도농복합시는 1995년 지방자치제가 본격 시행되면서 주민 편의를 증진하고, 도시와 농촌 지역의 균형발전을 목적으로 설치되었다. 본 연구는 우리나라 전체 54개 도농복합시를 대상으로 도시 스프롤 측면에서 도시공간구조를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 밀도 기반의 도시 스프롤 측정 지수를 적용하여 2000년, 2010년, 2020년 도농복합시의 도시 스프롤을 인구밀도 및 고용밀도의 측면에서 탐색하였다. 분석 결과, 도농복합시의 인구 스프롤은 전반적으로 증가한 반면, 고용 스프롤은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그리고 도시 규모별 도농복합시의 도시 스프롤은 차별화되어 진행되었음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this thesis is to understand the shape of the Sijeon (Licensed-Markets) established around the Jongno and Namdaemun-ro Avenues in Hanyang during the Joseon Dynasty in the 19th and 20th centuries and then to examine the relationship with the urban structures of Hanyang City. By investigating the excavation results of the Cheongjin and Gongpyeong areas, drawings, photos, and documentary records related to the city, this study classified the building types in the Jonggak area. As a result, since the 19th century, the basic form of Sijeon with 2 Gan(間, bay) in the front facade and 3 Gan(間) on the side, in other words, 5m in the front and 8m in the side was arranged in parallel, and it was a type with a corridor-type courtyard inside. The inner sides of Jongno Avenue had an atypical flat shape that suited the more free lot, and a courtyard-type plan with a single entrance was also confirmed in the one or two Bang(房, district). This study reflected the operation method of the Sijeon buildings b between the one unit and the other units, which affected the internal spatial structures, and it found that the size and style of the Sijeon buildings were closely relevant to the size of the lots near Jongno Avenue.

여름 동중국해 북부해역 (32°N~33°N, 124°E~127° 30ʹE)에서 수괴에 따른 미소플랑크톤에 속하는 식물플랑크톤 군집 및 섬모충류 현존량의 공간분포 및 저차영양단계의 생태구조 특성을 파악하기 위한 현장조사를 2019년 8월 3일부터 8월 6일까지 21개 정점의 표층과 Chl-a 최댓 층 (CML)을 대상으로 채수하였다. 결과 북부해역의 수괴는 크게 중국연안수 (CCW) 및 쓰시마난류 (TWC)로 구분 되었다. CCW는 고온, 저염의 환경특성을, 그리고 TWC는 고온, 고염의 환경특성을 나타내었다. 수괴에 따른 식물플랑크톤 군집특성은 CCW가 중국의 대형하천에서 공급되는 영양염류에 의해 다양한 군집구조를 보인 반면, TWC는 남방의 빈영양 외해역에서 발원하여 북상하고 있어 단조로운 군집특성을 나타내었다. 식물플랑크톤과 섬모충류의 현존량은 CCW에서 매우 높았고, TWC에서 낮은 특성을 보였다. 특히 TWC에서 식물플랑크톤에 비해 높은 섬모충류의 현존량을 보이는 것에서 세균 등을 먹이원으로 하는 미세먹이망에 의한 저차영양단계의 에너지흐름 이 자원생물 생산에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 판단되었다. 즉 여름 동중국해의 생태구조는 수괴에 따라 CCW가 bottom-up system 구조라면, TWC는 top-down system 구조를 갖는 것으로 추정되었다.

In this paper, the displacement response to seismic loads was analyzed after installing TMD in spatial structures and high-rise buildings. In the case of a spatial structures, since it exhibits complex dynamic behavior under the influence of various vibration modes, it is not possible to effectively control the seismic response by installing only one TMD, unlike ordinary structures. Therefore, after installing eight TMDs in the structure, the correlation between displacement response and mass ratio was examined while changing the mass. The TMD must be designed to have the same frequency as the structure frequency so that the maximum response reduction effect can be exhibited. It can be confirmed that the most important variable is to select the optimal TMD mass in order to install the TMD on the structure and secure excellent control performance against the earthquake load. As a result of analyzing the TMD mass ratio, in the case of high-rise buildings, a mass ratio of 0.4% to 0.6% is preferable. In spatial structures, it is desirable to select a mass ratio of 0.1% to 0.2%. Because this study is based on the theoretical study based on numerical analysis, in order to design a TMD for a real structure, it is necessary to select within a range that does not affect the safety of the structure.

In this study, the retractable-roof spatial structure was chosen as the analytical model and a tuned mass damper (TMD) was installed in the analytical model in order to control the seismic response. The analysis model is mainly consisted of runway trusses (RT) and transverse trusses (TT), and the displacement response was analyzed by installing TMD on those trusses. The mass of the single TMD which is installed in the analytical model was set to 1% of the total structure mass and the total TMD mass ratio was set to be 8% or 6%. In addition, the mass of a single TMD was varied depending on the number of installations. As a result of analyzing the optimal number of installations of TMD, the displacement response was reduced in all cases compared to the case without TMD. Above all, the case with 8 TMDs was the most effective in reducing he displacement response. However, in this case, as the load on the upper structure of the retractable-roof spatial structure increases, the total mass ratio of TMD was maintained and the number of TMDs was increased to reduce the mass ratio of one TMD.

