본 글은 우리나라 청동기시대에 송국리형문화를 기반으로 하는 거점취락을 대상으로 사회발전 양상을 살펴보는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 송국리형문화 단계가 과연 어떤 형태의 또는 어떤 수준의 사회였는지 들여다 보기 위함이다. 이를 위하여 당시 취락사회의 정치, 경제, 사회, 이념체계와 관련되는 고고학적 맥락을 추출하여 사회적 수준과 발전양상을 살펴보았다. 송국리형문화의 취락사회는 Chiefdom 사회에 깊숙이 진입해 있었을 것으로 추정되지만, 모든 취 락사회가 동일한 체계로 운영된 것은 아니었다. 우리의 고고학적 환경에서 사회 발전과 변화에 영향 력을 행사했을 것으로 추정되는 핵심요소들은 거점취락에서 활성화되어 있었다. 족장 성격을 갖는 유 력자의 존재와 지도력, 유력자와 그 공동체 또는 세력집단 간 갈등과 같은 사회현상, 대규모 공사를 위한 노동력의 집결과 부의 재분배, 위세품의 존재와 장거리 교역, 사회적 위계화와 장인집단(전문 화·분업화)의 존재, 거점취락과 지역사회의 유기적인 연계망, 사회결속을 위한 취락의례(제의)의 존 재 등은 송국리형문화단계의 취락사회, 특히 거점취락에서 볼 수 있는 현상들이었다. 비록 모든 취락 사회에 적용될 수 있는 일반화·보편화 현상이라고는 할 수 없지만, Chiefdom 사회의 발전 수준을 가늠할 수 있는 문화요소들임에는 부정할 수 없다. 송국리형문화를 영위했던 다양한 취락사회는 내적·외적으로 사회적 관계와 지역적 적응 속에서 상사·상이한 체계로 발전해갔을 가능성이 높다. 따라서 공통되는 사회발전 양상과 지역성을 고려하여 우리 형편에 맞는 사회발전 모델과 범주의 체계화가 필요하다고 생각한다.

1. 경북지역 한지형 마늘 주산지인 의성지역을 중심으로 OYDV, LYSV, GCLV, SLV 그리고 Allexivirus를 진단한 결과, 모든 마늘잎의 시료가 한 가지 이상의 바이러스에 복합감염되어 있었다.. 2. 생장점 배양한 마늘은 1세대부터 3세대까지 OYDV와 SLV는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 생장점 배양 마늘의 1세대는 GCLV 3.8%, Allexivirus 3.1%의 바이러스 감염률을 나타내었으며, 생장점 배양 마늘 2세대는 LYSV 3.4%, GCLV 21.7% 그리고 Allexivirus 10.0%를 나타내었다. 생장점 배양 마늘 3 세대는 GCLV 17.5%, Allexivirus 7.5%의 바이러스 감염률을 나타내었다. 3. 의성지역의 바이러스에 감염된 일반마늘 1통의 평균 무게는 29.3 g 이었으나, 생장점 배양에 의하여 증식된 2세대 마늘 1통의 평균 무게는 57.6 g, 3세대 마늘 1통의 평균 무게는 66.2 g 이었다.

The objective of this study was to establish an in vitro culture system for ovarian preantral follicles of B6D2F1. First, we optimized the in vitro preantral-follicle culture by culture duration, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) type, and activin A concentration. Duration of in vitro culture for 9, 11, and 13 days was sufficient for the normal development of preantral follicles to antral follicles. Formation of cumulus cell–oocyte complex (COC) was induced by treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 2.5 IU/mL) and epidermal growth factor (EGF; 5 ng/mL). In addition, metaphase II (MII) oocytes formed during this in vitro culture of preantral follicles. In vitro preantral-follicle culture for 9 days showed higher rates of growth and maturation, thus yielding a greater number of antral follicles, and there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the number of MII oocytes (that formed from these preantral follicles via differentiation) between the 9-day culture and 11-day or 13-day culture. The follicles cultured for 9 days contained a tightly packed well-defined COC, whereas in follicles cultured for 11 days, the COC was not well defined (spreading was observed in the culture dish); the follicles cultured for 13 days disintegrated and released the oocyte. Second, we compared the growth of the preantral follicles in vitro in the presence of various FSH types. There were no significant differences in the growth and maturation rates and in differentiation into MII oocytes during in vitro culture between preantral follicles supplemented with FSH from Merck and those supplemented with FSH from Sigma. To increase the efficiency of MII oocyte formation, the preantral follicles were cultured at different activin A concentrations (0 to 200 ng/mL). The control follicles, which were not treated with activin A, showed the highest rate of differentiation into antral follicles and into MII oocytes among all the groups (0 to 200 ng/mL). Therefore, activin A (50 to 200 ng/mL) had a negative effect on oocyte maturation. Thus, in this study, we propose an in vitro system of preantral-follicle culture that can serve as a therapeutic strategy for fertility preservation of human oocytes for assisted reproductive medicine, for conservation of endangered species, and for creation of superior breeds.

