This study was carried out to investigate the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts from sweet potatoes (SP) and watermelon (WM) on the oxidative stability of perilla seed oils (POs) over the existing ones. A comparison was done between the oxidative stability of perilla oil (PO) after the addition of 0.1% of SP, and WM extracts and PO without extract. The oxidative stability was measured based on the viscosity, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), antioxidant (DPPH) activity, p-anisidine value (p-AV), and fatty acid composition. The viscosities ranges were: PO without extract, from 53.99±0.99 to 74.38±1.61 cps, PO with SP extract, from 53.99±0.10 to 58.73±0.8 cps, and PO with WM extract, from 53.98±0.10 to 56.00±0.70 cps. While the PO containing the SC-CO2 extracts had significantly lower AV, POV, and p-AV, their antioxidant activity was approximately 10 times higher than that of the PO without extract. There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between SC-CO2 extracts added groups and PO without extract (p<0.05). The findings of this study confirmed that the SC-CO2 extracts from sweet potatoes and watermelon enhanced the oxidative stability of perilla seed oils, and are potential natural antioxidants for use in the food industry.

We report the effect of Standard Clean-1 (SC-1) cleaning to remove residual Ti layers after silicidation to prevent Al diffusion into Si wafer for Ti Schottky barrier diodes (Ti-SBD). Regardless of SC-1 cleaning, the presence of oxygen atoms is confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profile analysis between Al and Ti-silicide layers. Al atoms at the interface of Ti-silicide and Si wafer are detected, when the SC-1 cleaning is not conducted after rapid thermal annealing. On the other hand, Al atoms are not found at the interface of Ti-SBD after executing SC-1 cleaning. Al diffusion into the interface between Ti-silicide and Si wafer may be caused by thermal stress at the Ti-silicide layer. The difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of Ti and Ti-silicide gives rise to thermal stress at the interface during the Al layer deposition and sintering processes. Although a longer sintering time is conducted for Ti-SBD, the Al atoms do not diffuse into the surface of the Si wafer. Therefore, the removal of the Ti layer by the SC-1 cleaning can prevent Al diffusion for Ti-SBD.

Effects of Sc addition on microstructure, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the as-cast and as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-xSc (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5 wt%) alloys are investigated. The average grain size of the as-cast Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg alloy is 2,334 μm; however, this value drops to 914 and 529 μm with addition of Sc element at 0.25 wt% and 0.5 wt%, respectively. This grain refinement is due to primary Al3Sc phase forming during solidification. The as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg alloy has a recrystallization structure consisting of almost equiaxed grains. However, the asextruded Sc-containing alloys consist of grains that are extremely elongated in the extrusion direction. In addition, it is found that the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries below 15 degree is dominant. This is because the addition of Sc results in the formation of coherent and nano-scale Al3Sc phases during hot extrusion, inhibiting the process of recrystallization and improving the strength by pinning of dislocations and the formation of subgrain boundaries. The maximum values of the yield and tensile strength are 126 MPa and 215 MPa for the as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-0.25Sc alloy, respectively. The increase in strength is probably due to the existence of nano-scale Al3Sc precipitates and dense Al2Cu phases. Thermal conductivity of the as-cast Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-xSc alloy is reduced to 204, 187 and 183 W/MK by additions of elemental Sc of 0, 0.25 and 0.5 wt%, respectively. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity of the as-extruded Al-2Zn-1Cu-0.3Mg-xSc alloy is about 200 W/Mk regardless of the content of Sc. This is because of the formation of coherent Al3Sc phase, which decreases Sc content and causes extremely high electrical resistivity.

본 연구에서는 산업 현장에서 병행복발효 술덧 양조에 사용되는 입국과 개량누룩을 전분 당화용 발효제로 사용하고, 대한민국 강원도 삼척 지역에서 수집한 누룩에서 분리·동정한 W. anomalus SC-1을 사용하여 양조를 실시한 결과, 산업용 알코올 발효 효모 S. cerevisiae 대비 동등한 알코올 생성능을 보였고 유기산은 두 효모 모두 입국을 사용한 경우 citric acid, 개량누룩을 사용한 경우 lactic acid가 가장 많이 생성되었다. W. anomalus를 적용한 와인 및 중국 백주 제조를 위한 술덧의 품질 개선을 위한 다양한 연구 결과가 보고되고 있으므로 우리나라 고유의 전통주류 양조 기전의 규명과 주질 다양성 확보 및 이를 통한 차별화된 품질의 전통주 제조를 위하여 전통누룩 중 주요 알코올 발효 미생물로 분리되는 S. cerevisiae 외 야생효모의 알코올 발효 특성과 S. cerevisiae와의 상호작용에 대한 심화 연구의 필요성에 대한 단서를 제공할 수 있었다.

The UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2270 against North Korea’s fourth nuclear test on January 6, 2016, and its subsequent rocket launch. This resolution contains tougher sanction measures than any others adopted in the past, but is not expected to effectively stop North Korea’s nuclear weapons program. This essay analyzes the critical loophole of the rule of law in global society regarding nuclear proliferation systems as well as regional governance. It further suggests legal and policy options to resolve this nuclear dilemma. The parties concerned are asked to alter the status quo of hostile co-existence and instead revert to the spirit of the Geneva Agreed Framework.

국제 표준화에서 양대 세력인 유럽과 미국의 활동 양상은, 한국과 같은 후발 주 자에게 시사하는 바가 많다. 이에 관한 기존 연구는 비계량적 접근으로서 국제정치와 제도 비교를 중심으로 전개되었고, 계량적 연구는 개별 기업이나 국가가 점유한 표준 특허, 기고 서, 의장단 등 단편적 수치를 비교하는데 그치고 있어, 국제표준화에서 주요 국가의 활동 양 상을 구체적으로 설명하지 못하는 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 국제표준화에서 유럽과 미 국의 활동 양상에 대한 구체적 이해를 제공하고, 한국의 표준화 정책을 위한 구체적 목표 설 정과 실행 수단을 제시하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 문헌고찰 연구방법을 적용하여, ISO에 등록된 공식 업무 기록을 수집한 후, 각국의 활동 내용을 차별적으로 기재한 문서를 추출하였고, 다시 이 내용을 분석하 여, 기록 내용을 부호화하고, 수치로 집계하여, 표준화 참여 국가의 활동 양상을 구체적으로 비교하고 설명한다. 따라서 전체 52종의 ISO 업무 문서 중에서, ‘신규 표준 제안, 투표 의견 검토 결과서, 회의 보고서, 투표 결과 보고서’를 수집, 분석하였다. 표준 기고서나 표준 특허 수량에 대한 단순 비교에 의존하는 기존 연구와 달리, 실제 국제 표준화 활동에 대한 공식 기록을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국제 표준화에서 미국은 참가 인원과 제출 의견 등 양적인 활동에서 다른 지역을 압도하였으나, 활동의 효율성은 두 번째를 차지하여, 활동 양상의 양과 질이 일치하지는 않았다. 둘째, 미국은 자국 표준 제안보 다 타국가의 활동을 견제하는데 주력한 반면, 유럽 국가들은 전반적으로 고른 활동 양상을 보였다. 셋째, 유럽과 미국은 국제 투표의 우위를 위해, 다국적 기업을 활용하고 있다.

Citrus essential oil were extracted from citron peel of cultivated in Gohong (CCP) using environmentally friendly supercritical carbon dioxide method. Antioxidant activity and aroma composition of the essential oils extracted by the SC-CO2 method were evaluated by comparing with those extracted by organic solvent method. Fatty acid composition, DPPH scavenging, and antioxidant activity of the oils obtained by different extraction condition of SC-CO2 method were investigated and their antioxidant activities were compared with commercially available lavender, eucalyptus and tea tree oils. As the results, linoleic acid was most abundantly found from CCP oil extracted by the SC-CO2 method and cis-11,144-eicosadienoic acids was second abundantly found. Radical scavenging ability of DPPH was 98% when the concentration of CCP oil was 50 mg/mL. This scavenging ability increased with the increase of oil concentration. On the other hand, flavonoids content (84 mg/100g) of the CCP oil extracted by the SC-CO2 method was slightly higher than that (75 mg/100g) by hexane extraction. The results, obtained from CCP oil by GC-MS, indicated that, among 66 components, the content of terpenes was 55.8% and limonene was 27.3%.

