This study was conducted to evaluate the market potential of 'Hwanggeumsantari', a new oyster mushroom variety developed in Gyeonggi Province in 2019, and to derive effective market entry strategies. To objectively assess the marketability of 'Hwanggeumsantari’ from various perspectives, a panel of 50 consumers was formed, and surveys and interviews were conducted. Additionally, two Focus Group Interviews were held with distributors in the agri-food sector. The results showed that potential consumers were positive about the color and texture of ‘Hwanggeumsantari', but expressed relatively less satisfaction with its shelf life and aroma. Distributors, through tow Focus Group Interviews, evaluated that the product had sufficient market competitiveness, but called for efforts to improve cultivation techniques and enhance price competitiveness. Based on the results of market evaluations by consumers and distributors, a SWOT analysis was conducted. The main strengths identified were its outstanding color and texture, while the main weakness was its freshness issue. Meanwhile, the growing demand for healthy foods and various online sales channels could provide market entry opportunities for ‘Hwanggeumsantari', but high sensitivity to price in the case of premium pricing could pose a threat. Consequently, a market entry strategy for ‘Hwanggeumsantari’ was proposed using a 4P mix approach based on the SWOT analysis results. The product strategy emphasized premium positioning, small packaging, and the development of packaging technology to maintain freshness. The price strategy proposed premium pricing and the operation of incentive programs. The distribution strategy suggested channel diversification, direct stores, or direct sales, while the promotion strategy emphasized storytelling and collaboration with influencers.

본 연구는 코로나19 팬데믹 상황에서 장애인의 우울 진입에 영향을 미 치는 요인에 대하여 시기별 차이를 살펴보고 향후 감염병 확산 시 장애 인의 우울진입(정상상태에서 우울진단으로 이동)을 예방하기 위한 방안을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국복지패널조사 15~17차 자료를 결 합하여 생존분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 1년 후까지(2020년 기준 2021 년까지)는 여자가 남자보다, 대구·경북, 대전·충남, 강원·충북에 살고 있 는 경우가 서울에 거주하고 있는 경우보다, 사회적지지를 적게 받을수록, 사회적친분관계만족도가 낮을수록 우울진입 가능성이 높았다. 한편 2년 후까지(2020년 기준 2022년까지)는 여자가 남자보다, 강원·충북에 살고 있는 경우가 서울에 거주하고 있는 경우보다, 자아존중감이 낮을수록, 사 회적친분관계만족도가 낮을수록, 미취업자가 취업자보다 우울진입 가능 성이 높았다. 이를 바탕으로 감염병 확산 시 장애인의 우울진입을 예방 하기 위해서는 기간에 따라 차별적인 대안을 마련하고 적용할 필요성 등 이 있음을 제언하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 심화되는 글로벌 경쟁 속에서 국내 방산업체 수출의 선순환 구조 마련을 위한 글로벌 부품공급망 진입방안을 모색하는 데 있 다. 아울러 어떻게 맞춤형 방산 부품 수출을 활성화할 것인가에 대한 정 책 대안을 제시하고자 한다. 글로벌 부품공급망의 이론적 논의를 바탕으 로 국내 중소방산업체의 현황을 분석하고 세계 방산시장으로 진출하기 위해 다음과 같은 방향을 제시한다. 첫째, 방산수출 규모의 지속적인 확 대를 위해서는 수출지향적인 방위산업 정책의 확대 시행, 신시장 개발을 위한 권역별‧국가별･품목별 정보망의 확보, 중소기업군을 포함한 국내 방 산업계의 글로벌 경쟁력 강화 조치가 시급하다. 둘째, 방산 부품 수출 활 성화를 위해서는 품목을 다양화하고 글로벌 방산기업의 부품공급망에 진 입하여 완성품뿐만 아니라 수리부속, MRO, 잉여장비 등 수출품목을 다 양화할 수 있는 지원제도 보완이 이루어져야 한다. 셋째, 중소기업이 국 내의 체계기업 협력업체로 참여하는 수준에서 벗어나 특화된 기술력을 갖춘 경쟁력 있는 기업으로 성장할 수 있도록 중소·벤처기업의 글로벌 부품공급망에 참여할 수 있는 지원이 필요하다. 마지막으로 산업·금융 등 다양한 분야와의 연계가 요구되는 상황에서 수출지원을 위한 전문기관· 인력 등 인프라는 여전히 부족하므로 수출 인프라의 보완이 필요하다.

