We investigated densities of the bean bug, R. pedestris (Alydidae) and three Pentatomidae stinkbug species, Dolycoris baccarum, Nezera antennata and Halyomorpha halys in an experimental field in Suwon, 2018. Three pheromone traps for R. pedestris adults were installed at distances of more than 50 meters from soybean fields. The adults began to be caught from late March. Its mean number increased from early August, and reached a maximum at early September. The fluctuation aspects of adult number caught, however, were different among trapping sites. Soybean and mungbean were sowed at June 21, and all stages of stinkbugs were scouted from July 18 to late September through direct observation. Adults and eggs of R. pedestris were not observed during the vegetative stage of soybean, but observed first at the flowering stage, mainly early August, of reproductive stage. The results indicated that R. pedestris adults invaded into soybean fields at the flowering stage, despite of inhabitation in the surrounding area during the pre-reproductive stage of soybean. Adults of only D. baccarum in Pentatomid stinkbugs were found at the vegetative stage of soybean. Densities of R. pedestris were compared between two mungbean cultivars, which those seeds have been known to be resistant and susceptible to feeding of the bean bug, respectively. The densities of the third and fifth instar nymphs were higher on the susceptible cultivar than on the resistant cultivar, but densities of egg, adult, and the first and second instar nymphs were not significantly different between the two cultivars.

Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines is one of the major plant parasitic nematodes in soybean. Recently, another soybean cyst nematode, H. sojae was recorded from Korea. This study was conducted to determine the geographical distribution of the two soybean cyst nematodes in Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. In Gangwon-do, H. glycines and H. sojae were detected in 12 and 5 of the 53 sites sampled, respectively, while in Chungcheongbuk-do, H. glycines was isolated from 14 of the 46 sites sampled. H. sojae was detected at only one site. Additionally, the two soybean cyst nematodes co-existed in 3 of the 46 sites.

산성토양의 한계지역은 인도네시아에 많이 분포해 있다. 하지만, 산성토양과 관련된 낮은 pH와 영양소는 콩 생산성의 제한요인이 된다. 따라서 콩의 식품 활용성을 위해 양분소와 생리활성성분에 대한 정보가 산성토양에 내성인 콩 품종과 함께 필요하다. 본 연구는 산성토양 내성 콩 유망계통 20개의 단백질, 지방, 지방산, 이소플라본 함량을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 그 결과, Tgm/Anj-888, Tgm/Anj-862 및 Tgm/Anj-858 등 3개의 계통에서 단백질함량이 높은 것으로 나타났다(≥45% dry weight=dw). 지방함량은 16.85~21.20% dw의 범위를 보였으며, 단백질함량과는 부의 상관관계를 보였다(r=- 0.64). 콩 지방은 평균적으로 팔미트산 9.42%(C16:0), 스테아릭산 2.77%(C18:0), 올레산 43.93%(C18:1), 리놀레산 38.53% (C18:2) 및 리놀렌산 5.35%(C18:3)으로 구성되었다. 총 10종류의 이소플라본이 분류되었으며, 주요성분은 말로닐-제니스틴 (29.49%)으로 그 뒤를 이어 말로닐-다이드진(19.04%), 글리시틴(16.70%)으로 밝혀졌다. 이소플라본 함량은 Tgm/Anj-995계통(2,130.2μg/g dw)에서 가장 높았으며, 그 뒤를 이어 Tgm/ Anj-784계통과 Tgm/Anj-832계통(각각 1,719.9 μg과 1,710.0 μg/g dw)인 것으로 나타났다. 본 영양소 정보는 육종가들이 산성토양에 내성인 새로운 콩 품종을 보급하는데 있어 작물 특성의 보완적인 자료로서 유용할 것이다.

발아대두 동충하초의 유산균 발효를 위하여 발아대두와 동충하초가 함유된 배지에서 생육이 우수한 유산균주를 김치로부터 분리하여 동정한 결과 Lactobacillus plantarum KCB001로 명명하였다. 선정된 유산균을 이용하여 발아대두 동충하초의 고상발효조건을 최적화한 결과, 동충하초와 발아대두의 혼합비는 4:1, 가수량은 40%(v/v), 종배양액의 첨가량은 20%(v/w), 최적 발효온도와 시간은 각각 37oC와 72시간으로 확인되었다. 유산균발효에 의해 총 폴리페놀함 량과 DPPH 소거능이 증가하였으며, 특히 동충하초의 지표 물질인 cordycepin 함량은 발효에 의해 24% 증가함으로써 발효에 의해 발아대두 동충하초의 기능성이 증가함을 확인하였다.

