어류 양식장 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 오염상태를 파악하기 위하여 통영-거제 연안 어류 양식장 퇴적물 중 총유기탄소 (TOC), 총질소(TN), 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)을 조사하였다. 양식장 퇴적물 중 TOC와 TN의 평균농도는 각각 22.7 mg/g과 3.4 mg/g로 남해안의 반폐쇄적인 내만보다 높았다. 퇴적물 중 중금속의 평균농도는 비소(As) 10.5 mg/kg, 카드뮴(Cd) 0.37 mg/kg, 크롬(Cr) 82.9 mg/kg, 구리(Cu) 127 mg/kg, 철(Fe) 4.19 %, 수은(Hg) 0.041 mg/kg, 망간(Mn) 596 mg/kg, 납(Pb) 39.5 mg/kg, 아연(Zn) 175 mg/kg였으며, 이중 Cd, Cu의 농도는 인접한 남동해 연안의 패류양식해역보다 3배 이상 높았다. 퇴적물 기준을 이용한 오염평가 결과, 대부분의 어류 양식장에서 TOC와 중금속 중 Cu 농도가 기준을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 전체 중금속 농도를 고려한 오염부하량지수(PLI)와 생태계위해 도지수(ERI) 결과는 일부 어류 양식장 퇴적물이 저서생물에 극심한 부정적인 생태 영향을 줄 수 있는 상태(disastrous risk)인 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서, 어류 양식장 퇴적물은 유기물 및 일부 중금속에 의한 오염된 상태를 보이고 있어, 양식장 퇴적환경을 개선하고 퇴적물내 유기물 및 중금속의 주된 오염원을 파악하는 한편 오염부하량을 저감하는 종합적인 관리대책이 필요하다.

우리나라 남해안의 대표적인 패류양식해역 중에 하나인 고성만 주변 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 분포 및 오염현황을 이해하기 위해 입도와 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN), 중금속 9종(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)에 대해 조사하였다. 고성만 주변 퇴적 물은 세립질의 점토(clay)와 니(mud)로 이루어져 있었다. 유기물과 중금속은 만의 입구쪽에서 안쪽으로 갈수록 상대적으로 높은 농도를 보 였다. 특히, 퇴적물중 유기물 및 중금속의 분포와 C/N 비(5-10)를 고려하였을 때, 고성만 퇴적물 중 유기물은 해역 자체 내 생물체에 의해 생성된 해양기원성 유기물의 영향을 크게 받고, 중금속은 만 주변 혹은 만내 산재해 있는 인위적인 오염원의 영향을 크게 받고 있는 것으 로 파악되었다. 4 가지 퇴적물 오염평가 방법을 이용하여 고성만의 중금속 오염현황을 살펴본 결과, 고성만 퇴적물은 전 해역에 걸쳐 중 금속에 대하여 약간 오염된 상태였으며, 만의 북쪽과 북동쪽의 일부 해역은 퇴적물의 중금속 오염도가 높아 퇴적물에 서식하는 저서생물 에 큰 위해를 줄 수 있는 상태인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 고성만 주변 퇴적환경 개선을 위한 체계적인 관리계획의 수립과 함께 지속적 인 양식활동 및 양식생물의 안전성 확보를 위한 오염물질에 대한 집중적인 모니터링 연구가 병행되어져야 한다.

Materials are limited for pest control and chemical pesticides are prohibited in organic farming. Thus, the concept of pest control may not be effective for pest management in organic farm. As an alternative approach, landscape management is potentially effective and useful approach for preventing pathogen and insect pests in organic farm. It is needed to develop best practices utilizing functional biodiversity for pest management through landscape management. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of companion plants on species richness of insect pests and natural enemies in the field border area and in the crop plants (rice and soybean). In rice paddy fields, Lysimachiae foenum-graecum, Saururus chinensis were selected as effective companion plants on the paddy field levee for conserving Arachnidae as natural enemy and density suppression of insect pest such as Lissorphoptrus oryzophilus, Riptortus clavatus. As a result, damage rate of rice plant by insect pests was significantly lower (2.5%) and yield rate of healthy grains was significantly higher (8.7%) than control. In soybean fields, Marigold plants such as Tagetes patula, T. officinalis, increased Arthropod species richness and ratio of natural enemy group, and decreased ratio of insect pest group. As a result, yield (weight of 100 seeds) of healthy soybean was significantly increased (2.5%) than control. The 2nd infection rate from damage by R. clavatus was significantly lower in the treated plot than that in control. Thus, yield rates of healthy soybean in the control and the companion plant-treated plot were 79.0% and 84.3%, respectively, compared to conventional farming using chemical pesticides. Therefore, use of companion plants on field border was an effective practices for preventing pest insects and increasing yield in organic farming.