Poor embryo quality and low blastocyst formation have been major limitations in establishment of cloned embryonic stem cells and production of cloned animals through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Aggregation of embryos is a promising method for improving developmental competence of blastocysts. The aim of this study was to improve the blastocyst formation and the quality of parthenogenetic (PA) pig embryos by the aggregation of blastomeres at the 4-cell stage that were cultured in various type of culture dishes with or without phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The PA embryos were produced by the general method of our laboratory. On Day 2 after PA, the zona pellucida of 4 cell-stage embryos were removed by treatment with 0.5% (wt/vol) pronase solution. The 3x zona-free blastomere (ZFB) were randomly distributed in each of the following treatments for aggregation. ZFB were cultured for 5 days at 39℃ in an atmosphere 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2. In Experiment 1, effect of culture dishes on the aggregation efficiency and developmental competence of PA embryos were investigated. ZFB were cultured on non-coated (control) culture dish or dishes coated with 1% (wt/vol) agarose substrate (AS) or Well of the Well in dishes coated with 1% (wt/vol) agarose substrate (WAS). The ZFB cultured in WAS showed significantly higher (P<0.05) aggregation (81.2%) than AS and control (21.6-45.5%). The mean cell number in blastocysts derived from AS and WAS (81.4-89.3 cells/blastocyst) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of control (63.8 cells/blastocyst). In Experiment 2, effects of 150 ug/ml PHA treatment on the aggregation efficiency and developmental competence of embryos were investigated. The ZFB cultured in AS with PHA showed a higher (P<0.05) aggregation rate (90.0%) than that in AS without PHA, control with PHA, and control (39.2%, 57.9% and 17.5%, respectively). In conclusion, aggregation of porcine ZFB treated with PHA and agarose substrate could be a useful technique for producing improving blastocyst development with increased mean cell number of blastocysts in pigs.

Mycoplasma spp. are extracellular bacteria that colonize on the respiratory epithelium of humans and animals. It is a causative agent of pneumonia commonly complicated by opportunistic infectious bacteria. Mycoplasma spp. infection cause relatively mild disease in the absence of environmental stressors, but when complicated by secondary bacterial invaders the resultant disease can cause obvious clinical disease and severe production losses in intensively reared pigs Mycoplasma spp. are highly fastidious bacteria, difficult to culture and slow growing. Many species of Mycoplasma spp. are important pathogens causing respiratory infection in animals and known to induce huge economic losses. The aims of the present study were to develop a rapid isolation and culture method of wild type Mycoplasma spp. in pigs. We used Mycoplasma spp. genus specific direct PCR without DNA extraction procedure using PhireⓇ Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit from the lung tissues with pneumonia lesions. Therefore, we could save the time for tissue processing and increase the accuracy of Mycoplasma spp. inclusion prediction in lung tissues. Thereafter, we used the optimized media to isolate and culture Mycoplasma spp. As the results, Mycoplasma spp. could be isolated and cultured quickly and efficiently. These results could provide an efficient strategy and method for the rapid and accurate isolation and culture of wild type Mycoplasma spp. in pigs.