The change of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of black soybean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated as a part of the purpose of setting the quality of black soybean flours for each application. The moisture content of roasted black soybean flours decreased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, and the crude ash, protein, and fat contents increased. Water binding capacity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination increased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, however water solubility index and swelling power decreased. The lightness of roasted black soybean flours was significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours increase with increasing roasting temperature and time. The total polyphenol contents of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination were 5.43∼7.81 and 4.52∼6.17 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid contents were 2.90∼3.50 and 2.34∼3.01 mg CE/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination was 254.98∼415.05 and 171.95∼295.15 mg TE/100 g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 459.74∼596.37 and 422.95∼526.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to set quality standards for each application considering the quality and antioxidant properties of roasted black soybean flours.

Development and fecundity of the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated at ten constant temperatures (photoperiod: 15L:9D) from 2.5 to 30℃ on soybean (Glycine max) leaves. The nymphs couldn’t emerge to adults at 2.5 and 30℃. The lower development temperature threshold and thermal constant of development completion estimated with a linear development model in nymph were 5.02℃ and 131.2 degree-days. The lethal temperatures were estimated as 33.9 and 32.5℃ with Lactin 2 and Logan 6 non-linear models, respectively. Mean generation time (from 78.4 to 11.8 d) decreased with increasing temperatures (from 7.5 to 27.5℃). The highest net reproductive rate (77.4) was observed at 20℃. The highest intrinsic rates of population increase (0.282) and shortest population doubling times (2.07 d) were recorded at 25℃.

본 연구는 콩 콤바인 수확 시 수확장애와 종실의 품위를 떨어뜨리는 잎과 줄기의 노화 지연에 관한 연구로 2015~2016년도 국립식량과학원 남부작물부(경남 밀양시 소재)의 시험포장에서 수행하였다. 시험품종은 대원콩과 풍산나물콩을 사용하였으며, 6월 9일에 고휴 2열로 휴폭 110 cm, 주간거리 40 cm, 1주 2본 재배하였고, 콩 꼬투리를 0~50%범위에 수준별로 제거하여 성숙기 생육특성과 잎과 줄기의 건물중에 대해서 조사하였다. 주요결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 대원콩과 풍산나물콩 모두 종실비대시 콩 꼬투리 제거가 생육특성에 영향을 미치지는 않았지만, 제거 비율이 높아질수록 성숙기가 지연되었다. 2. 콩 꼬투리 제거 비율이 높아짐에 따라 종실 무게도 증가하였는데 꼬투리의 제거비율이 대원콩은 20%, 풍산나물콩은 30% 이상일 경우에는 차이가 없었다. 3. 꼬투리 제거비율이 높아질수록 잎과 줄기의 건물중이 증가하였는데, 이는 종자에 축적되어야 할 잉여 동화 산물이 잎과 줄기에 축적된 결과로 보여진다. 4. Sink/source 감소폭은 대원콩 20% 제거 시 0.18, 풍산나물콩 30% 제거 시 0.42로 이전 처리구에 비해 크게 감소하였기 때문에 잎과 줄기의 성숙이 불리할 것으로 판단된다.

The change of quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of black soybean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated. The moisture content of roasted black soybean flours decreased significantly according to roasting temperatures and times, and the crude ash, protein, and fat contents increased. The water binding capacity of roasted black soybean flours with and without germination increased significantly according to roasting temperatures and times; however, water solubility index and swelling power decreased. The lightness of roasted black soybean flours was significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours increased with increasing roasting temperatures and times. The total polyphenol contents of roasted black soybean flours with and without germination were 5.43-7.81 and 4.52-6.17 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid contents were 2.90-3.50 and 2.34-3.01 mg CE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours, with and without germination, was 254.98-415.05 and 171.95-295.15 mg TE/100 g, and the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 459.74-596.37 and 422.95-526.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to establish quality standards for each application by considering the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of roasted black soybean flours.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) seed is rich in protein and sulfur-containing amino acids. Tofu is a protein gel made from soybean, which is rich in lysine but lacking in sulfur-containing amino acids. This study was conducted to investigate the use of pumpkin seeds in tofu manufacture and to determine its quality and texture characteristics. Soybean was substituted with pumpkin seed to obtain pumpkin seed tofu at the following ratios: 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% (P10, P30, P50 and P70). Tofu manufactured only with soybean was used as a control (Con). The higher rate of pumpkin seed substitution significantly decreased the moisture content and yield rate (p<0.05). In contrast, pH value and turbidity were significantly increased with the increase in the amount of pumpkin seed (p<0.05). The L-value (81.74~79.04), a-value (－0.19~－3.89) and b-value (12.40~9.84) of samples significantly decreased with the amount of pumpkin seed (p<0.05). No significant difference in syneresis was found among the samples (p<0.05). The hardness tended to decrease with the increase in the amount of pumpkin seed. The microstructure analysis revealed that the pore size of pumpkin seed tofu was smaller than that of Con. These results suggest that the pumpkin seed protein is a useful ingredient in the manufacture of tofu. Increasing the pumpkin seed substitution levels improves the texture of tofu.