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) represents one of the major Ca2+ entry routes in non-excitable cells. It is involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes and the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis. The Ca2+ releaseactivated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel consists of stromal interaction molecule and Orai; however, the role and action of Homer proteins as an adaptor protein to SOCE-mediated Ca2+ signaling through the activation of CRAC channels in non-excitable cells still remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of Homer2 in the process of Ca2+ signaling induced by the interaction between CRACs and Homer2 proteins in non-excitable cells. The response to Ca2+ entry by thapsigargin-mediated Ca2+ store depletion remarkably decreased in pancreatic acinar cells of Homer2–/– mice, as compared to wild-type cells. It also showed critical differences in regulated patterns by the specific blockers of SOCE in pancreatic acinar cells of Homer2–/– mice. The response to Ca2+ entry by the depletion in Ca2+ store markedly increased in the cellular overexpression of Orai1 and STIM1 as compared to the overexpression of Homer2 in cells; however, this response was remarkably inhibited by the overexpression of Orai1, STIM1, and Homer2. These results suggest that Homer2 has a critical role in the regulatory action of SOCE activity and the interactions between CRAC channels.

본 연구의 목적은 한국 외식기업의 해외시장 진입유형 선택의 결정 요인을 제도이론을 적용하여 검증하는 것이 다. 외식기업에게 중요한 시장지원제도인 지적재산권 보호, 무역 자유, 투자 자유가 진입유형 선택에 어떻게 영향 을 미치는지 분석하였다. 통제와 자원투입 수준에 따라 진입유형을 거래형, 제휴형, 투자형으로 구분하여 순서형 로지스틱 회귀분석으로 검증한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현지의 지적재산권 보호 제도가 취약할수록 통제와 자 원투입 수준이 높은 진입유형을 선택하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 외식기업의 경영 성과에 중요한 지적재산권이 제대로 보호되지 않을 경우 기업은 이를 보호하기 위해 투자 부담이 증가하더라도 통제력이 높은 진입유형을 선 택하기 때문인 것으로 해석된다. 둘째, 무역 자유 제도가 엄격하게 시행될수록 통제와 자원투입 수준이 높은 진 입유형을 선택하는 것으로 나타났다. 외식업은 음식의 맛과 가격이 중요하므로 한국에서와 동일한 맛을 외국에서 구현하기 위해서는 식재료의 반입 가능성과 조달 비용이 매우 중요하다. 따라서 자유무역이 보장되면 필수 식재 료를 한국에서 직접 반출하여 맛과 가격경쟁력을 확보하려는 유인이 작용하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이렇게 거래를 내부화 하려는 것은 한식 식재료들이 해외 시장에서 활발하게 거래되는 품목이 아니기 때문에 현지에서 구하기 어려울 뿐 아니라 가격도 매우 비싸기 때문이다. 셋째, 투자 자유 제도에 대한 가설은 유의확률이 높아 채택되지 않았는데, 이는 외식기업의 특성상 마스터 프랜차이즈 계약을 하더라도 본사의 통제력이 상당 정도 확보되기 때 문인 것으로 유추된다. 본 연구는 한국 외식기업이 해외시장에 진출할 때 현지의 시장지원제도에 따라 진입 전략 에 변화를 준다는 것을 실증적으로 규명했다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 갖는다.

21세기를 시작으로 세계 각국은 고유의 문화산업 모델을 구축하기 시작했으며, 문 화상품을 생산하기 시작했다. 그 결과 국가 간 유통과 소비가 증가하였고, 한 나라의 문화산업 발전 수준은 국가의 소프트 파워를 측정하는 중요한 지표가 되었다. 한·중 문화 교류 과정에서 한류는 중국에서 많은 인기를 얻었다. 반면 중국의 문화콘텐츠는 한국의 주류문화로 인식될 수 없는 상황에서 한류의 성공은 중국 문화산업의 육성에 대한 필요성을 시사하고 있다. 현재 중국의 외적 하드파워와 비교하면 중국의 소프트 파워는 큰 영향을 미치지 못하고 있다. 이에 중국 정부도 미디어 산업에 많은 투자를 하고 있다. 이것은 또한 중국의 TV 드라마 저작권의 대규모 수출에서 볼 수 있으며 중국의 문화산업이 발전하는 과정에서 한국 진출과 수용에 대한 담론은 필요하다.

해운산업구조의 변화에 따라 다양한 국적의 선원을 자국민 선원과 함께 승선시키는 혼승선박이 증가하고 있다. 선상 업무의 특성과 함께 혼승에 따른 문화가 형성되고 이는 선내 생활환경의 변화를 초래하여 의사소통의 문제, 교육훈련의 부족 등 다양한 문제점을 야기하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 혼승에 따른 문제점을 파악하고 해결하기 위해 외항선 외국인선원 입국 후 교육의 체계화를 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 다양한 규모의 선사에서 외국인선원의 인사 관련 업무를 담당하고 있는 인원을 대상으로 설문을 실시하고 IBM SPSS Statistic 26 프로그램을 사용하여 설문 결과를 분석하였다. 설문 조사 결과에 따라 외국인선원 교육형태, 교육방법, 문제점 등을 파악하고 이를 기반으로 관련 교육의 체계화를 통해 문제점을 해결할 3가지 개선방안을 제시하였다.

