This paper aims to investigate how and to what extent ‘critical’ global citizenship is reflected in middle school English textbooks in Korea. Framed within Freire’s concept of critical literacy, the study is concerned with analyzing the written texts in two English textbooks, with a focus on the issue of representations. Using critical content analysis, the research centers on unpacking how race, racism, or racialization, especially in the United States, is represented, and to what extent these representations may be associated with global citizenship education in English language learning. The major findings indicate a notable absence of sufficient sociohistorical and cultural contexts of race in the United States as presented in the concerned English textbooks. Based on the analysis, this paper calls for an expansion of the dimensions of critical global citizenship in English language learning settings, aiming to provide students with broader opportunities to question colonial discourse and challenge issues related to power and systemic oppression.

This study utilizes social big data to investigate the factors influencing the awareness, attitude, and behavior toward vegan fashion consumption among global and Korean consumers. Social media posts containing the keyword “vegan fashion” were gathered, and meaningful discourse patterns were identified using semantic network analysis and sentiment analysis. The study revealed that diverse factors guide the purchase of vegan fashion products within global consumer groups, while among Korean consumers, the predominant discourse involved the concepts of veganism and ethics, indicating a heightened awareness of vegan fashion. The research then delved into the factors underpinning awareness (comprehension of animal exploitation, environmental concerns, and alternative materials), attitudes (both positive and negative), and behaviors (exploration, rejection, advocacy, purchase decisions, recommendations, utilization, and disposal). Global consumers placed great significance on product-related information, whereas Korean consumers prioritized ethical integrity and reasonable pricing. In addition, environmental issues stemming from synthetic fibers emerged as a significant factor influencing the awareness, attitude, and behavior regarding vegan fashion consumption. Further, this study confirmed the potential presence of cultural disparities influencing overall awareness, attitude, and behavior concerning the acceptance of vegan fashion, and offers insights into vegan fashion marketing strategies tailored to specific cultures, aiming to provide vegan fashion companies and brands with a deeper understanding of their consumer base.

이 연구는 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’의 제창･합창을 둘러싼 5･18 광주민주화 운동의 위기 속에서 세계호남인들이 결속하게 된 경위를 살펴보는 데 있 다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국의 산업화 시기에 호남인들은 생활환경이 열악한 고향을 떠나 타지로 향했다. 서울 경기 등 수도권지 역으로의 이동이 압도적으로 많았지만, 부산･경남･경북지역 등 국내에서 거듭 이동하게 되었다. 둘째, 세계호남인의 결속은 집단 내부에 공유하고 있는 ‘거시기’로서 통하는 사회적 인지와 암묵적 인지로써 호남인의 정서 와 호남인의 정신이 깔려 있기 때문으로 생각된다. 셋째, 세계호남향우회 는 동일한 역사적 경험과 문화를 공유한 호남인의 역사적 산물이자 5･18 광주민주화운동이 탄생시킨 지역공동체 운동이라 할 수 있다. 넷째, ‘임 을 위한 행진곡’은 5･18 광주민주화운동의 상징적인 노래로 정권 교체기 에 갈등이 표출되는 양상을 보여왔는데 이러한 위기의식은 세계호남인을 결속시키는 역할을 해왔다. 다섯째, 세계호남인향우회의 ‘3무 정책’은 ‘약 한 연대(Weak Ties)’의 효과를 최대화하여 호남인들이 글로벌 연대를 조 직하여 협력할 수 있는 원동력이 되었다. 결론적으로 세계호남향우회는 지방자치단체의 지원과 회원의 자발적 장학금 모금을 통한 차세대 지역 인재 양성으로 지속이 가능한 모국방문 프로그램의 가능성을 보여준 것 으로 생각된다.

전세계 문화콘텐츠산업에서 미국이 차지하는 위상은 아직 굳건하다고 할 수 있다. 이런 상황 속에서 한 국 문화콘텐츠산업의 성장은 주목할 만할 현상이다. BTS의 글로벌 팬덤 현상 같은 K-POP의 인기도 높은 편이지만, 특히 주목해야 할 부분은 영상콘텐츠 분야에서 나타나는 한국 콘텐츠들의 성과들이다. 2019년 개봉한 <기생충>이 칸 영화제와 미국 아카데미에서 수상을 했고, 2021년 넷플릭스 오리지널 시리즈 <오징 어게임>이 전세계적인 신드롬을 일으켰다. 한국 영상콘텐츠들이 비평과 흥행에서 모두 인정받고 있는 것이 다. 이는 일부 마니아층에서만 소구되거나 일시적인 인기에 그치는 것이 아니라는 점에서 큰 성과라고 할 수 있다. 이 논문은 이런 현상에 주목하고 한국 문화콘텐츠산업의 현황을 정리하고자 한다. 동시에 한국 문화콘텐츠산업의 글로벌 경쟁력과 사회문화적 의미도 분석하고자 한다.