Macroinvertebrates were examined to elucidate community structures of a total of 5 rice paddy types, Korea. A total of 67 species were found in the study sites. Generally, macroinvertebrates were dominated by Pomacea canaliculata. Limnodrilus gotoi, Ephydridae sp. in organic rice field. Also, aquatic insects were dominated by Diptera, which constituted 25% (17 species) of the total number of species collected. The diversity of macroinvertebrate in several organic rice paddies was higher than that of conventional rice field. The organic rice paddy and nonpesticide agricultural area were also diverse. Samplings were used to detect the influence of farming activities on macroinvertebrate community variation. The study indicated that studied sites showed difference in their macroinvertebrate composition, and these differences are strongly related to differences in habitat quality and microhabitats.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the Vietnamese farmers’ intention to accept organic farming based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). After in-depth interviews with five agricultural researchers and five farmers, the authors have identified a formal research model and built a complete survey. Data were collected from 318 farmers in Hanoi, Vietnam, by surveying directly at their homes or farms. Statistical methods, such as Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and linear regression analysis, were used to analyze the data with the help of SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 24.0. The results show that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have a positive influence on farmers’ intention to accept organic farming in Vietnam. Based on the degree of impact of these factors, the authors give a few suggestions to state management agencies to promote the intention to accept organic farming in Vietnam: (i) increasing awareness of the difference between organic farming and conventional farming, the role of organic farming in health and the environment; (ii) increasing the activities of guiding the organic farming practices and facilitating the farmers to access these guides through many channels; and (iii) holding sessions to share practices in organic farming practices.

This experiment was carried out to determine optimal concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant in pepper. As human beings enter the age of 100, they are naturally recognized as a standard of high quality agricultural products for safety and improvement of functional materials. Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables in the world and there is a growing interest in varieties with high functional content. However, there is a limit to the improvement of functional materials of certain varieties, so it is necessary to study the improvement of materials by cultivation physiology and environmental conditions. The test material was sown on March 15th in Wanju province and on June 15th in rain shelter house using pepper “suppermanidda” varieties. To investigate the optimum concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant, 15 kinds of treatments were carried out including control, tomato liquid fertilizer etc. The liquid fertilizer of organic material was treated with 6 times of irrigation, and the analysis of nutrients and antioxidant was done by harvesting pepper on the September 10th. The contents of beta-carotene was increased in the T3, T4, T12 treatments, vitamin C was in the P14 treatments, flavonoid, polyphenol were in the P12 treatment compared to the control. In T12 treatment, flavonoid increased by 115.9%, polyphenol by 121.7%, beta-carotene by 117.2% and vitamin C by 136.1% compared to the control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics and characteristics of pepper fruit of pepper according to liquid fertilizer treatment. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the organic antioxidant is affected by the liquid fertilizer treatments of organic materials and it is necessary to study the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and photosynthesis.

Agricultural practices are known to have a crucial influence not only on soil physico-chemical properties but also on microbial communities. To investigate the effect of farming practices on soil microbial communities, a total of 10 soil samples were collected, including five conventional and five organic farming soils cultivated with peppers in plastic greenhouse. We conducted barcorded-pyrosequencing of V1-V3 regions of 16S rRNA genes to examine soil microbial communities of two different farming practices. Taxonomic classification of the microbial communities at the phylum level indicated that a total of 22 bacterial phyla were present across all samples. Among them, seven abundant phyla (>3%) including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were found, and Proteobacteria (33.0 ± 5.7%), Actinobacteria (19.9 ± 9.7%), and Firmicutes (13.6 ± 5.0%) comprised more than 66% of the relative abundance of the microbial communities. Organic farming soils showed higher relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, while Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were more abundant in conventional farming soils. Notably, the genera Bacillus (higher in organic farming soils) and Streptomyces (higher in conventional farming soils) exhibited significant variation in relative abundance between organic and conventional farming soils. Finally, correlation analysis identified significant relationships (p<0.05) between soil chemical properties, in particular, pH and organic matter content and microbial communities. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the changes of soil physico-chemical properties by agricultural farming practices effected significantly (p<0.05) on soil microbial communities.