In most cases, studies on the Zushoryō edition (圖書寮本 ) of Ruijū myōgi shō (類聚名義抄 ) has been centered on “source research”. They have been mainly about the exploration of the cited source manuscripts on the basis of which the editor’s intent and linguistic consciousness projected on them can be traced. The main target of such methodology is the definition of the Zushoryō edition of Ruijū myōgi shō because the source notes are clearly illustrated. However, it is difficult for the methodology to be applied to the entry because there are no clear clues such as source notes. Thus, if one needs to conduct his or her research on the entry, looking into source manuscripts only may not be sufficient. In order for such research to be worked out, it is necessary to find out the actual “relationship” between the definition(s) and the entry. I, in this research, focus primarily on the formality of the entry themselves. To start with, the entries under examination are confined to formal features with respect only to a plurality of letter proponents. And then, the entries are classified according to the criteria of the morphological feature and functional property, and simultaneously the amount and types of information are investigated. By means of examining how the entries and definitions respond to each other, I seek to clarify the substantial relationship between them. Resting upon such findings, I shall, in the final analysis, put forward an argument that there is a logical structure in Ruijū myōgi shō as a dictionary.

본 연구에서는 한국 자동차 부품 업체를 대상으로 완성차 업체의 해외 동반진출과 성과 간의 관계에 대해 실증 적으로 분석하고 이러한 관계가 전속적 거래 관계에 의해 어떻게 달라지는지를 설명하고자 한다. 2004년부터 2016년까지 105개 사의 패널 데이터를 구성하여 실증분석을 한 결과, 국내 자동차 부품회사의 해외직접투자에 있어서 완성차 업체와의 동반진출이 성과에 미치는 영향은 비동반진출보다 컸으며, 동반진출이 성과에 미치는 긍 정적 영향은 그 횟수가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 자동차 부품 업체가 대기업과의 동반진출을 통해 초기 납품 물량을 안정적으로 보장받을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 파트너가 보유한 네트워크를 통해 초기에는 빠르게 성장할 수 있지만, 동반 진출 횟수가 많아질수록 조직 복잡성으로 인한 조정 비용의 증가로 인해 이익의 폭이 줄 어들 수 있음을 나타낸다. 마지막으로 동반 진출과 성과 간의 관계에서 완성차 업체에 대한 전속적 관계가 두 변 수간 관계를 더 강화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내 자동차 부품기업들의 동반진출효과를 실증적으로 분석함에 따라 한국 자동차 산업 및 중소기업의 국제화 전략에 유용한 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제시한다.

목적 : 전면진입착석 화장실을 구현하고 실제 사용자에게 적용한 후 평가해봄으로써 휠체어 사용자들에게 신체적인 부담이 적으며 사용상 만족도가 높은 화장실로서의 적용 가능성을 타진해 보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 연구방법 : 휠체어 사용자 40명에게 일반적 특성과 현재 사용하고 있는 휠체어에 관한 정보에 대한 설문조사를 실시한 후 기존에 사용하고 있는 화장실과 전면진입착석 화장실에서 화장실 용무를 시연하는 과제를 수행하도록 하였다. Rapid Entire Body Assessment(REBA)를 적용한 근골격계질환 위험성 평가, Quebec Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0(QUEST 2.0)을 활용한 사용자 만족도 조사, 사용 후 주관적 의견을 평가하였다. 결과 : REBA 평가 결과 기존의 화장실을 이용했을 때 점수(6.53±1.15)와 전면진입착석 화장실을 이용한 후 점수(3.18±.38)는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이(z=-5.930, p<.001)를 보였다. 사용자 만족도 조사 결과 내구성(4.48±.62)이 가장 좋은 점수로 평가되었고 안전성(4.38±.63), 필요성(4.33±.73), 범용성(4.3±.61) 순서로 점수가 높았고 크기 적절성(3.93±.67)이 가장 낮은 점수를 받았다. 사용 후 주관적 의견 조사에서 ‘몸을 회전하지 않아도 되니 편하다(30.8%)’가 가장 많았다. 결론 : 본 연구결과 전면진입착석 화장실이 근골격계질환의 위험성을 낮출 수 있다는 가능성과 사용자들의 만족도가 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 작업치료사가 환경수정 중재 방법을 고려할 경우 응용할 수 있는 참고자료로 활용하길 바라며 추후 연구에서 개인적 화장실 뿐만아니라 공공화장실에서도 활용할 수 있는 작업치료학의 발전에 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

