Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases that can occur in calves, causing severe diarrhea. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of single-domain antibodies, single variable domain of heavy chain of HCAb (VHH), on the prevention and treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in calves. Thirty calves were divided into five experimental groups (negative control, positive control, group A, group B and group C). Except for the negative control group, the experimental groups were inoculated with BRV on the 4th day after birth. The VHH supplementation groups were fed with a substitute milk containing different concentrations of VHH (1%, 2.5% and 7.5%). Changes in body weight, clinical symptoms, serum antibodies, and virus detection in feces were observed for a total of 10 days in each experimental group. The results showed a higher survival rate in the VHH supplementation groups compared to the positive control group. Clinical symptoms caused by rotavirus were alleviated in the VHH supplementation groups. The detection rate of rotavirus in feces also decreased. Gross findings indicated that the severity of disease in the VHH supplementation groups was milder than that in the positive control group. Therefore, VHH could be proposed as a useful alternative for the prevention and treatment of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in calves.

Hangovers, resulting from excessive alcohol intake, manifest hours after drinking, causing symptoms like thirst, headache, and fatigue. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), with acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species contributing to toxic effects. Morning Care (MC) products were evaluated in male and female mice to assess their impact on alcohol metabolism and hangover alleviation. The study revealed that pre-administration of MC products led to a significant reduction in blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations postalcohol ingestion. This remarkable finding suggests a potential breakthrough in hangover relief. Enhanced ADH and ALDH activities were observed in blood and liver samples, indicating improved alcohol metabolism. Interestingly, gene expression levels of ADH and ALDH in the liver did not show significant differences, suggesting that MC products likely enhance enzyme activities through post-translational modifications rather than altering gene expression. These findings underscore the potential of MC products to mitigate hangover symptoms by enhancing alcohol metabolism.

본 연구는 바이든 행정부가 제시한 새로운 경제 협력체인 인도-태평양 경제 프레임워크(IPEF)를 중심으로 그 통상정책의 특징을 살펴봄으로써 한국이 경제안보를 위해 어떠한 통상 외교 전략을 펼쳐야 하는지에 대한 분석을 그 목적으로 한다. 기존 FTA와 달리 관세 철폐와 같은 시장 접 근 문제를 포함하고 있지 않은 새로운 형태의 경제 협력체인 IPEF는 국 제통상질서에서의 미국의 리더십 회복과 동시에 국내 산업의 지지를 확 보할 수 있는 통상정책의 수립이라는 바이든 행정부의 경제안보 전략이 반영된 결과이다. 그 의도와 관계없이 IPEF는 대외적으로 중국을 견제하 기 위한 목적의 경제협력체로 인식되고 있는 상황 아래, 한국의 IPEF 가 입 결정을 둘러싼 논쟁이 지속되고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 논쟁이 오바 마 행정부 이후 지속되고 있는 미-중 주도의 경제협력체 가입을 둘러싼 논의와 크게 다르지 않다는 점을 기반으로, 중국 주도의 RCEP과 미국 주도의 IPEF가 서로 배타적 관계가 아닌 상호보완적 관계라는 인식 아 래, 양 협력체에 적극적으로 참여하는 것이 대표적 통상국가인 한국의 경제안보를 위한 통상 외교 전략임을 제시한다.

미중 전략경쟁과 코로나19 여파로 세계 경제질서가 급변하며, 미국은 국 가안보 차원에서 '경제안보 정책'을 추진하고, 전통적 군사동맹 체제를 경제‧ 기술 동맹으로 재편하고 있다. 미국은 중국이 현 글로벌 가치사슬(GVC)구조 하에서 자원 및 핵심 기술을 토대로 상호 의존성을 무기화하고 있다고 판단하고, 이를 국가안보의 차원에서 논의하기 시작하였다. 트럼프 정부와 이를 이은 바이든 정부는 중국의 부상을 봉쇄하고, 경제안보 정책을 강화하기 위해 동 맹국과 관계를 재정립하고 있다. 한편, 트럼프 정부가 ‘힘을 통한 평화’와 ‘원칙에 기반한 현실주의’의 기조하에 무역전쟁을 통한 중국 때리기에 앞장 섰다면, 바이든 정부는 자유민주주의 가치를 공유하는 신뢰 가능한 동맹·파 트너 국가들과 새로운 공급망을 구축해 나간다는 점에서 분명한 차이를 보 인다. 본 연구는 경제안보 시대 트럼프 행정부와 바이든 행정부의 경제‧기술 동맹전략 및 특징들을 살펴보고 이를 비교해 보고자 한다. 또한, 미국과 자 유민주주의 가치를 공유하고 있는 국가이면서, 첨단 과학기술과 제조 능력을 보유하고 있는 한국에게 4차 산업기술을 중심으로 한 미국의 경제‧기술 동맹 재조정은 어떤 함의가 있는지 살펴보고자 한다.