식물공장에서는 작물에 필요한 재배환경을 인위적을 조절하여 고품질 농산물에 대한 연중 계획생산이 가능하다. 본 연구는 완전제어형 식물공장 재배에 적합한 콜라비 품종을 선발하고자 실시하였다. 실험은 완전제어형 식물공장에서 수행하였고, 식물재료는 적색의 콜라비 품종인 ‘아삭콜’, ‘콜리브리’와 ‘퍼플킹’ 품종을 사용하였다. 인공광원은 LED광이었으며, 광도와 일장은 각각 249μmol·m·2·s-1, 12/12시간(밤/낮)이었다. 순환식 담액수 경방식으로, 정식 후 57일까지 재배하였다. 정식 후 43 일째에 전체 생체중과 괴경의 생체중 및 엽면적은 품종 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 건물중과 괴경은 ‘아삭콜’ 품종이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 엽수는 ‘퍼플킹’ 품종이 가장 많았다. 당도와 수량는 ‘아삭콜’ 품종이 가 장 높았다. 생육과 상품수량을 고려해 볼때, 완전제어형 식물공장에 적합한 콜라비 품종은 ‘아삭콜’ 이었다.

Information and communication technology(ICT) around the world in the 21st century presents a new vision of agriculture. Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called “smart agriculture” is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture’s core container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. The Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional medicine. The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976. We controlled different light source (Blue-Red-White combined LED, blue LED, red LED and fluorescent light) with different intensity of LED irradiation (1.5, 10.5, 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Lights were treated with 12 hour on/ 12hour off cycle maintained in a controlled room with 19 ~ 21oC temperature, 80~90% humidity, and 1,000 ppm CO2 atmosphere concentration for 30 days. Growth and development differed from the LED color source and intensity of LED irradiation. Growth and development was most effective in 10.5 μmol/m2s for blue LED. All LED light sources showed less growth and development in lowest intensity of irradiation, which indicates that higher than 1.5 μmol/m2s for LED is not effective. After harvesting fruit bodies, we measured their weight and length, thickness of pileus and stipe, chromaticity, and hardness. 10.5 μmol/m2s blue LED group was the best result of harvest with average individual weight (24.7g) and length (61.98mm), thickness (29.93mm) of pileus and length (33.60mm), thickness (16.86mm) of stipe with fine chromaticity, hardness. This results show us that 10.5 μmol/m2s blue LED was the best effect on growth and development of Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom’s ICT system container type environment.

Information and communication technology(ICT) around the world in the 21st century presents a new vision of agriculture. Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called “smart agriculture” is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture’s core container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. Auricularia auricula-judae, known as the Jew's ear, wood ear, jelly ear or by a number of other common names, is a species of edible Auriculariales fungus found worldwide. The fruiting body is distinguished by its noticeably ear-like shape and brown colouration. The fungus can be found throughout the year in temperate regions worldwide, where it grows upon both dead and living wood. We controlled different light source (Blue-Red-White combined LED, blue LED, red LED and fluorescent light) with different intensity of LED irradiation (1.5, 10.5 and 20.5 μmol/m2s for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Lights were treated with 12 hour on/ 12hour off cycle maintained in a controlled room with 19 ~ 21oC temperature, 85~95% humidity, and 1000ppm CO2 atmosphere concentration for 30 days. Growth and development differed from the LED color source and intensity of LED irradiation. Growth and development was most effective in 1.5 μmol/m2s irradiation for blue LED. All LED light sources showed less growth and development in highest intensity of irradiation, which indicates that higher than 20.5 μmol/m2s for LED is not effective. After harvesting fruit bodies, we measured their weight, length, width, thickness and chromaticity of fruit bodies. 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED group was the best result of harvest with average individual weight (5.38g), length (65.37mm), width (56.87mm) and thickness (13.51mm) with fine chromaticity. This results show us that 1.5 μmol/m2s blue LED was the best effect on growth and development of Auricularia auricula-judae mushroom’s ICT system container type environment.