무궁화를 정원식물로 가꾸고 있는 세계 각국의 식재 현황과 노지재배가 가능한 식재한계지대를 구명하기 위하여 현지답사와 전문가 탐문, Georeferencer service, 각국의 주요식물원을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사, 각종 문헌과 현지 사진분석 등을 종합한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라에서 가장 높은 고도에서 자라고 있는 무궁화는 강원도 평창군 진부면 해발 710m 지점이었고 지금까지 확인된 가장 고위도 지역의 무궁화는 북한의 평양에 식재된 것으로 조사되었다. 2. 무궁화의 원산지로 추정되고 있는 아시아대륙의 식재 한계선은 Shandongsheng(山東省)의 Qindao(靑島), Jinan(濟南), Hebeisheng(河北省)에 있는 Beijing (北京), Shanshusheng(山西省)의 Xian(西安), Hanzhong (漢中), Sichuansheng(泗川省)의 Shengtu(成都), Yunnamsheng (雲南 省)의 Lijiang(麗江), Baoshan(保山), Jinghong(景洪)을 잇는 선의 동쪽이었고 Quangdongsheng(廣東省)의 Taishan(臺山), Hongkong (香港), Zhejiiangsheng(浙江省)의 Ningbo(宁波)를 잇는 선이었다. 대륙의 동해안쪽은 Taiwan(臺灣) 남쪽 끝의 Kaoshung(高雄), 북쪽의 Taipei(臺北), 일본의 Shendai(仙臺)와 북해도를 잇는 선이었다. 3. Europe 대륙에서 가장 북쪽 끝 부분에서 자라는 무궁화는 Sweden의 Stockholm에 식재되어 있는 것으로서 정확한 위치는 북위 58.4도, 동경 18.0도 지점이었고 서유럽의 경우에는 Portugal의 Lisboa와 Spain의 Valencia, 서남유럽에서는 Greece의 Agion Oros(40.5N, 24.3E)이었다. 4. 중동지역에서는 Syria의 Palmyra (35.0N, 38.5E)와 Israel의 Jerusalem(31.4N, 35.1E), 지중해 연안에는 Slovenia에서 Albania까지 식재되어 있으며 서남아시아 지역에서는 Azerbaijan과 Geogia 그리고 Armenia 등 Cocasus지 방에서 재배되고 있었다. 5. 북아메리카 지역에서는 Canada의 Vancouver에서 Colorado주의 Denver, Kansas주의 Kansas city, Illinois주의 Chicago, Michigan주의 Detroit, New York 주의 Swego와 Burlington, Messachusetts주의 Boston을 잇는 선의 남쪽이었는데 Canada의 Toronto에서도 생육이 잘 되고 있음이 확인되었다. 한편 중남미에는 Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Pueto Rico, 남아메리카 대륙에서는 Argentina의 Olavarria(36.9S, 60.3W)에 심겨진 것이 가장 남쪽지역에서 자라는 것으로 나타났다. 6. Australia에서는 Melbourne으로부터 Gold Coast까지, 그리고 New Zealand에서는 Auckland와 Wellington에 심겨져 있는 것을 확인하였다. 한편 Africa 대륙에서는 South Africa의 Johannesburg(26.6S, 27.4E)에 심겨져 있는 것으로 조사되었는데 Africa지역은 앞으로 좀더 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

We emphasize concept of “creative syncretism( Ko et al.2018:40), which is another value creator of Korean culture. By incorporating Jeju cultural legacy of being the “Blue Zone” from traditional Korean period where longevity was noticed by a Chinese Emperor who sent a mission to Jeju Island seeking an anti-ageing plant, Pullo cho. Moving from the Jeju 4.3 incident to International Peace Movement is another example of creative syncretism value of Korea. Jeju can also benefit from contributing to the world community by developing longevity enterprise and sponsoring the 2021 Korean Care Into Global Humanity through tolerance in highly ageing population society. This is the reason why we try to propose triangle collaborative relationships among Jeju, Korean American of New Haven and Korean Japanese to support Jeju Peace Industry together. We believe it will reinforce creative ways to show Jeju cultural legacy and highlights strengths of Korean and Jeju peace culture in East Asian Context. In this paper, we conclude potentially that “Korean Care and Peace Island Care into Global Humanity” would be one of social healing of the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy through tolerance. Through three months’ trials and discussions from April to June, 2019, we can reach at deciding our main topic as “ the 2021 Global Ageing Bieniual Network : Korean Care Into Global Humanity,” academically which will be presented by Korean delegation on September 19, 2019 at the 2019 Global Ageing Network Biennial Conference : This Is Long Term Care. We can manage to arrange its contents as Peace Island Village Healing models in detail in a nearer future.