Introduction Japanese convenience-store (CVS) chain retailers have grown by establishing store networks. In fact, Seven-Eleven, Lawson and Family Mart continuingly have opened about 1000 new stores per year. The reason for the rapid growth of their store-networks is that a key aspect of a chain retailer’s marketing strategy is the number of stores its needs to reach its customers (Srinivasan et al. 2013). In particular, CVS chain retailers seek to open new stores and obtain spatial dominance in a particular geographical area, which is called “area-dominance strategy,” so they can save on logistical costs, increase consumer proximity and loyalty, and prevent rival from opening new stores in the area (Ogawa 2004, Tamura 2014, Nishida 2014). Thus, a retailer’s decision of how to expand store-network in a given regional market is important to improve its sales. However, little attention has been paid to this problem in Japanese academic research. This study attempts to explain the influence of entry of rivals on a focal retailer’s store-network in regional markets of Japanese CVS industry. Especially, the author focuses on the regional competition between a focal retailer who is the first entrant and rivals who are late entrants in the region. First, we review prior research, and then propose hypotheses about the influence of entry of rivals, the degree of dominance of a focal retailer, and entry of rivals in multiple regions, on the number of the focal retailer stores. This is followed by an empirical analysis with panel data. Last, we discuss some implications and direction for future research. Literature Review and Proposed Hypothesis Entry of rival stores Prior research suggests that the existence of rival chain stores in the same market decreases the store-revenue of the focal retailer (Erickson et al. 2013, Nishida 2014).When rival retailers open the large number of new stores in a regional market, the focal retailer may be taken away their business of existing stores and latent new stores, so the focal retailer will be forced to close existing stores and slow down the pace of opening new stores. Then, we propose following hypothesis: H1: In a regional market, the higher the number of net increase of rival stores is, the lower the net increase of focal retailer stores is. Dominance of the focal retailer According to prior research, CVS chain retailers benefit from area-dominance (opening own stores aggressively in a given region), because it enables retailers to reduce their distribution and promotion cost, increase consumer loyalty and their power against manufactures (Ogawa 2004, Tamura 2014, Nishida 2014). If the focal retailer has already established a high density store-network, and had strong relationships with its customers and manufactures in the regional market, they will be less likely to suffer from entry of rival chain stores, and they will be able to continue expanding their store-network. These arguments lead to: H2: In a regional market, the higher the degree of dominance of the focal retailer is, the smaller the negative effect of entry of rival stores is. Entry of rival stores in multi-market Though H1 and H2 do not consider multi-market competition among chain retailers, this macro-level competition may have a great impact on their competitive action in a given region (Chen 1996). When a rival entries to multiple regions simultaneously where the focal retailer has already operated, the focal retailer will delay its decision making and competitive responses, so the impact of entry of rival will be larger (Poter 1980, Ferrir 2001, Boyd and Bresser 2008). Therefore, we propose following hypotheses: H3a: The higher the number of regions which rival entry is, the bigger the negative effect of entry of rival chain stores is. H3b: The higher the number of net increase of rival stores across the regions is, the bigger the negative effect of entry of rival chain stores is. Methodology To test the proposed hypotheses (see FIGURE 1), we collected panel data from the Census of CVS Market, which includes the number of stores of Japanese CVS chain retailers in each prefecture. Due to the restriction of data availability, we treated prefectures as the unit of regional market, and focused on the cases that Lawson was the first entrant, and Seven-Eleven and Family-Mart ware the later entrants in prefectures. Accordingly, the sample was limited in space to 17 prefectures, and limited in time to the period from the year that Seven-Eleven or Family-Mart opened their stores for the first time to 2014. Results We tested the hypotheses using panel date analysis by fixed effects model. The estimated results are shown in FIGURE 2. Regarding our hypotheses H1, involving the negative effect of rival entry on the focal retailer’s store-network, is not supported. However, the interaction of “the dominance of the focal retailer” with “rival entry” and the interaction of “rival entry in multiple regions” with “rival entry” are significant, although their signs of coefficients differ depending on whether the rival is seven-eleven or family-mart. Thus, hypotheses H2 and H3b are supported in part. Implication and Future Research Our findings have several important implications. First, our empirical results suggest that the effect of rival entry on a focal retailer’s store-network depends on (1) rival’s position in CVS industry, (2) the focal retailer’s dominance, and (3) rival’s multiple entry. Second, when a rival has a superior position than the focal retailer, dominance advantage of the focal retailer increases the negative effect of rival entry, which is contrary to our expectation. This implies that enhancement of the density of own store-network will cause cannibalization, so each store of a focal retailer may be highly vulnerable to entry by a rival who has superior competitive position (i.e. Seven-Eleven). Finally, multiple entry by a rival in superior position reinforces the negative effect of their entry on expansion of the focal retailer’s store-network in the regional market. Though this study was a rare attempt to explain regional competition among Japanese CVS chain retailers empirically, it did not include the prefectures that Seven-Eleven and Family-Mart were the first entrants. This may limit generality of the empirical results, hence it is valuable to take this problem into consideration in future research.