This study was conducted to investigate the responses of soil properties and microbial communities to different agricultural management and soil types, including organic management in Andisols (Org-A), organic management in Non-andisols (Org-NA), conventional management in Andisols (Con-A) and conventional management in Non-andisols (Con-NA) by using a pyrosequencing approach of 16S rRNA gene amplicon in Radish farms of volcanic ash soil in Jeju island. The results showed that agricultural management systems had a little influence on the soil chemical properties but had significant influence on microbial communities. In addition, soil types had significant influences on both the soil chemical properties and microbial communities. Organic farming increased the microbial density of bacteria and biomass C compared to conventional farming, regardless of soil types. Additionally, Org-NA had the highest dehydrogenase activity among treatments, whereas no difference was found between Org-A, Con-A and Con-NA and had the highest species richness (Chao 1) and diversity (Phyrogenetic diversity). Particularly, Chao 1 and Phyrogenetic diversity were increased in organic plots by 12% and 20%, compared with conventional plots, respectively. Also, regardless of agricultural management and soil types, Proteobacteria was the most abundant bacterial phylum, accounting for 21.9-25.9% of the bacterial 16S rRNAs. The relative abundance of putative copiotroph such as Firmicutes was highest in Org-NA plot by 21.0%, as follows Con-NA (13.1%), Con-A (6.7%) and Org-A (5.1%.), respectively and those of putative oligotrophs such as Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were higher in Con-A than those in the other plots. Furthermore, LEfSe indicated that organic system enhanced the abundance of Fumicutes, while conventional system increased the abundance of Acidobacteria, especially in Non-andisols. Correlation analysis showed that total organic carbon (TOC) and nutrient levels (e.g. available P and exchangeable K) were significantly correlated to the structure of the microbial community and microbial activity. Overall, our results showed that the continuous organic farming systems without chemical materials, as well as the soil types made by long-term environmental factors might influence on soil properties and increase microbial abundances and diversity.

Background : Insect pests damages are increasing on the field of Lycium chinense under organic farming management and especially, pest damage of Gelechiidae (Ilseopsis parki Povolny) is serious. Currently, various organic farming materials are registered, but insecticidal activity against Gelechiidae was not verified. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to screening for effective organic farming materials showing insecticidal activity in Gelechiidae. Methods and Results : Screening for effective organic farming materials (OFM) showing insecticidal activity in Gelechiidae, we screening OFMs through in vitro testing Among them, OFMs showing insecticidal activity were first selected through field test. In the field test method, OFMs was sprayed at the time of moth occurrence, after 5 days of treatment, insecticidal activity was investigated as a result, a total of five OFMs were selected through the in vitro test and the Sophora japonica and three plant extracts showed the best control effect at 81.7%. in 2017. In 2018, the 2017 selected OFM and 4 kinds of new OFMs were field tested. The field test was performed in the same method as before. As a result, 2 kinds of OFMs made of Sophora japonica and three plant extracts extract and Sophora flavescens extract showed high control value of 87.3% and 88.3%, respectively. In contrast one organic agricultural material showed a chemical injury. To determine the timing of control, the extract was treated before and after topping and pretreatment of topping showed better control value by 80%. Conclusion : Insecticidal activity against Gelechiidae was not effective in all tested OFMs, but the 2 OFMs showed a high control value of over 80%. In this study, we selected 2 materials out of 9 OFMs against Gelechiidae, and It was effective to treat OFM before topping.

National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) has proposed new methodology for estimating unit load in order to overcome the limitations of past unit load based on short-term and local area based data. In the case of agricultural land, however, the results presented by NIER are still limited because of various agricultural activities and farmland characteristics. In this study, liquid manure treated paddy field and organic farming upland were selected for considering agricultural diversity. Four different methods for evaluating unit load were used for comparing previous research results. The results of different methods presented various trends compared with those of existing studies. Paddy field treated liquid manure was 1.3 times higher for T-N load and 3.1 times for T-P load than conventional paddy field. Conventional upland was 4.4 times higher for T-N load and 1.8 times higher for T-P load than organic farming upland. In the case of non-conventional farmland, this study showed different values with the unit loads presented by NIER. This implies that it is necessary to review and apply the unit loads considering various agricultural conditions when establishing environmental policy and rural planning.