Soybean straw (SS)-based activated carbon was employed as a precursor to prepare carbon molecular sieves (CMSs) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using methane as carbon source. Prior to the CVD process, SS was activated by 0.5 wt% ZnCl2, followed by a carbonization at 500°C for 1 h in N2 atmosphere. N2 (77 K) adsorption-desorption and CO2 (273 K) adsorption tests were carried out to analyze the pore structure of the prepared CMSs. The results show that increasing the deposition temperature, time or methane flow rate leads the decrease in N2 adsorption capacity, micropore volume and average pore diameter of CMSs. The adsorption selectivity coefficient of CO2/CH4 achieves as high as 20.8 over CMSs obtained under the methane flow rate of 30 mL min–1 at 800°C for 70 min. The study demonstrates the prepared CMSs are a candidate adsorbent for CO2/CH4 separation.

A field trial was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2013/14 and 2014/15), at the Gezira Research Station, Wad Medani, Sudan, to evaluate the agronomic performance of fourteen early maturing soybean germplasm introduced from USA, South Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Croatia, under irrigated cropping environment. Highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.0001) were detected among the fourteen varieties for the eight agronomic traits in 2013/14 and 2014/15. Over the two seasons, Vietnam coll. 1 had the high grain yield (945 kg/ha), followed by N04-9859 (828 kg/ha) and AGS 327 (798 kg/ ha). Days to maturity ranged from 71 to 86 days over the two seasons. In both seasons, Vietnam coll. 1 and AGS 327 had the high agronomic performance in fodder yield, plant height and height to first pod. The agronomic performance of Vietnam coll. 1 and AGS 327 provides a clear example of the adaptability of tropical soybean germplasm to irrigated environments in Sudan comparing to other temperate germplams. The relative high yield of Vietnam coll. 1 and AGS 327 can be maximized by increasing plant populations/unit area. The unique soybean germplasm from the southern US and South Korea is valuable genetics resource for soybean germplasms at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Sudan to broaden the genetic base of the released soybean varieties through introgression of potentially useful genes for drought-related and nutritional quality traits.

To enhance the physiological activity of the Rhynchosia volubilis (RV), R. volubilis (RVHE-A) and R. volubilis-added herbal powder (RVHE-B) were fermented with a solid state culture of Hericium erinaceum mycelia (HE). The total isoflavone contents of the non-fermented RV-A (489.9 μg/g) and RV-B (571.1 μg/g) were remarkably increased in fermented RVHE-A (1,836.4 μg/g) and RVHE-B (1,276.7 μg/g). In particular, aglycone isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein were significantly higher in the RVHE-A than any other sample. When hot-water (HW) and EtOH extracts (E) were fractionated from the RV and RVHE, both extracts from the RVHE-A were higher than those from the RV-A in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, the RVHE-B-HW showed a lower polyphenol and flavonoid content level than did RV-B-HW. RVHE-A-HW and -E also had more potent ABTS radical scavenging activity than any extract from the non-fermented RV and other ferments (RVHE-B). In the meanwhile, RVHE-A-HW potently stimulated the production of macrophage activation-related cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12 (841.7±71.3 pg/mL, 3.9±0.1 ng/mL, 179.3±30.2 pg/mL) from peritoneal macrophage more than RV-A-HW (92.5±1.5 pg/mL, 0.1±0.0 ng/mL, 37.4±5.4 pg/mL) as well as RVHE-B-HW (557.0±21.3 pg/mL, 1.8±0.0 ng/mL, 90.0±10.0 pg/mL). However, all the EtOH extracts did not show significant activity. In addition, the RVHE-A-HW showed a significantly higher intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch and GM-CSF production than did any other extract from RV and RVHE-B. In conclusion, these results suggest that the fermented R. volubilis with H. erinaceum mycelia possesses a possible use as an industrial application as functional food or material.