국제해양사고조사포럼(MAIIF)의 조사에 따르면 1998~2009까지 밀폐공간진입 시 발생한 101건의 사고에서 93명의 사망자와 96명의 부상자가 발생하였다. 이에 국제해사기구(IMO)는 밀폐공간진입을 위한 지침과 SOLAS 1974 협약 제3장 규칙 19를 개정하여 주기적으로 선박에서 밀폐공간진입 훈련을 시행하도록 강제화 하였다. 밀폐공간진입 훈련은 실제적이고 진입 시의 위험성을 인식할 수 있도록 실시되어야 하며, 훈련 중 훈련참가자나 교육생들의 안전도 고려되어야 한다. 최근에는 교육 및 훈련효과의 향상을 위해 가상현실(VR) 교육 컨텐츠들이 다양한 분야에서 이용되고 있으며, 이러한 방법은 장소의 제한 없이 실제적이고 반복적인 학습에 장점을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 VR을 이용한 밀폐공간진입 훈련이 강의형 교육훈련과 비교하여 어떤 효과와 특징 및 차별성이 있는지 훈련참가자들에 대한 정량적 평가와 설문을 통해 확인하였다. 평가 및 설문분석을 통해 VR을 이용한 밀폐공간진입 훈련 참가자들의 학습요소에 대한 숙지도가 강의형 교육훈련 참가자들보다 우수하였고, 교육방식에 대한 참가자들의 주관적 선호도도 VR을 이용한 훈련이 높게 나타났다. 연구 결과 VR을 이용한 훈련의 학습효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, VR을 이용한 선상훈련은 동영상 및 시뮬레이터와 같이 효과적인 교육방식으로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

선박의 입항 및 출항 등에 관한 법률에는 주로 무역항의 수상구역에서 운항 하는 선박으로서 다른 선박의 진로를 피하여야 하는 선박을 우선피항선으로 정 의하고 있다. 우선피항선은 과거 개항질서법상 잡종선의 명칭을 변경한 것이다. 이는 우선피항선의 정의 규정에 피항의무를 명확히 부여함으로서 법률 해석상 의 혼란을 방지하고 선박교통의 안전을 강화하기 위함이다. 그러나 법 개정 취지와 다르게 우선피항선의 개념과 관련 항법을 실무에 적용할 경우 해석상 어려움을 초래하고 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 현행 법률상 우선피항선의 개념과 항법 규정을 검토하였고, 해양안전심판원의 관련 재결사 례를 고찰하였다. 이를 중심으로 우선피항선에 대한 항법 적용시 문제점과 개 선방안을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 우선피항선을 결정하기 위한 기준으로 규정된 ‘주로 무역항의 수상구 역에서 운항하는 선박으로서’라는 단서 조항은 법해석상 문제가 있기 때문에 ‘무역항의 수상구역에서’로 개정하여 개념을 명확하게 정의하여야 한다. 둘째, 우선피항선의 적용범위인 소형선박을 효과적으로 식별하기 위한 방안으로 ‘총 톤수 20톤 미만의 선박’을 ‘길이 20미터 미만의 선박’으로 개정하여야 한다. 끝 으로, 우선피항선이 부담하는 항법상 의무는 해사안전법상 ‘조종제한선’인 경우 에 한하여 의무의 부담을 제외하는 예외조항의 신설이 필요하다.

