In the present study, we investigate the effects of milling time and the addition of a process control agent (PCA) on the austenite stability of a nanocrystalline Fe-7%Mn alloy by XRD analysis and micrograph observation. Nanocrystalline Fe-7%Mn alloys samples are successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The crystallite size of ball-milled powder and the volume fraction of austenite in the sintered sample are calculated using XRD analysis. Changes in the shape and structure of alloyed powder according to milling conditions are observed through FE-SEM. It is found that the crystallite size is reduced with increasing milling time and amount of PCA addition due to the variation in the balance between the cold-welding and fracturing processes. As a result, the austenite stability increased, resulting in an exceptionally high volume fraction of austenite retained at room temperature.

We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. Since the consultant is not an employee of the bank, he/she is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCADEA) model to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants.

Loan consultants assist clients with loan application processing and loan decisions. Their duties may include contacting people to ask if they want a loan, meeting with loan applicants and explaining different loan options. We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. They do not work as a team, but do work independently. Since he/she is not an employee of the bank, the consultant is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCA-DEA) model integrated with Shannon’s Entropy to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. We adopt a three-stage process to calculate the efficiency of service quality of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. In the third stage, the weight of each result is calculated on the basis of Shannon’s Entropy theory, and then we generate a comprehensive efficiency score using it. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants and how to use the efficiency to improve the service quality of the consultants.

High pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to anchovy in order to produce a natural seasoning salt enhancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the sensory characteristics and protein concentration of enzymatic hydrolysates with anchovy. According to the results of QDA, 24 attribute descriptors were developed. Based on the flavor profile, the strengths of most tastes, except sourness, color flavor, and odor were evaluated before activated carbon treatment. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize the relationship between attributes and samples. The result of PCA was F1 72.13% and F2 22.01%, having explained 94.13% in total variability, as F1 was shown according to the correlation about activated carbon treatment before or after samples. The characteristics of color, flavor/odor, and saltiness or bitter taste had higher correlation before activated carbon treatment samples. Also, F2 was shown to have no correlation to the samples.

우리나라에 발생하는 해안 식생의 식생 구조에 대하여 식 물사회학적 연구를 수행하였다. 총 102개 조사구에 대한 식생자료의 분석은 ZM 학파의 방법을 활용하였다. 국내 해안 에 발생하는 식물 군집 구분은 총 11개의 군락으로 순비기 나무-돌가시나무 군락, 갯메꽃 군락, 통보리사초-갯그령 군 락, 갯잔디 군락, 해홍나물 군락, 방석나물 군락, 나문재-가는 갯는쟁이군락, 칠면초 군락, 천일사초 군락, 갈대 군락, 산조 풀 군락이 구분되었다. 각 군락 들은 발생지역과 환경에서 다양성을 보였다. 식생 자료에 대한 주성분분석 (PCA) 결과 식물사회학적 군락 분류 결과를 지지하였다.

The objective of this study was to determine sensory profiles of rice confections. The samples used in this study obtained from Korea (traditional Korea rice snack and local specialty rice snack) and three countries (USA, Japan, and China) were evaluated and compared. The sensory characteristics of five kinds of rice confections were evaluated using a sensory test and were analyzed via quantitative description analysis (QDA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In the descriptive analysis, 10 trained panelists evaluated sensory characteristics consisting of 19 attributes, and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the 16 characteristics. For the descriptive data, multivariate analysis of variance was carried out and identified differences among the samples. The PCA of rice confections for the first two principal components could explain 85.66% of the variations. The Korean, Japanese, and Chinese rice confections were savory, gritty, and particle-sized, the other Korean local specialty rice confections were fruity, sweet, honey-flavored, compact, and crispy, and those from the USA were glossy, grainy, bright, adhesive, cohesive, crispy, and sweet.

Although the history of the game of Go is more than 2,500 years, the theoretical studies of Go are still insufficient. In recent years a lot of studies using Artificial Intelligent (AI) have been conducted, but they do not provide the prominent theoretical reality. We applied traditional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm to the Go openings, which are the early stage in Go, to analyze them especially focused on the Go game records of the Korean top 10 professional Go players. We firstly analyzed the number of most significant eigenvectors capturing most of variance. Experimental result shows that among the 361 eigenvectors the eight most significant eigenvectors capture most of the variance (96.2%). We secondly used PCA classifier with Euclidean distance to recognize a pro player's opening to a class obtained from the training openings. Result shows that the best average recognition rate of 22% is so much lower than the recognition rates reported in face recognition research.

Al/AlN composites were synthesized by mechanical alloying using process control agents(PCAs). Three different PCAs which contain N element, were examined to see the effectiveness of ball-milling and the nitridation during sintering. Among examined PCAs, was the most effective to facilitate ball-milling and to form nitrides during a subsequent sintering. By a proper control of ball-milling and sintering, we could obtained surface-hardened Al-based composites.