본 연구의 목적은 기업의 내․외부환경 측면에서 국내기업 국제화의 선행요인을 분석하고 글로벌 경제위기 이 전과 이후에 국제화에 영향을 미치는 선행요인의 효과가 어떻게 변화하는지를 분석하는 데 있다. 외부환경 가운 데 국내시장 성장률과 국내시장 경쟁 강도를 고려하였으며, 국내시장 성장률이 높을수록 기업의 국제화 수준이 낮아지지만 국내시장 경쟁 강도가 높을수록 기업의 국제화 수준이 높아질 것이라고 주장하였다. 내부환경과 관련 하여 연구개발 집중도, 마케팅 집중도, CEO 해외경험을 고려하였으며, 연구개발 집중도와 마케팅 집중도가 높을 수록 국제화 수준이 높아질 것이라고 주장하였다. 내부환경의 요소로 CEO의 해외경험을 고려하였는데, CEO의 해외경험이 많을수록 기업의 국제화 수준이 높아질 것이라고 주장하였다. 그리고, 내부환경 변수가 국제화에 미 치는 효과는 글로벌 경제위기 이전보다 이후에 강화된다고 주장하였다. 2002년부터 2012년 기간의 101개 국내 제조 기업의 1101개 관측치를 분석한 결과, 국내시장 성장률은 기업의 국제화에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 국내시장 경쟁 강도는 기업의 국제화에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 기업의 연구개발 집중도, 마케팅 집중도, CEO 해외경험은 국제화에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 연구개발 집중도 와 국제화 간의 관계만 글로벌 경제위기 이전보다 이후에 더욱 두드러지게 나타났으며 CEO 해외경험은 소유경 영자인 경우에만 글로벌 경제위기 이전보다 이후에 국제화 수준을 강화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내 기업 국제화의 영향요인을 글로벌 경제위기 이전과 이후로 비교해서 살펴봄으로써 국내기업 국제화 동인의 변화 에 대해 보다 종합적인 이해를 제시하였다.