Although the internationalization decision making process amongst managers from developed nations has been extensively studied, this phenomenon has been sporadically explored among managers from newly opened and transition economies. Given the risks and commitment inherent in international market entry, a thorough understanding of the decision making process of managers in such dynamic markets becomes crucial in charting the firms’ future direction. Hence, drawing on concepts from cognitive science, this study aims to explore cognitive biases and mental models for international market entry decision making among managers from a transition economy, namely Myanmar. Myanmar is recognized as Asia’s last large economy to become globally linked. Myanmar has long posted a negative trade balance, with the import value nearly double that of exports. The country’s population of 54 million, its abundance of natural resources, and its economic integration in the fastest growing region of the world have attracted firms of global brands such as KFC and VISA, who strive to gain market access. After decades of military rule, Myanmar’s ‘open’ economy is dominated by state-run enterprises in heavy industries, with growing opportunities for the private sector to aid in the growth of the domestic market as well as to exploit foreign market opportunities. Scholars from a diverse range of disciplines have argued that elements of an organization’s international strategic abilities stem from managers’ cognitive processes that balance national, industry, organizational and functional issues (Prahalad & Doz, 1987). This study explores Myanmar decision-makers’ strategic cognition, which describes the information-filtering or sense-making process by which strategic issues are interpreted (Finkelstein, Hambrick & Cannella, 2009). The fact that management and marketing research in Myanmar contexts is virtually nonexistent, understanding the strategic decision making processes of managers in Myanmar is warranted, given the significant business opportunities for and within this country in transition. Strategic cognition describes the how cognitive structures relate to the decision process in terms of strategy formulation and implementation (Narayanan & Zane, 2011). Cognitive structures refer to the manager’s beliefs about the environment, the state of the organization, and the business portfolio. The strategic cognition perspective presumes that managers rely on their belief structures when undertaking a strategic decision task (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). According to Finkelstein et al. (2009), managers’ ability to deal with complex decisions is inhibited by cognitive biases as well as interpretive frames. Such biases, in part, influence which information is attended to and how it is interpreted. ‘Biases’ and ‘frames’ in decision making receive considerable attention in the strategic decision making literature because they often lead to committing decision errors. While there are a number of cognitive biases, our interest lies in framing bias (Kahneman & Tversky, 1984) because the interpretation of economic gains and losses are highly relevant for strategic decision making. Framing bias occurs when modifications in the way a decision problem is presented, focusing either on the potential gains or on the potential losses of alternatives, result in a change in the decision-makers’ initial preference, such as when a decision maker becomes risk-averse when gains are highlighted while becoming more risk-taking when losses are. Two propositions are tested in this study. First, if we assume that framing bias influences strategic decision making under complex and uncertain contexts, we should discover substantive differences in managers’ risk preferences. More specifically, differences should be found when managers are presented with alternative versions of elaborated problem scenarios that are the same in all aspects except for the fact that the alternatives have been systematically manipulated in terms of (1) the potential gains (positive presented version) or (2) the potential losses (negative presented version). Second, prior research reports that strategic cognition is influenced by personal characteristics (e.g. educational background) and values as well as organizational characteristics (e.g. firm size, firm age) (Finkelstein et al., 2009; Hambrick & Mason, 1984). With this in mind, we should observe significant differences in risk preferences between participants of different demographic and trait groups. This study implemented an experimental investigation into the potential framing and priming effects arising from a strategic marketing decision problem of whether to develop a new marketing plan to serve the home market or to commit marketing resources to the export market. The stimuli were adapted from those developed by Hodgkinson et al. (1999), which were crafted to solicit responses to a case scenario that described a convincing strategic investment decision encountered by a firm that provides innovative automotive vehicle fast paint-drying systems. This scenario was deemed appropriate for the Myanmar context given that the participants were familiar with automobiles and auto painting services. The scenario was moderately adapted to suit the Myanmar context, with a fictitious local firm, Yannawa Co., which was faced with domestic intensified competition and up-and-coming advanced technology product substitution. The case scenario was explained with about 260 words that describe Yannawa’s 10-year history, the domestic industry environment and Yannawa’s objective to achieve a profit of $3 million. A photo of a modern fast-drying automotive painting system was included in the stimuli. Participants were instructed to assume the role as one of Yannawa’s board of directors and were asked to choose one option between a ‘less-risky’ alternative (focus on the domestic market) with a higher likelihood of occurrence and a ‘riskier’ alternative (invest in overseas markets) that had two possible outcomes that had different likelihoods of occurrence. Framing effects were manipulated as positively and negatively worded versions. In the negatively framed version, participants had to choose between (A) developing a new marketing plan to serve its home market with a 100% chance this option will lead to profits of US$1 million below management’s targeted level or (B) committing its marketing to the export market overseas, with a 33% chance to reach the targeted level and a 66% chance to earn profits of US$3 million below management’s targeted level. In contrast, in the positively stated version, participants were asked to choose between (A) developing a new marketing plan to serve its home market with a 100% chance to earn profits of US$1 million or (B) committing to the export market with a 33% chance for profits of US$3 million and a 66% chance to make no profits at all. To control for potential priming effects, the presentation order of the alternatives varied, with the ‘less-risky’ higher likelihood of occurrence alternative presented first in the stimuli followed by the ‘riskier’ alternative, and vice versa in the other versions. Altogether, we developed four experimental conditions: positively versus negatively framed decision scenarios, with lower risk versus higher risk in alternate sequence. The research instrument also included items asking participant demographic characteristics. The decision task was also accompanied by a free-elicitation method to capture a mental