친환경 벼 재배농가에서 혼합유박비료를 관행적으로 이앙 3일 전에 사용함에 따라 분얼 기 이후에 비료효과가 나타나므로 수량이 감소하는 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구를 수행 하였다. 실내에서 조사한 혼합유박비료의 무기화는 담수조건에서 7주까지 NH4-N가 증가하 였고, 비담수 조건에서 5주까지 NO3-N가 증가하였다. 벼 이앙 20일에 논토양의 질소무기화 는 이앙 20일 전 처리구가 0.85%로 가장 높았다. 수확기 토양특성은 혼합유박비료 시비시 기에 따라 토양유기물함량을 제외하고 차이가 없었다. 이앙 60일에 초장, 간장, 수장은 이 앙 20일 전 처리구가 가장 길었다. 또한 이앙 20일 전 처리구에서 수수, 등숙비율, 천립중이 높게 나타나 백미수량이 관행처리(이앙 3일 전)에 비해 9% 증가하였다. 백미의 백도와 amylose는 차이가 없었지만, 단백질 함량과 식미치는 이앙 20일과 30일전 처리에서 같은 수 준이었다. 쌀 수량과 품질 등을 혼합유박비료 시용시기와 관계식으로 산출하면 혼합유박비 료의 적정 사용 시기는 이앙 21.3일 전으로 나타났다.

두둑과 고랑을 재활용한 한국형 무경운 농업에서 유기물 투입과 관수 효과를 구명하고 자 무경운 토양에서 시험을 수행하였다. 1. 토양 미생물상 1회 전량관수 조건에서 대두박 투입 처리구의 토양 세균과 곰팡이 수는 대두박 무 투입 구에 비하여 많았다. 그리고 유기질비료 투입량이 표준시비량 66%까지 증가되면 세균과 곰팡이 수는 증가되었으나, 그 이상에서는 세균과 곰팡이 수가 감소되는 경향이었다. 곰팡 이/세균 비율은 관수 방법과 관계없이 대두박 투입 처리에서 0.6과 1.1로, 무투입 처리의 0.2와 0.5보다 2배 이상 높았다 1회 전량 관수 조건에서 유기질 비료 시비량이 증가되면 대두박을 투입한 처리는 방선균 수는 감소되는 경향이었으나, 대두박 무투입에서는 증가되었다. 2회 분할 관수는 1회 전량 관수에 비하여 대두박 무 투입 조건에서 세균과 곰팡이 수가 증가되었으나, 대두박 투입 조건에서는 방선균 수가 증가되었다. 2. 토양 효소 유기질 비료의 시비량이 증가되면 토양 내 Chitinase 활성은 대두박 투입 토양에서 감소 되고, 대두박 무 투입에서는 증가되는 경향이었다. 그러나 대두박을 투입에 관계없이 2회 분할 관수는 1회 전량관수에 비하여 Chitinase 활성이 증가되었다. 1회 전량관수 조건에서 대두박 투입 처리구의 β-Glucosidase 활성은 무투입에 비하여 높 았으며, 유기질 비료 투입량이 증가되면 표준시비량의 66%까지는 β-Glucosidase 활성이 증 가되었으나, 표준시비량에서는 감소되었다. 대두박 무투입 조건에서 2회 분할관수 토양 내 β-Glucosidase 활성은 1회 전량관수에 비하여 현저하게 증가되었다. 1회 전량관수 조건에서 대두박을 투입한 처리의 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase의 활성은 무투입구에 비하여 높았다. 대두박 투입 처리에서 유기질 비료 투입량이 표준시비량의 66 %까지 증가되면 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase의 활성은 증가되었으나, 표준시비량에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 대두박 무투입 조건에서 2회 분할관수는 1회 전량관수에 비하여 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase의 활성은 증가되었다. 대두박 무투입 조건에서 유기질 비료 시비량이 표준량의 66% 수준에서는 토양 내 산성인 산가수분해효소(Acid phosphatase)의 활성 높았다. 대두박 투입 조건에서는 유기질 비료 시비 량이 증가되면 산성인산가수분해효소(Acid phosphatase)의 활성은 증가되는 경향이었다. 3. 토양 AMF 대두박 무투입 조건에서 유기질 비료의 투입량이 표준시비량의 66%까지 증가되면 토양 의 내생균근균의(AMF) 포자수는 증가되었으나, 유기질 비료 투입량이 표준시비량에서는 근균의 포자수는 감소되었다. 그러나 대두박 투입에서 근균의 포자수는 유기질 비료 투입 량에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그리고 내생 근균의 고추 뿌리에 정착률은 대두박 투 입량에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 2회 분할 관수도 같은 경향이었다.