The Chinese fashion market, which has typically been dominated by luxury brands, is expanding more into mid- to low-end fashion brands including global SPA (Specialty retailer of private label apparel) brands. This change in the Chinese fashion market is due to the growth of the middle class in China. The advance of the Chinese middle class is attributed to the fact that the wages of large city workers is improving due to the development of various industries, particularly IT. Recently, the Chinese government has initiated an anti-corruption movement, which has led to the prohibition of luxury goods consumption, and so the interest of Chinese potential fashion consumers has moved to the mid-to low-end fashion products imported from developed countries. In addition, young Chinese consumers' positive attitude toward online shopping is favorable for foreign mid-to low-end brands. These changes in the tastes of Chinese fashion consumers are favorable for Korean fashion brands in particular for several reasons. First, the Korean fashion industry does not have a history of producing luxury brands, but does produce many good mid- to low-end fashion brands. In addition, Chinese tend to consider Korean fashion and food culture as more developed and preferable due to the success of the Korean wave. Lastly, it is easy for Korean practitioners to offer online shopping and customer service. The emergence of mid- to low-end fashion brands started in Korea in the late 2000s when global SPA brands entered the market. Unlike Korea's soho brands, which are based on the "No-brand" strategy, global SPA brands have actually shaken up the market by offering reasonable prices for Korean domestic brand products that are of similar quality. Since then, consumers’ willingness to pay for clothing has been reduced even further in the Korean market even though the low-growth trend in the economy has stabilized. So, it is very important to analyze and study the consumption tendency for low and mid-priced fashion brands among both Chinese and Korean consumers. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese and Korean consumers perceive the personality of mid- and low-priced fashion brands and how such personality affects brand loyalty, commitment, and perceived quality. Brand personality is a vital area of research since fashion products are a type of consumer good that is consumed by users close to the body and which can express the self and the personality to others. Aaker (1997) developed a brand personality measurement scale consisting of five dimensions which many researchers have used in exploring the brand personality dimension in various industries. In the study of fashion in particular, the dimension of brand personality has been explored and its effects have been analyzed. However, most of the research has focused on luxury or high priced brands. Also, the research has not compared cultures such as China and Korea in this regard. Therefore, this study explored how Chinese and Korean consumers perceive some of the mid- to low-end priced brands originating in Europe and Korea. Also, the research examined how multiple dimensions of brand personality affected perceived quality, commitment, and brand loyalty. This study assumed that perceived quality and commitment may mediate the relationship between brand personality dimensions and loyalty. In order to conduct quantitative research, this study adopted scales from the previous literature to measure the variables used in the research model. A professional online research company conducted the survey, which was designed to be administered only to potential consumers of mid-and low-priced fashion brands who had purchased one or both European and Korean brands which were suggested in the survey. Also, gender (female), residential area (Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai), and age (21-39 years old) were controlled for. In this research, the European origin brand was the global SPA (Zara, H & M, ONLY), and there were eight Korean brands, including “Style Nanda,” which is popular in China (Refer to Table 1). The data collected on the 250 Korean and 250 Chinese participants were analyzed using statistical package SPSS 20.0. The brand personality dimension was explored using factor analysis which applied Varimax rotation based on the principle component method. As a result, even though the items included were found to be somewhat different according to the country and origin of the brand, the brand personality dimensions of the European global brands turned out to be similar and reflected “TRENDY, SINCERITY, AND COMPETENCE.” Also, Chinese consumers’ perception of brand personality in Korean brands was found to be similar to their perception of European brands. However, Korean consumers’ perception of Korean brands, which are of course their own brands, was more diverse reflecting “TRENDY, SINCERITY, COMPETENCE, AND OUTGOING.” This seems to be because Korean consumers may have had more chance to experience Korean brands either online or offline through visiting stores or being exposed to a variety of marketing communications. Thus, because there are more Korean brands than European, Korean consumers may be able to have an accurate perception of the personality of Korean brands. The conceptual model of the current research includes the relationships among multiple dimensions of brand personality in perceived quality, commitment, and loyalty. Also, the mediating effect of quality and commitment between brand personality and loyalty was examined. In order to test the hypotheses, hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS was analyzed and is described in Table 2 in relation to European brands and in Table 3 in relation to Korean brands. As expected, brand personality dimensions that were found to be a significant factor in perceived quality, commitment, and loyalty were likely to vary based on Chinese or Korean perceptions. For Korean consumers’ perception of global brands, while TRENDY was likely to be the most powerful personality dimension forming brand loyalty, its impact on loyalty seemed not to be mediated by quality but rather by commitment. Also, the influences of COMPETENCE on loyalty were mediated by quality and commitment. For Chinese consumers’ perception of global brands, the impacts of SINCERITY as well as TRENDY on loyalty were found to be mediated by quality and commitment. In addition, COMPETENCE seemed to have a rather direct impact on quality, commitment, and loyalty without a mediating effect. For local brands, Korean consumers did not seem to rely on brand personality or commitment when considering brand loyalty. Since the R2 did not improve at all with adding mediating factors such as quality and commitment, there was found to be no mediating effects in the Korean cases for local brands. In particular, while TRENDY directly impacted loyalty, OUTGOING was found to be significant only in its impact on quality. On the other hand, all three dimensions of local brand personality turned out to be significant influencers on loyalty and quality for Chinese consumers. The impact of TRENDY and COMPETENCE on loyalty seems to be mediated by quality and commitment. In this study, we found that mid- to low-end fashion brands seemed to reflect valid brand personality according to the brand’s origin (global vs. local) as well as consumers’ culture (Chinese vs. Korean). Also, the effect of brand personality dimension was different. This study contributes to the study of brand personality and the Chinese fashion market by comparing a conceptual model of the consumption behavior of Chinese and Korean consumers in relation to mid and low-priced fashion brands and brand awareness formation. In particular, the research revealed differences between Chinese and Korean consumers, suggesting different approaches for Korean fashion practitioners who are planning on entering China, which has not only a similar market to that of Korea but also one that is familiar to Korean practitioners.