model of the variables that the participant considered while making the decision. In other words, participants were asked in an open-ended question, “Please write in sequence the variables that you thought about while making your decision.” Unlike the stimuli of Hodgkinson et al. (1999), which provided a list of 18 variables, which participants could rely on to complete the cognitive mapping task, our free-elicitation method was deemed necessary in order to gain better insights to Myanmar managers’ thought processes. Both studies involved Myanmar professionals who were enrolled in a global MBA program being offered at campuses in Yangon and Mandalay where English is used as the medium of instruction. Study 1 comprised a sample of 118 students enrolled in the Marketing Management course, which is the first course taken in the program. The sample comprises 35 (29.7%) males and 83 (70.3%) females, with a majority (72%) within the age range of 22 to 31 years, and 62 (52.5%) with a Science education, 26 (22%) in Economics/Business and 21 (17.8%) in Arts/Language. A count of 46 (39.0%) occupy top/senior management positions, 36 (30.5%) are business owners, and the remaining 36 (30.5%) hold entry-level organization positions. Each participant was assigned randomly one of the four stimuli versions. The task was administered in class and participants were given 30 minutes to provide their responses. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings on a sample of 81 final semester MBA students in the same program. The sample composition of Study 2 is similar to that of Study 1. Data were analyzed using nonparametric approaches to test the significance of joint frequency distribution of cases. The statistical analyses indicate that the distribution of risk preferences are consistent in both Study 1 (i.e. participants new to the MBA program) and Study 2 (i.e. more experienced MBA students) (χ2 = 0.64, p = 0.27), which is similar to the findings of Bateman and Zeithaml (1989). Also, the risk preferences are consistent in both Yangon and Mandalay subgroups (χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.57). Thus, the data collected from both studies were pooled for further analyses. As for the control of priming effects, we find a significant difference in risk preferences (χ2 = 5.32, p = 0.04, 113 vs. 86), with a larger proportion of the second listed marketing alternative (i.e. more recent) being selected, irrespective of whether that alternative is higher-risk or lower-risk. With respect to a test of our first proposition of a framing effect, we found no support (χ2 = 0.32, p = 0.35) of a systematic association between framing and decision choice. The distribution of decisions shows that irrespective of whether the alternative was positively framed or negatively framed, a larger proportion of the participants chose to higher-risk alternative to focus on exporting. As for testing our second broad proposition that there would be significant risk preference differences between demographic groups in the sample, we found no support for sex (χ2 = 0.58, p = 0.27), age (χ2 = 0.29, p = 0.96), education background (χ2 = 2.40, p = 0.30), and no support for occupation (χ2 = 7.33, p = 0.11). The qualitative responses obtained from the free-elicitation section of the instrument, were analyzed by categorizing responses as either concrete, i.e. a greater focus on specific details (e.g. mention of numbers, such as ‘a 100% chance’, ‘a 33% chance’ and ‘$1 million below’, ‘profits of US$3 million’) or abstract, i.e. focus on the bigger picture (e.g. such as ‘more competition’, ‘threat of new products’). Based on this approach, we find that 138 (69.3%) of the participants began their mental model with an abstraction and 105 (52.8%) of those participants relied on a mental model that was entirely abstract, absent of specific details. In contrast, 33 (16.6) of the participants constructed mental models that were completely concrete, while the remaining 61 (30.7%) of the participants developed mental models comprising both abstract and concrete information inputs. Interestingly, a statistical test of an association between these three different mental models and risk preference show no significant association (χ2 = 2.80, p = 0.25). This exploratory study contributes to the management and international marketing literature by providing initial evidence and insights of the strategic cognition of Myanmar managers. The fact that there were no framing effects nor any differences in the risk preferences between different demographic groups suggest that participants in our study may be relying on a common heuristic (i.e. rule of thumb) that guides them towards the option to seek foreign market opportunities. The marketing doctrine concept introduced by Challagalla, Murtha and Jaworski (2014), is indicative of the influence of institution-wide principles that guide all decision-makers throughout the institution. In the case of Myanmar, national trade policies emphasizing export initiatives and increased export promotion activities may be regarded as fundamental drives for economic growth. As such, managers may be adopting this national principle to simplify their decision task and therefore prefer to pursue foreign market opportunities. Relatedly, it is worth noting that among the participants that opted to focus on the home market, nearly half were employed by a non-government organization (NGO) operating in Myanmar. This reiterates earlier findings of the influence of organizational characteristics on the strategic cognition of managers (Finkelstein et al., 2009; Hambrick & Mason, 1984). From our sample, we found that managers working for a NGO may be accustomed to adhering to their own organizational principles, which emphasize the needs of the domestic market. From a practical perspective, caution should be taken when decision managers rely largely on a heuristic approach to decision making. Although recent studies report that heuristics can be a valuable approach in the wake of overwhelming data and information (e.g. Patterson et al., 2012 ), others show that accurate mental models bring about better decision rules (e.g. Gary & Wood, 2011). To ensure that the decisions made by managers align both their personal preferences and the logic of rational choice, a deliberate model designed to compare the underlying costs and benefits of the decisions must be carefully developed in such a way to prevent decision makers from minor distractions. To date, our study is the first to gain insights on the ‘black box’ of decision making among a sample of managers from Myanmar. Despite the valuable insights provided from our exploratory study, it is not without limitations. Although our sample comprises businesspeople from two major cities in Myanmar and represents businesspeople from a diverse range of industries and demographic characteristics, the generalizability of our findings is still limited. In addition, we only designed and implemented one hypothetical business scenario in our study due to the complex nature of the decision task. Using one hypothetical case may further limit the generalizability. Moreover, our results revealing the absence of framing effects but the presence of priming effects seem inconsistent with prior studies that have reported that such effects alter individual perceptions. Based on our preliminary findings, future studies are called upon to verify, confirm, and extend this current study to other contexts in Myanmar and other emerging and transition economies.