Timing, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the introduct of the so-called “smart agriculture”. The core factors of precision agriculture, including temperature, humidity, location information, and real summary information, are all significant for ICT controlling technique. The system is a four-season container allowing mushroom product, humidity, illumination, and factors such as carbon dioxide were regulated to create the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation. Hericium erinaceum (also called Lion's Mane Mushroom, Bearded Tooth Mushroom, or Bearded Tooth Fungus) is an edible and medicinal mushroom in the tooth fungus group. During approximately 40 days of incubation, 1.4 kg of oak sawdust was used as the test medium. The humidity, temperature, and CO2 density were maintained at >85–95%, 18–20oC, and 700–1,000 ppm, respectively, in the container type culture system. The time for primordium formation was observed to be 4–7 days. The amount of fruitbody production was 74–95 g per bag. This technique will be used to establish a new community support program, in conjunction with international movement, domestic sales and exports are also planned.

Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called "smart agriculture" is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture's core temperature, humidity, location information, and summary information in real time, all significant ICT controlling technique. The system is a four-season container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, illumination, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. Hericium erinaceum (also called Lion's Mane Mushroom, Bearded Tooth Mushroom, or Bearded Tooth Fungus) is an edible mushroom and medicinal mushroom in the tooth fungus group. Native to North America, Europe and Asia it can be identified by its tendency to grow all the spines out from one group (rather than branches), long spines (greater than 1 cm length) and its appearance on hardwoods. About 40 days of incubation 1.5kg oak sawdust was used as the test medium bag. The humidity was maintained more than 85~95% and temperature was 18~20°C, and CO2 density was 500~1,000ppm. The days for primordium formation showed us 6~12 days. The amount of fruitbody production was 110~260g per bag. This technique to establish new community support program in conjunction with the international movement, domestic sales and exports are also planned.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of type of culture media (BM, G2, OS, TCM, and MEM) on B6D2F1 mice oogenesis. In the present study, B6D2F1/CrljOri F1 mice were utilized in order to maximize oogenesis. Also we used TCM-199, Dulbecco's medified Eagle's medium (DMEM), embryo culture medium (Fertilization medium, Cleavage medium, Blastocyst medium), G series medium and One step medium. In vitro maturation was highest in BM followed by the order of OS, MEM, TCM and G2 (90±2.8% > 88±3.2% > 85±4.9% > 78±10.2% > 64±7.7%, respectively). To note, the G2 group was statistically different compared to other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand the fertilization rate was highest in the G2 group followed by BM, OS, TCM, and MEM (87±7.2% > 85±6.9% > 74±14.0% > 71±13.8% > 2±1.4%, respectively). The MEM group was significantly lower compared to other groups (p<0.05). The developmental rate was highest in the OS group followed by the G2 group and the BM group albeit no statistical significance was noted (73±11.6% > 71±9.2% > 66±10.4%). Of note, all cells of the TCM and MEM groups were died during embryonic development. The zona hatched rate (51±9.8% vs. 50±9.1% vs. 47±7.2% for BM, G2, and OS respectively) and attached rate (45±12.3% vs. 38±16.1% vs. 37±11.5% for BM, G2, and OS respectively) were not different amongst groups. No difference was found in total cell numbers (74±13.9 vs. 64±9.2 vs. 76±6.7 for BM, G2, and OS respectively), ICM cell numbers (20±1.9 vs. 14±1.8 vs. 15±2.1), TE cell numbers (55±12.5 vs. 49±10.7 vs. 61±5.9), % ICM (30±2.8% vs. 24±7.0% vs. 22.8±2.2%) and ICM:TE ratio (1:2±0.5 vs. 1:3.1±0.8 vs. 1:3.1 ±0.5) amongst groups. In summary, these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice.

Heated Kangas one of the most important elements of the northeast mral residence, formed a unique 11 mode ofheated brick bed 11 and 11 culture ofheated brick bed 11 in the long history of more than two thousand years. Kang bed-stove has many functions, for example, heating residential, communication, emotion and so on. Not only it is the carrier of the northeast family's material culture, also it plays a major role to spatial organization and building ofthe mral housing. Kang bed-stove is a way of the repeated skillful use of energy. The traditional heated brick bed built with mud and brick. It connects heat able adobe sleeping platform in its outside and links chimney in its inside. The quantity of heat of Kang bed-stove comes from the waste heat of cooking .In recent years, the new mral constmction of northeast is in the stage of development of high-speed. With the progress of technology and the renewal ofthe concept, based on the traditional heated brick bed, people have made some beneficial attempts to change and have introduced some new heated brick bed: Suspended Kang, energy saving kang and so on. All new heated brick beds both retain the traditional heated brick bed's functions, and conform to the requirements of sustainable development planning. new heated brick beds are the combination oftraditional culture and the new technology. This paper ba<;es on rural housing of northeast area as the research object, discusses the connotation, forms and types, heating means of traditional heated brick bed and the evolution of new type of Heated Kang.

