged meridional distributions with height, and area-averaged vertical profiles in both DJF and JJA. Consequently, we find that the degree of agreement among reanalyses significantly varies with vertical level, region, and season. The highest discrepancy is found over southern high-latitudes and in the upper troposphere over southern tropics. In the tropical upper troposphere above 200 hPa, observation (HadAT) shows cooling trend increases with height, but three reanalyses show warming trends except NCEP-DOE reanalysis in which cooling trend is overestimated. In conclusion, discrepancies in the vertical profiles of long-term temperature trends among four kinds of reanalysis datasets are quite large, and then a scrupulous approach should be needed when reanalysis dataset is used for climate change study.