본 연구의 목적은 참여정부 시기 여성 정책과 관련해서 대표적인 사례 인 여성고용확대정책과 「성매매방지법」을 중심으로 비판적 재검토함으로 써 이 시기의 여성 정책 접근방식에서 드러난 핵심의 전환을 구체화하는 것에 있다. 참여정부 시기에 이루어진 여성 정책에 대한 접근방식의 핵 심은 단순히 기회의 평등에서 결과의 평등을 확보하는 단계로 전환하는 가운데, 결과의 평등을 보장하는 바탕 위에 성인지적 관점을 담겨 기존 의 성 질서에 도전하고, 실질적인 양성평등 사회의 성별 구조를 재구성 하는 단계로 전환하였다는 것은 본 연구의 주장이다. 구체적으로 여성고 용확대정책은 여성의 경제활동과 고용과정에서 차별을 해소하고 경제활 동에서 기회의 평등을 보장에서 더 나아가 적극적인 고용개선조치 도입 등을 통해 결과의 평등을 확보하고자 하였다는 점에서 전환을 볼 수 있 다. 또한, '성매매 피해자 개념' 제시와 성매매 표현 재규정 등을 포함한 성매매방지법은 성인지적 관점에서 출발하여 결과의 평등을 확보하는 단 계에서 기존의 전통적인 양성 질서에 도전하는 방향으로 나아가 양성이 평등한 성별 구조를 재구축하려는 새로운 전환이라고 볼 수 있다.

본 논문의 연구 목적은 바이든 시대 미국의 대북인권정책을 인권외교 의 관점에서 분석하고, 한국 대북인권외교의 정책대응방안을 제시하는 것이다. 바이든 정부는 출범 이후 가치 규범을 중시하는 동맹외교를 강 화하고 있다. 이러한 미국의 인권외교 정책은 북한과 남북관계에도 영향 을 미친다. 특히 한국 정부의 대북인권정책의 균형 있는 접근을 위해서 는 바이든 행정부의 북한에 대한 인권외교와 인도주의 외교의 기조를 이 해하고 전망한다. 첫째, 미국 대북인권정책을 설명하기 위해 인권외교의 개념을 분석틀로 제시할 것이다. 둘째, 미국의 대외정책과 인권외교를 살 펴볼 것이다. 특히 냉전과 탈냉전 시대의 미국 인권외교정책 변화를 살 펴본 후, 바이든 행정부의 인권외교를 오바마와 트럼프 정부 시기와 비 교하여 설명할 것이다. 셋째, 미국의 대북인권외교를 양자와 다자적 관점 에서 클린턴 시기부터 바이든 시기까지 분석한다. 넷째, 포스트 바이든 행정부의 대북인권외교와 북한의 대응 방향을 살펴보고, 한국 정부의 정 책대응 방안을 제시한다. 마지막 절에서는 본론을 요약하고, 미래연구를 제안한다.

본 연구는 역사적 제도주의를 활용해 박정희 정부의 국회의원 선거제 도를 생성 과정, 지속 과정, 조정 과정, 변화 과정으로 검토하고자 하였 으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생성 과정이다. 권력장악을 위한 정 당추천제, 소선거구제, 제1당에 유리한 전국구 배분 원칙이 적용된 국회 의원선거법은 집권당에게 득표율 대비 의석률에 유리하였다. 둘째, 지속 과정이다. 제1당에 유리한 국회의원선거법이 유지되면서 집권당의 일당 우위정당체제는 더욱 강화되었다. 셋째, 조정 과정이다. 기존 선거제도에 서 의석수의 확대, 등록기간의 축소, 배분 제한조건의 강화 등 변화가 있 었고, 집권 세력에 대한 국민의 저항으로 제1야당은 집권당을 견제할 수 있게 되었다. 넷째, 변화 과정이다. 집권위기에 직면한 집권세력은 중선 거구제를 도입하여 지역선거구에서 국회의 과반수 의석을 확보하였다. 박정희 정부에서 제1당은 이득비와 보너스율에서 이득을, 제2당은 제9대 국회의원선거를 제외하면 이득비와 보너스율에서 손해를 보았다. 박정희 정부의 국회의원 선거제도는 제1당에 유리한 양당 체제를 강화하였으나 집권세력이 권력창출, 권력유지, 권력연장, 영구집권을 위해 국회의원 선 거제도를 도구로 활용했다는 비판에 직면하였다.