This study presents an experimental study of the structural behavior for steel plate-concrete column-to-steel girder connections. Experiments were carried out to investigate the moment-rotation characteristics, failure behavior and ultimate moment capacity of these connections. The results of this experimental study involving three welded moment-resisting connections subjected to cyclic loading are presented. The specimens were fabricated at full scale to evaluate their hysteretic behavior. A description of the test specimens, the details of the joint, the test system and the testing methods are described. The test results showed that the structural behavior of these composite connections was influenced by the connection details.

In this study, flexural strength properties of SC shear walls were investigated through static pushover test. Failure modes and stiffness characteristics of SC shear walls under lateral loads were inspected by analyzing the experimental results. Main failures of unstiffened SC shear walls were found to be the type of bending shear failure due to the unbonding of the steel plate at the concrete interface. The ductility capacity of SC structures was also confirmed to be improved, which is considered to be a confining effect on steel plates in the longitudinal behavior of SC shear walls.

Steel plate concrete (SC) composite structure is now being recognized as a promising technology applicable to nuclear power plants as it is faster and suitable for modular construction. It is required to identify its dynamic characteristics prior to perform the seismic design of the SC structure. Particularly, the damping ratio of the structure is one of the critical design factors to control the dynamic response of structure. This paper compares the criteria for the damping ratios of each type of structures which are prescribed in the regulatory guide for the nuclear power plant. In order to identify the damping ratio of SC shear wall, this study made SC wall specimens and conducted experiments by cyclic lateral load tests and vibration tests with impact hammer. During the lateral loading test, SC wall specimens exhibited large ductile capacities with increasing amplitude of loading due to the confinement effects by the steel plate and the damping ratios increased until failure. The experimental results show that the damping ratios increased from about 6% to about 20% by increasing the load from the safe shutdown earthquake level to the ultimate strength level.

최근 국내에서는 원자력발전소의 모듈화 공법에 적용하기 위하여 SC(steel plate concrete) 구조를 개발하는 연구를 진행하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 전단보강이 없는 비보강 SC 전단벽의 횡방향 내진성능 및 강성특성에 대하여 분석하기 위하여 전단벽 모형시편을 제작하고, 이를 대상으로 정적가력실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과를 이용하여, 이 논문에서는 비보강 SC 구조의 횡력에 대한 파괴모드의 유형을 분석하고, 단면강도와 부재의 강성 특성을 검토하였다. 그리고 SC 구조용 설계기준에서 제시하는 단면의 강도 계산식과실험결과를 비교하였다. 연구결과, 비보강 SC 전단벽의 파괴 형태의 하나는 콘크리트와 강판의 부착 상실로 인한 휨전단파괴라는 사실을발견하였다. SC 구조 전단벽의 벽체 길이방향 거동은 파괴 시까지 벽체 외측의 강판이 내부 콘크리트를 구속하는 효과를 기대할 수 있으므로 연성능력이 향상되는 것이 확인되었다

Various small molecules can be used to control major signaling pathways to enhance stemness and inhibit differentiation in murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) culture. Small molecules inhibiting the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/ERK pathway can preserve pluripotent cells from stimulation of differentiation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of pluripotin (SC-1), an inhibitor of the FGF/ERK pathway, on the colony formation of outgrowing presumptive mESCs. After plating the zona pellucida-free blastocyst on the feeder layer, attached cell clumps was cultured with SC-1 until the endpoint of the experiment at passage 10. In this experiment, when the number of colonies was counted at passage 3, SC-1-treated group showed 3.4 fold more mESC colonies when compared with control group. However, after passage 4, there was no stimulating effect of SC-1 on the colony formation. In conclusion, SC-1 treatment can be used to promote mESC generation by increasing the number of early mESC colonies.

The sensitivities of PrP Sc detection methods, western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein mis-folding cyclic amplification (PMCA) techniques were compared from brains, spleens and blood of mice challenged with PrP Sc of murine-adapted BSE strain 301C. PrP Sc was detected in the spleen from 30 dpi by IHC and at 60 dpi by WB. At 30 dpi, disease-specific signals of PrP Sc was observed in only two follicles of a single spleen. PrP Sc was detected in spleen at 10 dpi with PMCA after 5 rounds of amplification. Clinical signs were obviously shown from 240 dpi, and coincided with first detection of PrP Sc in brains by WB, IHC and PMCA after one round amplification. In addition, PrP Sc was also detected in blood at 60, 180 and 240 dpi with PMCA after 5 rounds of amplification. The FDC-M1 epitope, which appears in immature FDCs, and PrP Sc were detected in follicles first at 30 dpi, whilst the FDC-M2 epitope of mature FDCs was detected at 60 dpi. More FDC-M2 epitope and PrP Sc were detected in follicles as disease progressed. The CD21/35 epitope is expressed on both FDCs and germinal center B cells. The pattern of CD21/35 expressing cells was similar to but less dominant than that of FDCs.