1998년에 국내 주식시장이 전면 개방됨에 따라, 외국인자본이 국내 주식시장에 거대한 투자주체로 등 장하게 되었다. 일반적으로 외국인투자자는 정보비대칭으로 말미암아 국내 주식시장에 대한 투자에 있어 서 열위를 가질 수 있는 동시에, 반대로, 선진화된 분석기법과 투자기법으로 투자수익에 있어서 우위를 보일 수 있다고 연구되고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 주식시장이 전면 개방된 초기의 시점에서 외국인투자자들 은 어떤 투자행태를 보였고, 그들이 보인 투자행태가 국내 기관투자자 및 개인투자자들의 투자행태와 차이점을 보이는지에 대해 고찰하고 있다. 또한, 투자성과에 있어서 우위를 보인다고 연구된 외국인투자자 들의 투자행태를 국내 기관투자자들이 추종했을 것인지에 대해 탐색적 접근을 시도하였다. 이를 위해 주식시장 전면개방의 초기단계로서 1999년의 자료와 일정시간이 흐른 단계로서 2003년의 자료를 통해 투자주체별로 각각 실증하였다. 실증결과에 따르면, 1999년 외국인투자자는 자산규모, 평균 주가와 정(+)의 관계를 나타냈다. 기관투자자는 기업규모, 총자본순이익률과 정(+)의 관계를 보였고, 주당 순이익과는 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 개인투자자의 경우, 주당순이익과 정(+)의 관계, 기업규모와 총자산순 이익률 및 평균주가와 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 예상한 바와 같이, 전면개방 초기단계에서 외국인투자자와 기관투자자, 개인투자자는 선호하는 주식의 특성에 있어서 차이점을 드러내었다. 2003년 외국인투자자는 기업규모와 부채비율 및 PBR값과 정(+)의 관계를 나타내었다. 기관투자자의 경우, 기업규모, 평균주가, 배당률, PBR값, 수출비중과 정(+)의 관계, 부채비율, 주당순이익, PER값과는 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 개인투자자는 기업규모와 PBR값과 부(-)의 관계를 확인하였다. 이를 통해, 일정 시간이 흐른 단계에서 기관투자자가 외국인투자자의 투자행태를 추종하였다고 판단하기는 어려웠고, 따 라서, 개인투자자와 달리 기관투자자들은 외국인투자자의 투자행태를 추종할 것이라 기대한 가설은 지지 되지 않았다.

본 연구는 기업이 보유한 브랜드 강화역량, 최고경영자 역량, 글로벌 학습역량이 수출규모에 어떤 영향을 미치 는지를 한국패션의류기업들을 대상으로 분석하고 있다. 2007년부터 2014년까지 한국 패션기업들의 기업-연도 패널 데이터를 대상으로 연구한 결과, 브랜드 강화 역량 측면에서 디자인특허 역량이 높고 해외 제품상 수상 경 험이 있으면 기업의 수출규모가 높게 나타났다. 또한 최고경영자 역량 측면에서 최고경영자가 패션관련 전공자이 거나, 해외경험이 있는 경우 수출규모가 높게 나타났고, 글로벌 학습역량 측면에서 해외 제휴 수가 많은 경우 수 출규모가 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 패션의류산업의 산업적 특성을 고려하여 성공적인 수출규모증대 전략을 도출 하기 위해 필요한 기업 내부역량을 중점으로 의미 있는 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

The purpose of this study is to find an expression method for Korean fashion design that can have competitiveness in the global fashion market. For this, fashion specialists at home and abroad were interviewed, focusing on their opinions on the Korean motifs outlined in existing literature studies. First, aesthetic sense and expression characteristics that have appeared in existing studies on Korean art, Korean traditional costume, and Korean fashion were explored. As a result, they were categorized into: Modesty/plainness, freewheelingness, religion/custom, and humor/joke. During this process, Korean design motifs were extracted based on the aesthetic characteristic and expression method of aesthetic sense. According to the opinions on Korean design motifs and Korean fashion design works drawn from the interviews with fashion specialists at home and abroad, Changhomun was the favorite design motif to be utilized in Korean fashion design. The Korean specialists thought that visual design motifs were important, while the overseas specialists had more interest in abstract design motifs, which embody the background and story behind the motif. Regarding the fashion design associated with the Korean design motif, all specialists at home and abroad favored the design using ceramics and wrapping cloth. Regarding the choice of fashion image, Korean specialists chose the design utilizing Hangeul as the most Korean, while the foreign specialists chose designs reflecting the design motifs of Hangeul and Hanbok for women. The Korean specialists chose relatively more Korean images, while the foreign specialists chose more eastern images or other images than Korean images.