International Joint Venture (IJV) is one of the most popular market entry mode in emerging markets. The instability and stability of IJV have also been receiving ongoing attention in the literature (e.g. Deitz et al. 2010; Kogut 1989; Rhoades & Lush 1997; Sim & Ali 2000). IJV instability and stability are often treated as opposite to one another in the literature, and assumed the factors that account for instability has an inverse impacts on stability. However, conceptually and empirically they are not exactly two contrasting phenomena. This study adopts the perspectives of Superficial Friendship theory (Yan 2010) to differentiate the determinants of IJV instability and stability and empirically compares their determinants. The results indicate that the factors that account for instability do not have inverse impacts on stability. The empirical results not only contribute to an understanding of the different drivers of IJV instability and stability but also have important implications for international business managers in both parents and IJVs with regard to keeping an IJV profitable and successful.

외래병해충이 유입되면 우리나라 자연환경에 미치는 피해는 크므로 유입차단을 위한 노력이 필요하다. 최근 국제 교역량과 여행객이 크게 늘어남에 따라 수입식물을 통한 외래병해충의 유입위험도 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 국경에서 검출된 병해충에 대한 기록은 농림축산검역본부에서 운영하는 전산시스템에 기록되며, 검역통계는 ‘병해충정보 시스템(PIS)’을 이용하여 분석이 가능하다. PIS 데이터베이스는 화물, 휴대, 우편을 통해 수입되는 식물을 대상으로 검출된 병해충기록을 비교․분석해 주는 기능이 포함되어 있다. PIS를 이용하여 지난 20년(1996~2015) 동안 우리나라로 수입된 수입식물 46,937천건에 대하여 병해충 검출건수, 원산지, 품목, 운송수단 별로 식물검역과정에서 차단된 병해충 검출동향을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 수입식물 검역 건수증가에 따라 병해충 검출건수도 증가하였다. 지난 2000~2015 동안 수입식물 158,842건이 병해충이 검출되어 폐기, 반송, 소독조치 등 검역조치 되었다. 운송수단별 병해충 검출건수 분석결과, 94.7%(150,321건)가 화물로 수입되는 식물에서 검출되어 유입위험도 가 화물이 가장 높았다. 국가별 병해충검출건수는 중국이 가장 많아 중국분포 병해충의 국내 유입위험이 높았으며, 수입건수 대비 병해충검출률은 말레이시아가 16.2%로 가장 높았고, 그다음으로는 필리핀(14.6%), 남아프리카공화국(6.8%), 인도네시 아(4.0%) 등의 순이었다. 수입 생과실에서 검출된 병해충 검출건수 분석결과, 지난 16년간(2000~2015) 생과실의 수입건수 대비 병해충 검출률은 9.4%이나, 조건부 수입 허용된 생과실의 검출률은 1.6%로 현저히 낮은 것으로 나타나, 병해충 위험분석을 통한 식물검역조치로 해외 병해충의 우리나라 유입위험이 사전에 차단된 것으로 확인되었다. 최근 검출이 증가하는 국가와 품목에 대하여는 더욱 철저한 검역이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

막증류(membrane distillation, MD)용 분리막의 장기 내구성능에 영향을 미치는 인자인 소수성 분리막의 젖음 현상에 대한 평가 지표로 사용되는 액체투과압력(liquid entry pressure, LEP) 측정 방법을 최적화하였다. PE (polyethylene) 분리막 및 PVDF (polyvinylidene di-fluoride) 중공사 분리막의 LEP를 측정하기 위하여 20 wt%의 고농도 염수를 제조하여 원수로 사용하고 투과수의 전도도를 모니터링하였다. PE와 PVDF 중공사 분리막의 신뢰성 있는 LEP 측정을 위해서는 5 min 이상의 holing time을 두고 주입 압력을 증가시켜야 하며, 증류수 수조의 물량대비 분리막의 면적비 또한 10 m2/m3 이상으로 부여되어야 함을 확인하였다.