Information and communication technology(ICT) around the world in the 21st century presents a new vision of agriculture. Time, place, and the high-tech industry to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called "smart agriculture" is changing the landscape of agriculture. Precision Agriculture's core temperature, humidity, location information, and summary information in real time, all significant ICT controlling technique. The system is a four-season container production for the mushroom cultivation temperature, humidity, illumination, self-regulation, such as carbon dioxide, the optimal environment for mushroom cultivation was implemented. Hericium erinaceum (also called Lion's Mane Mushroom, Bearded Tooth Mushroom, Hedgehog Mushroom, Satyr's Beard, Bearded Hedgehog Mushroom, pom pom mushroom, or Bearded Tooth Fungus) is an edible mushroom and medicinal mushroom in the tooth fungus group. Native to North America, Europe and Asia it can be identified by its tendency to grow all the spines out from one group (rather than branches), long spines (greater than 1 cm length) and its appearance on hardwoods. The humidity was maintained more than 85~90% and temperature was 16~18℃, and CO2 density was 500ppm. The days for primordium formation showed us 7~12 days. The width of pileus was 77~115mm. The length of pileus was 43~72mm. The spine was 11~14mm. The amount of fruitbody production was 125~240g per bag. This technique to establish the agricultural sector of Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects and new community support program in conjunction with the international movement, domestic sales and exports are also planned.

본 연구는 토마토 코이어 자루재배시 습해의 원인을 구명하고 습해를 방지하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험은 미니찰을 고시하고 단동형 2중 플라스틱하우스에서 실시 되었다. 배양액은 Yamazaki 토마토 전용배양액을 사용하였으며. 배양액 공급시간은 해뜨고 1시간 후 시작하여 해지기 2시간 전에 종료하였다. 자루당 I자형 찢기 및 L 자형 찢기는 6개씩 15cm 길이로 찢었으며, 밑 찢기는 3 개씩 15cm 길이로 뚫었다. 배액구 위치에 따른 배지무게는 포습 24시간 후 I자형 찢기는 14.2kg, L자형 찢기는 13.8kg, 밑 찢기는 12.8kg로 밑 찢기가 가장 가벼웠다. 포습 24시간 후 1일 관수하여 무게를 측정한 결과 I 자형 찢기는 14.5kg, L자형 찢기 14.2kg, 밑 찢기 13.3kg 로 역시 밑 찢기가 가벼웠다. 이것은 밑 찢기에서 배지 내 함수량이 가장 적은 것을 의미한다. 부정근 발생정도 는 I자형 뚫기 및 L자형 뚫기에서 160 및 170개 발생하였으나 밑 뚫기에서는 53개 발생하였다. 뿌리의 건물중 (5주)은 밑 찢기가 57g으로 I자형 찢기 23g 및 L자형 찢기 25g과 비교해서 2배 이상 높았으며, 뿌리길이도 밑 찢기가 31.4cm로 다른 찢기 방법과 비교하여 길었다. 상품수량은 밑 찢기가 26.5kg/20주 로 I자형 찢기 19.7kg, L 자형 찢기 24.0kg와 비교해 높은 수량성을 보였다. 따라서 U자형 베드에서 코이어 자루배지를 이용하여 수경재배를 할 경우 배액구는 밑 찢기로 만들어야 습해를 방지하여 생산성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