Socket sclerosis can be an obstacle for orthodontic space closure, however, the precise histomorphogenetic mechanism has not been elucidated up to date. A 73 years old female complained of dull pain on palpation in the extraction site of the left maxillary first molar, and uncomfortable to use her complete denture. In panoramic X-ray view the socket sclerosis was clearly demarcated as a radiopaque outline of extracted root. In histological examination the socket sclerosis showed the basophilic deposition of cementum- like materials in the peripheral rim of trabecular bones instead of eosinophilic osteoid materials for intramembranous ossification. In the immunohistochemical staining for osteogenetic proteins, BMP-2 was strongly positive in the peripheral rim of trabecular bone, in which RANKL and osteoprotegerin were also consistently positive. Particularly, versican, a marker of cementum was also positive in the peripheral rim of the trabecular bone. Therefore, it is presumed that the trabecular bones of socket sclerosis were hypermineralized by cementoid ossification, producing cementum-like materials by osteoblasts/cementoblasts derived from the previous periodontium.

Bistrifluron은 (주)동부한농에서 개발한 IGR계 살충제이며 나비목 해충의 알에 대한 부화억제 및 유충 생육단계에서 chitin 생합성을 저해하여 치사시킨다. Flubendiamide는 diamides계통 살충제이며 곤충의 신경과 근육의 연결 지점에 작용하여 곤충을 마비시킴으로서 살충활성을 나타난다. 본 연구는 저항성 관리 및 국내원제를 활용하여 원제 수입의존도를 감소하기 위한 목적으로 혼합 살충제를 개발하고자 Bistrifluron+Flubendiamide SC의 방제효과를 담배나방(Helicoverpa assulta)과 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)을 대상으로 포장시험을 통하여 확인하였다. 시험약제 Bistrifluron은 100g(ai/ha)과 Flubendiamide은 100, 130, 150g(ai/ha)을 각각 SC 제품을 제제하여 사용하였으며, 고추와 파에 주요해충으로 알려진 담배나방과 파밤나방에 대하여 발생초기부터 10일 간격으로 3회 경엽살포하였고, 최종약제처리 10일 후 피해과수와 피해엽수를 조사하였다. 고추에 심각한 피해를 주는 담배나방은 무처리구에서 피해과율이 12.3% 발생하였고, Bistrifluron + Flubendiamide SC의 200, 230, 250g 농도에서 각각 85.3, 89.9, 89.9%의 방제효과를 확인하였다. 파 파밤나방은 무처리구에서 피해엽율이 33.1%로 피해가 심각하였고, Bistrifluron+Flubendiamide SC의 담배나방과 동일 농도에서 각각 94.2, 97.3, 98.8%의 높은 방제효과를 확인하였다. Bistrifluron + Flubendiamide SC의 혼합 살충제 농도을 230g으로 선정하였고, 담배나방과 파밤나방의 방제 약제들에 비하여 우수한 살충활성을 확인하여 채소작물의 주요 방제제로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study was done to evaluate the susceptibility, systemic effect, residual effect and control effect in each developmental stages of biotype Q of sweetpotato whitefly against insecticides, acetamiprid+spinetoram SC and dinotefuran SG. Two insecticides were showed similar activity against the eggs, and showed higher activity in acetamiprid+spinetoram SC against the nymph and adult. In systemic effect, two insecticides have a similar activity. It was showed higher activity in root zone systemic application than leaf zone systemic application. Residual effect was showed higher in acetamiprid+spinetoram SC (92%) than dinotefuran SG (44 %) at seven days after treatment. Control effect was showed all over 90 % activity at tree- and seven days after treatment. Therefore, these insecticides are expected to control the sweetpotato whitefly effectively.

This paper is to introduce guidelines for automotive and food quality management system. International standards such as ISO/TS 16949 and ISO 15161 are considered. This study is to discuss particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001 : 2000 for automotive production and relevant service part organization , and guidelines on the application of ISO 9001 : 2000 for the food and drink industry.