Ischemic stroke causes brain damage and neuronal cell death by depriving oxygen and nutrients and releasing excessive levels of glutamate and intracellular calcium. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic compound present in green tea. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Hippocalcin is a calcium binding protein that regulates calcium concentration, neuronal differentiation, neuronal excitability, and neuronal cell death. In this study, we investigated whether EGCG regulates the expression of hippocalcin in neurons and astrocytes after focal cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia was induced by meddle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). EGCG (50 mg/kg) or PBS was injected into the abdominal cavity just before MCAO surgery. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate the effect of EGCG on neurological behavioral deficits 24 h after MCAO surgery. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate the positive response to hippocalcin in the cerebral cortex after MCAO surgery. We also detected the positive reactions of neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as markers of neuron and astrocyte, respectively. MCAO caused severe neurological impairment and EGCG treatment attenuated these impairments. MCAO damage reduced the number of NeuN-positive cells and increased the number of GFAP-positive cells. This result indicates a decrease in neurons and an increase in astrocytes. However, EGCG alleviated these changes caused by MCAO damage. MCAO reduced the number of hippocalcin-positive cells in neurons and astrocytes, and EGCG treatment attenuated these reductions. Hippocalcin exerts neuroprotective effect through regulating intracellular calcium concentration. In conclusion, EGCG regulates the expression of hippocalcin in neurons and astrocytes and has neuroprotective effects in focal cerebral ischemia.

Data commentary is an important text type in research articles; however, its discourse model is often challenging to access because it is embedded in the upper genres such as textbook, weather forecast, and journal article. This study aims to establish a discourse model of data commentary, with a focus on academic research papers in Economics and Business administration journals. To accomplish this, this study employs Move analysis and SF-MDA(Systemic Functional-Multimodal Discourse Analysis) to investigate the moves of data commentaries and the metafunctional meanings of each step. The results indicate that the data commentary discourse model consists of three moves: (1) summarizing the topic and methodology, (2) representing figure and numbers, and (3) analyzing and commenting on results. Additionally, 22 steps are identified for each move that creates metafunctional meaning: ideational, interpersonal, and textual.

Today, we are living in an era of city. Many cities around the world are exposed and vulnerable to natural disasters and environmental pollution due to rapid urbanization and population concentration. Most of these city problems occur in space and as a solution to all these problems, Digital Twin is continuouslybeing introduced. A digital urban space infrastructure and multi-dimensional spatial data analysis are required to effectively solve and deal with various city problems. One of problem in land administration aspect, to change ownership and get a permit take a long time. In order to improve this situation, digital twin concept is proposed. It’s operation and management became possible as the information systems took a transition from paper to computerized files, from files to integrated databases, from two-dimensional to three-dimensional data, and as transition took place, the need for a virtual urban space or "DigitalTwin" that can integrate distributed urban data into one came to fore. In this study, the new preprocess was suggested to use Digital Twin concept in order to reduce time line and to make an efficient work process for land administration.

To efficiently manage the waste packages like drums, it is meaningful to utilize the data of placement and emplacement of disposed waste in geological storage. For the transparent and real-time management of disposal data, both technical as well as administrative factors must be included. To this end, MIRAE-EN Co., Ltd. has developed a radioactive waste tracking and management system (m-trekⓇ v1.0) through radioactive waste management life cycle which is supported by KETEP. Enhancing the functional features of m-trekⓇ, IoT-based drum location measuring and data of those drums, such as position, radionuclides, activity, and dose etc., are to be collected and monitored through data modeling and visualization, which might be utilized in emplacing the loaded drums according to specifically certain criteria of internal and external data of disposal site. Position measuring using Beacon utilizes Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to locate the correct position in 3D area. Since RSSI is affected by the surrounding environment, it is required to corrective optimization. In addition, error and deviation of previously applied Gaussian filter method, was corrected and improved through AI learning model. According to this location information and those data, the prototype in future provides the visualization of drum position and its relevant data for administrative purpose such as monitoring, emplacement and other management policy.

Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (BRONJ) is an adverse event associated with bisphosphonate drug treatment. An 81-year-old female has been taking bisphosphonates orally once a month for three years complained of pain in the left mandibular molar area after implant placement. Tenderness and fistula were formed. Extensive osteosclerosis in posterior area of the left mandible and bone resorption around distal side of #37i were shown on radiographs. She was given oral antibiotics for 6 weeks and bone resorption was improved. A 70-year-old male had a history of intravenous injection of bisphosphonates for blood cancer complained of #46i implant mobility. There was buccal fistula on #45 site. Radiographically, severe bone resorption and extensive osteosclerosis were shown. He was treated with removal of implant and inflammatory tissue. Patients who have taken bisphosphonates may develop BRONJ after tooth extraction or implant placement and are needed to meticulous plaque control for preventing BRONJ.

This study is to think about how to invite a model of culture and arts administrative governance for Blockchain-based Initiative in the nearer future. In particular, it was conceived only in the field of performing arts and was intended to be proposed by referring to the situation in Jeju. Four major governance models were devised. The first is subsidy-related governance. Second, governance related to donations and support, third, governance related to artistic activities, and fourth, governance models for securing customers and resonating between performers were proposed. There are factors to keep in mind to establish governance based on blockchain technology, which is such a future technology. Jeon Myung-san (2017) proposes elements to keep in mind when introducing blockchain technology into the administrative domain in a book called Blockchain Gourbonment. Accepting the proposal, this paper also intends to present matters to be noted in order to build a blockchain gubernator in the conclusion. Among the fields of culture and arts administration, a step-by-step approach will be needed to establish blockchain-based governance of performing culture. First of all, in the first stage, local governments, related organizations, artists, and associations must work on governance construction offline. In the second stage, the blockchain base is learned and governance activities begin within the blockchain base. The third stage should involve citizens as audiences to operate governance.

Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a carbohydrate metabolic disorder that involves high blood sugar because insulin works abnormally. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of them. However, diabetes treatments such as GLP-1 and DPP-4 inhibitors commonly caused side effects including gastrointestinal disorders. Grifola frondosa (G. frondosa) revealed various pharmacological effects in recent studies. It has a variety of anti-cancer polysaccharides through host-mediated mechanisms. D-fraction in G. frondosa has apoptotic effects, promoting myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation into granulocytes-macrophages. It has also been shown to reduce the survival rate of breast cancer cells. Though, no further study has been conducted on the specific effects of G. frondosa in the db/db mouse. Therefore, we would like to research the blood glucose improving effect of G. frondosa, a natural material, in type 2 diabetes model mouse, in this study. G. frondosa was administered to the disease model mouse (BKS.Cg-+Leprdb/+Leprdb/OlaHsd) for 8 weeks to monitor weight and blood glucose changes every week. And we evaluated anti-diabetes effects by checking biomarker changes shown through blood. Experiment did not show statistically significant weight differences, but control groups showed significantly higher weight gain than G. frondosa administered groups. We collected blood from the tail veins of the db/db mouse each week. As a result, the lowest blood sugar level was shown in the 500 mg/ kg group of G. frondosa. Glucose in the blood was examined with HBA1c, and 7.8% was shown in the 500 mg/kg administration group, lower than in other groups. These results suggest the potential improvements of diabetes in G. frondosa.

China-US relations have become the focus of world attention after the Biden administration took power. Some predict that Biden‘s strategy in the early days of his administration will be a combination of Obama’s and Trump‘s Policies toward China, which focus on competition rather than reconciliation and cooperation. Biden stated clearly that he has no intention to involve in a“new cold war”with China, he will not deliberately exclude engagement with China, he also has proposed that intensive cooperation with China will be put into effect on the theme related to climate change, global public health and nuclear non - proliferation. Meanwhile, the Biden administration continues to claim that China is the Unites States’ “most rigorous competitor”. The US government will carry out a series of strategic policy in the areas of economy, security, diplomacy, human rights, intellectual property, and global governance. the Biden administration continued to promote the Indo-Pacific strategy more actively in order to achieve the upgrading of the four-country dialogue mechanism with Japan, India and Australia and also make great effort to strengthened the relationship of traditional Allies, by which achieving the goal of containing China. With the framework of the “One China” policy, the Biden administration intend to strengthen unofficial relations and non-government contact with Taiwan to improve Taiwan‘s self-defense capability and international visibility aim to maintain the status quo of“no independence”and“no unification”between Taiwan and the mainland. For the foreseeable future, Biden will inherit the tone of the Trump administration‘s strategic competition toward China through some necessary political adjustment. the China-US relations will be imbued with challenge and opportunities.