  이 논문은 자동차 차체 조립과정에서, 품질관리의 일환으로써, 비접촉 자동측정시스템을 이용하여 검사해야 하는 수많은 비독립적인 검사점을 다변량분산분석과 주성분분석을 이용하여 효율적으로 검사점을 감소시키는 방법을 설명하고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 다변량분산분석, 주성분 분석의 개념과 이러한 기법들을 산업체 제조분야에서 응용하는 방법을 설명하여 독자의 사례 응용 이해를 돕는데 있으며, 또한 특히 주성분분석을 이용하여 수 많은 비독립적인 검사점을 어떻게 유

The effect of use of as PCA(process control agent) to prevent the carbon contamination during mechanical alloying process and the precipitation behavior in Ni-20Cr-20Fe-5Nb bulk alloy after aging were investigated. NbC and were formed during mechanical alloying and consolidation processes in the Ni-20Cr-20Fe-5Nb alloy in which methanol() was added as PCA. Formation of NbC in this alloy decreased the amount of Nb dissolved in the Ni matrix. The use of as PCA in Ni-20Cr-20Fe-5Nb alloy prevented the formation of NbC and increased the hardness. The increase of hardness in this alloy was attributed to the increased amount of Nb dissolved in the Ni matrix. After aging treatment for 20 hours at of Ni-20Cr-20Fe-5Nb bulk alloy in which added as PCA, precipitates were formed, respectively. The precipitation temperatures of and in this bulk alloy were lower than those in commercial IN 718 alloy. It seemed that the lower precipitation temperatures for and in this bulk alloy than in commercial IN 718 alloy were due to severe plastic deformation during mechanical alloying.

남중국해에 막대한 양의 석유 및 천연가스가 매장되어 있는 것으로 알려지면서 남중국해의 연안국들 간의 분쟁이 본격적으로 시작되었는데, 필리핀과 중국 간에 분쟁이 본격화된 것은 석유가 천연가스가 많이 매장되어 있다고 밝혀진 리드 뱅크(Reed Bank)에서의 충돌 사건 때문이었다. 필리핀은 2013년 중국을 상대로 해양법협약이 규정 및 동 부속서 Ⅶ에 근거하여 동 사건을 국제상설중재재판소에 제소하였고 2016년 7월 12일에 최종적으로 판정이 내려졌다. 동 판정이 가지는 쟁점별 의미는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 재판관할권과 관련된 문제로 중국은 필리핀과의 분쟁이 해양에 관한 국가주권과 관련된 문제이고 해양법협약이 정하는 ‘협약의 적용 및 해석에 관한 분쟁’이 아니며 중국이 ‘배제선언’을 통하여 해양분쟁을 강제적 관할권에서 제외하기로 하였다는 점에서 동 분쟁에 대한 재판관할권을 부정하고 중재재판에 참석하지도 않았다. 그러나 재판소는 필리핀의 청구내용을 중심으로 동 분쟁이 남중국해의 해양지형에 대한 영유권의 귀속에 관한 문제가 아니며 중국이 자국의 권리가 미친다는 해역은 다른 국가들의 주장이 중복되고 해양경계가 아직 해결되지 않는 해역이라고 전제하였다. 이에 따라, 동 분쟁은 해양법협약이 규정하는 섬의 법적 지위, 배타적 경제수역 및 대륙붕 등에 관한 해석 및 적용에 관한 문제이어서 필리핀의 청구내용에서 일부에 대한 재판관할권이 인정된다고 판단하였다. 둘째, 중국은 동 분쟁이 국가주권과 관련된다는 주장에 대한 근거로 남중국해에 대한 역사적 권원을 주장하며, 소위 ‘9단선’ 이내의 해역은 중국의 역사적 수역이며 ‘다툴 수 없는 중국의 권원’이 있다고 주장하였다. 재판소는 중국이 남중국해에 대한 역사적 권리를 주장하는 것에 대하여 주권문제를 결정 할 수 있을 정도로 강력한 증거력이 없다고 판단하였다. 셋째, 남중국해의 해양지형들의 법적 지위에 관한 것으로, 해양법협약이 규정하는 바에 의하여 분쟁해역의 해양지형들은 그 자체의 배타적 경제수역이나 대륙붕을 가질 수 없는 ‘저조고지’에 해당된다고 하였다. 넷째, 중국이 남중국해에 인공섬을 건설하는 것에 대하여, 재판소는 해양법협약이나 국 제법 원칙에 의하면 해양에 인공섬을 건설하는 것은 인정되지만 인근 국가들에 피해를 주지 않아야 하고 해양생태계에 중대한 위협을 주지 않아야 한다고 판단하였다. 이와 같은 재판소의 판정은 특히 재판관할권, 영유권에 관한 역사적 권원, 해양지형의 법적 지위, 인공섬의 건설 등과 관련하여 우리나라의 독도문제에 보여주는 법적, 정책적 시사점이 크다고 하겠다.

Structural dynamic properties such as natural frequency depend not only on damage but also environmental condition (i.e., Temperature). Without removing the variation of environmental condition in the damage detection, false-positive or negative damage diagnosis may occur so that structural health monitoring becomes unreliable. One of methods used to solve this problem is to construct regression model based on structural responses with the environmental factors. However, it is difficult to determine where and which environmental variables to measure. One alternative is to remove the variability due to environmental variation without measurement of environmental variables. However, the performance of this method is depending on how to define the reference data set. Generally, there is no prior information on reference condition (i.e., healthy condition) during data mining. Reference condition is determined based on subjective perspective with human-intervention. To overcome the drawback of current methods, this paper investigates adaptive PCA technique for the monitoring of structural damage detection under environmental change. This method is not required to determine the reference condition and measure the environmental variables. Proposed method is tested on numerically simulated data for a range of noise in measurement under environmental variation.