본 연구는 UV 조사가 대두 발아 시 이소플라보노이드 함량 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 대두 품종인 ‘풍원콩’을 사용하여 UV-A(315~400nm), UV-B(280~315nm)에 각각 2, 3, 5, 7일동안 광 감응을 하였다. 1일 16시간 광 감응 시켰으며, 증류수를 사용하여 수경재배 하였다. 종자가 발아하여 생육을 하는 동안 자엽, 하배축, 뿌리에서의 물질 변화를 알아보기 위하여 부위별로 나누어 분석하였다. 종자의 발아 후 생장은 암 조건과 UV-A에서 잘 자라며 생육 상태는 UV-A에서 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 폴리 페놀의 경우 자엽, 하배축에서는 UV-A에서 7일차에 함량이 급격히 증가하였으며, 뿌리에서는 UV-B 처리 7일차에 함량이 급격히 증가하였다. 총 플라보노이드 분석은 자엽에서 UV-A와 UV-B를 처리한 생육기간 동안 꾸준한 증가를 보였고 하배축에서는 암 조건과 형광등에서 꾸준히 증가하였다. 뿌리에서는 암 조건 처리구에서 7일차에 급격한 증가를 보였다. 콩의 이소플라보노이드 12종은 부위별로 다른 함량을 나타내었다. 자엽의 경우 7종(Daidzin, Genistin, Malonyl glycitin, Acetyl glycitin, Malonyl genistin, Daidzein, Genistein)의 이소플라보노이드가 함유되어 있었고 하배축과 뿌리에서는 9종(Daidzin, Glycitin, Genistin, Malonyl daidzin, Malonyl glycitin, Malonyl genistin, Glycitein, Acetyl genistin, Genistein)의 이소플라보노이드가 함유 되어 되었다. 자엽에서의 이소플라보노이드 함량은 UV-A를 처리한 곳에서 생육이 진행될 때 감소하는 것이 나타났다. 하배축에서는 이소플라보노이드가 암 상태를 제외한 처리구에서 생육기간동안 감소하다가 다시 증가는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리에서는 이소플라보노이드 함량은 암 조건과 형광등에서는 점차 감소하는 경향을 보이나 UV-A와 UV-B 처리구에서는 감소하다 7일차에 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 전반적으로 콩의 초기 생장 촉진과 높은 이소플라보노이드의 집적은 UV-A 조사에서 가장 효율적 임을 알 수 있었다.

Quality characteristics of commercially available soybean and mung-bean flours in Korea were evaluated relative to product information such as bean content, price, chromaticity, proximate composition, water binding capacity, swelling power and solubility. Origin of raw materials was 23 in domestic products and 19 in imported products. The price of the product was 3.48 times more for raw soybean flour, 3.34 times more for fried soybean flour, and 3.47 times more for mung bean flour compared to imported soybean. In the domestic products, the lightness of raw soybean flour was higher than roasted soybean flour. The redness and yellowness of roasted soybean flour were higher than raw soybean flour. Moisture content of raw soybean flour was higher than roasted soybean flour, and crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrate content were higher in imported soybean flour. Ash and crude protein contents of mung bean were slightly higher than imported products. Water binding capacity of roasted soybean flour in domestic products was higher than raw soy flour, and there was no significant difference in solubility and swelling power. Correlation between quality characteristics of commercially available soybean and mung-bean flours products was found to be highly significant among measured items, except for solubility.

In order to verify the quality characteristics of soybean milk added chickpeas, the following characteristics were investigated: pH, solid contents, color, DPPH radical scavenging, as well as electric nose and sensory evaluation. Physicochemical and the sensory characteristics were analyzed based on the experimental data. The pH value was different in the control and the treatments (p<0.005). As the quantity of chickpea content increased, the solid content was augmented (p<0.0001). The L value was 56.86 in the control, and with the amount of chickpea addition increasing, the L value increased to 57.43 in 100% chickpea soybean milk (p<0.0001). The a value and b value also increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, the DPPH radical scavenging in the control was the lowest but the antioxidant activity of 100% chickpea milk was more than 2.5 higher than that of the control (p<0.0001). In the electric nose experiment, the flavor component of 20%, 30% and 100% chickpea treatment showed a significant difference compared to the control in the flavor components. In the sensory evaluation, for the score of flavor (p<0.001) and taste (p<0.0001), the score was higher in the treatments where 20% and 30% of chickpeas were added. In the sensory test of texture, there was no significant difference in the different experimental conditions except for the 100% chickpea addition treatment. In the overall acceptability test, the scores of 20% and 30% chickpea treatment were the highest results, compared to other treatments (p<0.0001). According to the correlation analysis, both antioxidant activity (0.797) and solid content (0.834) had shown high correlation to pH among the physiochemical characteristics (p<0.01). In the sensory evaluation, color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability had shown a positive correlation to the amount of the soy bean milk added chickpea (p<0.01). In particular, the overall acceptability had shown the highest correlation to the taste (0.803), and it was the texture which resulted in the next highest correlation for overall acceptability (0.666).

We reported a new white soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera sojae in 2016. This species is closely related to H. glycineswhich has the same host plant. Morphological observations of the cyst, female, male and second-stage juveniles indicatedthat this species is differed from those of H. glycines. Cysts of H. sojae appeared more round, shining and darker thanthat of H. glycines. The distribution of this new cyst nematode in soybean field in Korea is unknown yet. In 2016, 270soil samples were collected from soybean fields and examined the existence of H. glycines and H. sojae. Total of 111samples (41.1%) contained cysts. Among them 77% were H. glycines and 23% were H. sojae. Our results suggest thatextensive researches are required for white soybean cyst nematode.