Heated Kang as one of the most important elements of the northeast rural residence, formed a unique " mode of heated brick bed " and " culture of heated brick bed " in the long history of more than two thousand years. Kang bed-stove has many functions, for example, heating residential, communication, emotion and so on. Not only it is the carrier of the northeast family’s material culture, also it plays a major role to spatial organization and building of the rural housing. Kang bed-stove is a way of the repeated skillful use of energy. The traditional heated brick bed built with mud and brick. It connects heat able adobe sleeping platform in its outside and links chimney in its inside. The quantity of heat of Kang bed-stove comes from the waste heat of cooking .In recent years, the new rural construction of northeast is in the stage of development of high-speed. With the progress of technology and the renewal of the concept, based on the traditional heated brick bed, people have made some beneficial attempts to change and have introduced some new heated brick bed: Suspended Kang, energy saving kang and so on. All new heated brick beds both retain the traditional heated brick bed’s functions, and conform to the requirements of sustainable development planning. new heated brick beds are the combination of traditional culture and the new technology. This paper bases on rural housing of northeast area as the research object, discusses the connotation、forms and types、 heating means of traditional heated brick bed and the evolution of new type of Heated Kang.

본고는 제주도 송국리문화의 수용과 전개양상에 대한 연구이다. 제주지역의 송국리문화는 금강유역에서 호남지역으로 확산되는 과정에서 유입된 것으로 추정된다. 제주도에 송국리문화가 수용되고 전개되는 과정은 크게 3단계로 구분된다. 1단계(수용)는 A형의 송국리형주거지가 주로 축조된다. 토기는 재지계의 직립구연토기와 삼양동식 토기가 확인되며 외래계의 점토대토기와 흑색마연장경호 등이 동반 출토된다. 반면 석기는 편인석부, 일단병식석검, 편평삼각형석촉 등이 출토되고 있다. 1단계는 B.C.4~2세기경에 해당한다. 2단계(확산)는 주거지의 규모가 다소 축소되며 A형이 지속적으로 축조되지만 B형과 C형 등 다양한 형태가 출현하게 된다. 토기는 직립구연토기가 소멸하고 삼양동식토기가 일부 잔존하고 있으나 대부분 외도동식토기로 전환되는 단계이다. 이외에도 高杯型土器, 盤型土器, 토기뚜껑 등 새로운 기종이 출현한다. 석기는 식량처리구를 제외하고는 거의 확인되지 않는 점으로 미루어 철기로 전환되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 2단계는 B.C.1~A.D.2세기경에 해당한다. 3단계(전환)는 송국리형주거지가 일부 잔존하고 있으나 외도동식주거지로 전환되면서 소멸되는 과정에 해당하는 것으로 판단된다. 토기는 이전 단계의 기종이 대부분 소멸하고 외도동식토기로 단일화되고 있으며 일부 마한계 토기가 동반 출토되고 있다. 석기는 2단계와 마찬가지로 식량처리구를 제외하고는 확인되지 않고 있으며 철제품이 급증하는 현상을 보여주고 있다. 3단계는 A.D.3~4세기경에 해당한다.

버즈풋 트레포일의 줄기에서 뿌리를 유도함에 있어, 최적의 유도조건을 확립하고자 배양토 종류별, 복합희토 처리 농도별, IBA 처리 농도별로 뿌리 유도율을 조사하였다. 원예농상토, 마사토, 강모래 등 3종류의 배양토에서 뿌리 유도율을 조사한 결과, 마사토(77.8%), 강모래(70.0%), 원예용 상토(41.1%) 순으로 높게 나타났다. 마사토와 강모래에서 복합희토 용액을 농도별로 처리하여 뿌리 유도율을 조사한 결과, 마사토에서는 복합희토 용액 60 pp

Ondol is a traditional heating system in Korea. After new building type, apartment was introduced from western world around 1960, there have been dynamic changes in heating system in apartment. At first, designers supposed that apartment should match to the stand-up-living-style and the radiator system regardless traditional life style. Dwellers, however, didn't accept such a heating system even though the increase of the use of standing type furnitures such as bed, sofa, table, sink etc. Nowadays, Ondol is facilitated to the entire of the home even to the living room and dining/kitchen which radiator system was supposed to be accepted by designers. This try and error process shows that heating system is not only the physical facility itself, but also the cultural element reflecting the properties of way of life. And also it prove that one culture can not substitute the other culture, but merely conflict, mediated each other.