This study was conducted to suggest policy implications of providing public function of organic farming. Define the difficulties of rice farmers to provide public utility of organic farming. We estimated the amount of the farmers would like to receive for the practice of organic agriculture using choice experiment methods. By evaluating individual economic values through WTA estimates, its meaningful to grasp farmers preference for organic farming practice and conversion. These results could be used as useful data for future organic agriculture policy. For the expansion of organic farming, it is required to evaluate correct and accurate economic value and reflect this in policy.

Theoretically, it is said that economies of scope can be realized in the cropelivestock cycling organic farming. Thus, it is also used as the principle of organic farming. However, it is difficult to find the cases of the empirical analysis of it in Korea. In that sense, this study is meaningful in that it analyzed the agricultural data of case farms of obtaining the approval of both organic agricultural products and organic animal products and practicing cycling farming for 4 years and tested the hypothesis. This study measured economies of scope by using the actual measurement value and estimation value farming performance statistics for 4 years of case farms. This farmhouse conducted nutrient cycling in the farm like selfmanufacturing and injecting organic agricultural byproduct and wild grass as organic livestock feed and fermenting organic livestock manure to organic compost to return it 100%. The results can be summarized as follows: According to the result of cycling farming of combining and producing organic agriculture and organic livestock, economies of scope were found to be realized in this case farmhouse. That is, although not strong, EOS>0, there were economies of scope. The measurement value appeared as 0.0722, 0.00378, 0.04667 and 0.13127 in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. It was improved as time passes and the scale gets smaller. Therefore, in order to further improve economies of scope, there should be measures of reducing duplication costs between agriculture-livestock as low as possible and lowering the production cost of organic feed. That is, there is a need for the management strategy to adjust the import function and cost function according to the change in management paradigm and cropping system.

This study was conducted to compare the community structure and biodiversity of ground-dwelling invertebrates between conventional and organic paddy fields’s levees. Ground-dwelling invertebrates were collected using a pitfall trap every month for two years (2010-2011) in levees of conventional and organic paddy fields. The numbers of species and individuals were higher in organic paddy field than in conventional paddy field. For the pests, the treatment of insecticide and herbicide reduced the number of Delphacidae, and Chrysomelidae, but did not affect the other pests such as Chronomidae, Culicidae, Thripidae, and Aphididae. For the natural enemies, the treatment reduced the number of individuals of most of enemy's taxon (except only one taxonomic group, Ichneumonidae) in the levee of conventional paddy field.

Botrytis cinerea infects stems, leaves and fruits of greenhouse tomato and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop organic farming control method against tomato gray mold. Twenty two organic farming materials including mineral and plant extracts were screened for the suppressive activity against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro and in vivo. Among the organic farming materials, sulfur, copper, Chinese twinleaf extract and rhubarb extract decreased by 51.7-90% of the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Also, gray mold incidence was reduced more than 90% on tomato stems by treating sulfur, seaweed extracts, rhubarb root extracts and Chinese twinleaf extract. After the selected four organic farming materials were applied on tomato cultivated in greenhouse, their control effects against the tomato gray mold were tested. When the water soluble sulfur was foliar-sprayed on the tomato leaves infected by artificial inoculation with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, it showed 87.9% of control value. Also, control activity of the water soluble sulfur was paralleled with chemical fungicide, diethofencarb+carbendazim. The above mentioned results indicate the sulfur for-mulation can be used as chemical fungicide alternatives for controlling tomato gray mold in the greenhouse.