본 연구는 글로벌금융위기와 유럽재정위기에 따라 PIIGS 국가들의 국채스프레드에 미치는 영향과 신흥시장 국 가의 거시경제지표가 국채수익률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 또한 한국의 국채시장에 대한 외국인투자자의 국 적별 채권투자 행태를 결정하는 요인을 분석하고, 외국인투자가 국내 국채시장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석 하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유럽재정위기와 관련된 구제금융 지원관련 부정적인 뉴스는 독일 국채수익률 대비 PIIGS 국가들의 국채스프레드를 상승시켰다. 또한 금융취약성의 증가, 글로벌위험도 스프레드 를 상승시켰다. 둘째, PIIGS 국가와 신흥시장 국가의 거시경제지표, 특히 GDP 대비 정부부채 비율의 상승 또는 재정수지의 악화는 국채수익률의 상승을 가져왔다. 또한 미국 국채수익률의 상승에 따른 유동성위험 전이효과와, 순수기대가설 내지 인플레위험의 국채수익률 반영 현상도 나타났다. 셋째, 한국 국채에 투자한 외국인의 국적별 로 미국 투자자는 차익거래 유인과 국채의 유동성위험을 중시하는 반면, 유로존과 중국 투자자는 한국의 국가신 용위험을 중시하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 외국인투자자의 단기 채권 순매수의 경우에만 국내외 이자율 차이와 유의한 양(+)의 관계를 나타내서, 국내 채권수익률의 상대적인 상승 내지 가격 하락이 외국인 매수를 가져오는 것으로 보인다. 다섯째, 미국 및 유로존 투자자의 국채 순매수 증가는 국채수익률의 유의한 하락을 가져왔다. 여 섯째, 외국인투자자의 만기별 순매수 변화는 단기 국채 순매수의 경우에만 유의하게 단기, 중기, 장기 등 모든 만 기의 국채수익률 변화와 유의한 음(-)의 관계가 나타났다.

All aspects of individual consumer as well as situational affecting on decisions are influenced by the social and cultural structure in which the consumer is embedded. Recently, there has been a growing worldwide phenomenon whereby tourists visit an attraction or destination as a result of that place being portrayed or represented in the popular cultural forms of the media that are not directly related with tourism promotion or marketing. A number of studies have suggested that such portrayals and features of mass media can act as powerful forces that stimulate tourism demand (Beeton, 2001). Representations and images of tourist destinations constructed by popular cultural forms of media such as films, television and literature play a significant role in influencing people’s holiday decision-making process (Iwashita, 2006). Where trade in images, expectations, dreams, and fantasies are made in tourism (Selwyn, 1996), those media representations and images of tourist destinations play a significant role in influencing people’s decision-making process. The tourism industry also is increasing appliance of images that are drawn from popular culture associated with places to promote tourist destinations and to distinguish themselves from each other. While these researches contribute to the understanding of the influence of pop culture on tourism phenomena, only few studies have investigated on the actual linkage between the pop culture and tourism perceptions/behaviors. The reason why pop culture involvement can be related to the actual intention to visit is due to the fandom created relating to the pop culture. The notion of fandom has been put forward in order to understand the link in between the pop culture and the mass audience in diverse realms (Couldry, 2007). Fandom in recent years have been understood to dismiss the negative view of pathological and the stem for alienating qualities of modern society, and accepted as a phenomena widely spread in post-industrial societies (Jenson, 1992). It is then when transitional moment takes place, in the head and heart of the fan or tourist, that the fascination begins which provides the motivation to visit the locations (Reijnders, 2011). With such cultural industries in modern society constantly produce countless contents that can be utilized as objects of fandom, resulting in actual visit to a place associated with a specific destination serving as an effective strategy for building popular cultural capital in modern society. It was therefore decided to investigate this phenomenon in more depth through empirical research to investigate how and to what extent popular cultural forms of the media (those not directly associated with tourism and destination marketing) have an effect on international tourism, and future, to identify what roles they play in influencing tourists from emerging market in terms of their travel destination image and their perception about places to visit within the chosen destination. The phenomenon in this study focuses on the Korean wave, so called Hallyu, as it is one of the pop culture phenomenon that has gained much recognition across not only within Asian countries but also recently in Western countries via pop songs, soap operas, movies, and other forms of mass media entertainment. In this study, diffusion model suggested by Rogers (1995) was used. The diffusion of Rogers’s innovation framework is proving flexible enough to conceptualize many kinds of social change, including change through processes of public dialogue and civic participation, change within organizations, as well as change through public agenda setting and media effects. Many studies have incorporated diffusion theory to explain such cultural phenomenon to gain more enrich result, however, no other studies have looked into the degree of diffusion stage in a macro level according to the regions. However, to obtain the overall view of the diffusion of such pop culture, it is needed to see the diffusion process proceeding globally as even the same fandom may differ in characteristics based on not only the diffusion stage but also its distinctive characteristics of social system. As a result, according to the diffusion stage of Hallyu, it is expected to differ in formation and perception on destination image. Previous studies identify destination image into cognition and affect which are two conceptually different, yet highly correlated components (Lee, 2008). The cognitive component leading to some internally accepted attributes, a more or less derived from factual information. On the other hand, the affective component relates to a diffusive feeling, which can become important when a decision to travel is actually considered (Russel, 1980). Such image constructed by tourists contains an individual or group perception of a particular place (Fakeye and Crompton 1991). It is expected that the image construction will vary according to the stage of the diffusion. This study incorporates diffusion theory to develop a better understanding of the diffusion process and the current situation of the Korean Wave globally to see whether such diffusion process varies according to region. Then, the effect of such difference in diffusion stages on the intention to visit the destination country was investigated. Thus, preliminary research was conducted first to see the Korean Wave phenomenon globally. In order to analyze the diffusion stage thoroughly, three regions of Asia, America, and Europe were selected. According to the diffusion degree of the Korean wave, seven representative countries were elected regarded to the regions. Along with literatures, in-depth interviews were conducted. The semi-structured form with an interview guide method was presented with reflexive interviewing techniques in order to ensure comprehensiveness (Athos & Gabarro, 1978). Then, a survey was conducted to examine the effect of pop culture involvement on formation and perception of destination image in China and Russia. Choice of countries is not only resulting from recognition as the potential future powerhouse in industry, but because it is the two countries take place as one of the highest increase in the number of tourists visiting Korea recently (KCTI, 2013). In addition, most importantly, China represents to be in the highest stage of diffusion of Korean pop culture, and Russia as one of the lowest. Additionally, the moderating effect of travel intention and travel behavior was preceded. From this, it aims to provide deeper understanding implications for targeting tourists. The hypotheses were tested with a data set developed from field survey using only online survey. Of the 265 samples collected, 8 were returned incomplete. An additional 18 samples were deleted for further analysis, as the answers were unusable. In total 239 samples – 120 and 119 samples from China and Russia respectively – were subjected for final analysis. The result in Study 1 revealed some commonalities and differences among regions. Overall, uniqueness was what made people first be interested. It was mostly pursued by young women yet those who are sometimes extremist. Thus, being open-minded to other cultures was found to be important when accepting other cultures. Moreover, it revealed that it impacts on national image to be more positive as it replaces the negative image related to war and North Korea. However, despite some commonalities, distinctive differences were disclosed among regions, especially between Asian countries and Western countries. In terms of Asia, it was found that cultural similarities have influenced the early acceptance of Korean pop culture. It has been spread since 1997, through television mostly with sensuous contents that were unique in other countries. The contents were mostly appealing to women as the characters shown in soap opera were different to others. This is very different to Europe of America where the diffusion starting in the mid 2000 through the Internet. Uniqueness captured consumers, yet in a different way from Asian countries. The easy going and entertaining aspect was the appealing factor, with word of mouth and human power was what influenced in introduction of Korean pop culture. In addition, those who were into Japanese culture were easily approached to Korean pop culture. The diffusion stage was considered to be less than 10%, with very young women interested with comparison with Asia where it was about 70%. Moreover, it was found that Asian consumers are interested in Korean brand products, such as cosmetics and clothing, and Western consumers are more interested in culture and food. Then, on the survey proceeded where China and Russia was chosen based on the preliminary qualitative research as a two different stage of diffusion according regions/countries, t-test provided evidence to support the claim that depending the diffusion stage of pop culture, the effect on formation and perception of destination image differs. A significant differences were obtained in pop culture involvement, destination image (cognitive and affective), and on visit intention. Based on the t-test statistics for Korean pop culture involvement (t = 8.491, p < .000), the cognitive image (t = -3.341, p < .001), the affective image (t = 2.050, p < .05), and visit intention (t = 2.072, p < .05) were significant. Thus, when highly involved in Korean pop culture, rather than cognitive image, consumers are more likely to be involved with affective image which relates to the actual visit intention. The results corroborated several hypothesized relationships, popular culture involvement in accordance to nation affect the destination image and perception. When more highly involved, more positively it relates to affective image and the visitation intention. The findings reported in this study have managerial implications. One is that as the relation differs according to the diffusion stage, spreading pop culture may not yield visible output instantly, yet as it relates to the actual visitation intention, international pop culture activities should be supported. Second, as shown from the diffusion process globally, distinctive characteristics of each culture should be considered more when spreading such sub-culture. Lastly, therefore, it can be suggested, that according to the countries, different approach should be made in order to induce tourist from other countries. However, this study focuses more on the macro level of the phenomenon. Therefore, future research is needed to provide more evidence on the micro level and more in-depth research. In addition, this study precedes empirical study only in China and Russia. Therefore, more diverse countries should be explored and compared.

This study examined the effects of reading global literature in literature-based instruction on overall L2 literacy ability and intercultural sensitivity development. One hundred twenty-two 5th and 6th grade elementary students and one hundred forty 7th and 8th graders in middle school in Korea participated in this study. Among the 262 participants, 131 students from each grade were assigned to the treatment groups,and remaining 131 participants were in the control groups. The treatment group received 39 sessions of reading global literature in thirteen weeks; the control group did not receive any treatment in this study. The latent mean analysis with the measurement model between literacy ability and intercultural sensitivity across control and treatment groups shows positive effects of reading global literature on L2 learners’ development of literacy ability and intercultural sensitivity. The study results provided support for reading global literature as an effective and powerful instructional method to improve L2 learners’ literacy ability and intercultural sensitivity. The students in the treatment group were more interculturally sensitive and outperformed the control group in L2 literacy achievement. The findings of this study have educational implications for teaching L2 with global literature to enhance L2 learners’ intercultural sensitivity and literacy ability in their L2 learning.

The purpose of this study was to analyze methods and contents of global Korean food marketing. In-depth interviews were conducted from July to October in 2010 using a qualitative research approach. Government agencies and restaurant companies emphasized well-being and healthy aspects as a Korean food identity. Regarding the marketing contents, government agencies commonly included standard loanword orthography and recipes. On the other hand, restaurant companies contained their own contents differentiated from other brands. Government agencies used CF, video, book and newspaper as communication channels but restaurant companies did not have systematic communication channels. Government agencies attempted to use holding, supporting and participating expositions as communication methods, whereas restaurant companies mainly used sales promotion and point-of-purchase as communication methods.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance and roles of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) for Korean postgraduate engineering students in the era of globalization. This research examines the perceptions of Korean postgraduate engineering students themselves and subject lecturers in an institution of science and technology in Korea by using semi-structured interviews. The research demonstrated that the role of English was considered as being pivotal for communication for Korean postgraduate engineering students in their academic sectors. English was recognized as a powerful medium of international communication, needed for acceptance as qualified members in the international engineering community. English was also considered as the dominant information carrier in engineering and an essential factor for efficient study and academic success.

2008년 9월 미국의 서브프라임 모기지 부실에 의한 리먼브러더스 사태로 시작된 글로벌 금융위기가 세계 건화물해운시장에도 영향을 끼쳐 건화물 물동량 감소와 선박의 공급과잉으로 세계 건화물해운산업과 조선산업에 심각한 불황을 유발하였다. 이러한 상황에서, 국제 경제의 동향에 민감한 한국경제의 구조 여건상 한국의 건화물선해운기업(또는 건화물선사)도 2008년 이후 현재까지 어렵게 경영을 헤쳐가고 있다. 이와 같은 심각한 불황과 그 여파로 건화물선사의 수익이 급감 할 수밖에 없게 되었으며 열악한 재무구조로 인해 경영이 부실해지고 급기야 도산과 파산하는 해운기업이 속출하게 되었다.이러한 점을 고려하여 동 연구는 2008년 글로벌 금융위기를 기점으로 2005년부터 2007 년까지와 그 후 2010년부터 2012년까지로 기간을 선정한 다음 한국의 외항 건화물 해운기업을 건전기업과 부실기업으로 구분하여 두 기업집 단 간의 주요 재무비율에 어떠한 변화와 차이가 있었는지 t 검정을 통해 분석하였다. 실증분석에서 두 집단 간에 차이를 보인 주요 재무비율 로는 수익성비율과 성장성비율이다. 본 연구의 의의는 첫째, 해운기업 경영에도 역시 재무건전성에 대한 체계적인 관리가 중요하며 이를 위해 수익성이 높은 화물을 계약하는 영업전략이 중요하다. 둘째, 선박의 효율적인 운항 및 관리로 성장성이 지속되는 기업으로 경영해야 한다는 것이다.