In this study, we propose a new scheme of nonlinear analysis for Incheon International Airport Terminal-2 which was opened on January of 2018 for the Olympic Winter Games of PyeongChang in South Korea. The terminal was built by a single layered irregular space frame. It has hard problems for nonlinear analysis geometrically, because of a limitation of personal computer's ability by the number of rigid joints in the roof. Therefore we attempt easier approach to be chosen a center part of the roof instead of the whole structure, and to substitute the other boundary parts as springs. The scheme shows some merits for saving memory and calculation time and so on.

Considering the situation in the early 20th century when the existing urban system centered on urban areas began to change, the biggest factors causing urban structural changes in urban areas are construction of railroad and urban dismantling. The change process of Eupseong, in the microscopic viewpoint, can be understood as a process of change in the course of dismantlement of town's demarcation, improvement of accessibility and urban expansion due to the construction of railroads, process of urban expansion following the crumbling boundaries and structural changes. This study aimed to look at the transformation process of the Eupseong in the early 20th century, focusing on the demolition of the castle and the railway construction from a microscopic point of view of city.

In the precedent study, the retractable-roof spatial structure was selected as the analytical model and a tuned mass damper (TMD) was installed to control the dynamic response for the earthquake loads. Also, it is analyzed that the installation location of TMD in the analytical model and the optimal number of installations. A single TMD mass installed in the analytical model was set up 1% of the mass of the whole structure, and the optimum installation location was derived according to the number of change. As a result, it was verified that most effective to install eight TMDs regardless of opening or closing. Thus, in this study, eight TMDs were installed in the retractable-roof spatial structure and the optimum mass ratio was inquired while reducing a single TMD. In addition, the optimum mass distribution ratio was identified by redistributing the TMD masses differently depending on the installation position, using the mass ratio of vibration control being the most effective for seismic load. From the analysis results, as it is possible to confirm the optimum mass distribution ratio according to the optimum mass ratio and installation location of the TMD in the the retractable-roof spatial structure, it can be used as a reference in the TMD design for large space structure.

In this study, the seismic performance and behavior characteristics of the upper truss structure of the large stadium are analyzed by nonlinear dynamic analysis. In the nonlinear dynamic analysis, the earthquake records were generated by site response analysis to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the relevant soil condition where the structure is located. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed using Perform-3D and the nonlinear properties of the substructure and the superstructure were determined in accordance with KISTEC guideline. According to the analysis results, excessive deformation occurred in the upper truss element, and plastic hinges exceeded the target performance in some members. Buckling-restrained brace is used for seismic retrofit of stadium structures and the analysis results shows the interstory drift satisfies the target performance level with dissipating the seismic energy efficiently.

This study aims to interpret the transformation of location, spatial structure, and landscape characteristics of the political and administrative center in Naju. Based on an analysis of the town plan using old maps, cadastral maps, excavation survey maps, and aerial images, the transformation process of the center is divided into three phases: first, the local structure centered on the Bannam area and Dashidl Bokamri area from the Mahan to Unified Silla period had a landscape characteristic of mixed mountain fortresses and surrounding living and burial areas. Second, the local structure centered on the Naju-wall in the Goryeo Dynasty whose administrative facilities and living spaces were distributed around the plain wall surrounding Kumseong Mountain, Youngsan River, and Naju River. Third, the local structure centered on Naju-eupseong in the Joseon period whose administrative facilities and living spaces were distributed in the wall had structural complexity with acidity and flatness. In particular, Naju-eupseong in the late Joseon period was completed through continuous reconstruction and expansion from the foundation of Naju-wall in the Goryeo Dynasty.

In this study, TMD(Tuned Mass Damper) is installed in a retractable-roof spatial structure in order to investigate dynamic response characteristics according to mass ratio and installed position of TMD on large spatial structures. The example analytical model is generated based on the Singapore sports hub stadium. Twenty eight analytical models are used to investigate optimal installation position of TMD for the example retractable-roof spatial structure using 4 to 16 TMDs. The mass of one TMD is set up 1% of total mass at the example analytical model. Displacement response ratio of model with TMD is compared with that of base model without TMD. It has been found from numerical simulation that it is more effective to install TMD at the edge of the spatial structure rather than to concentrate the TMD at the center of the spatial structure.

Spatial Structure has suffered from a lot of damage due to the use of lightweight roofs. Among them, the damage caused by strong winds was the greatest, and the failure of the calculation of the wind load was the most frequent cause. It provides that wind tunnel test is used to calculate the wind load. However, it is often the case that the wind load is calculated based on the standard of wind load in the development design stage. Therefore based on this, the structure type and structural system and member design are often determined. Spatial structure is usually open at a certain area. The retractable roof structure should be operated with the open roof in some cases, so the wind load for the open shape should be considered, but it is not clear on the basis of the wind load standard. In this paper, the design wind pressure of a closed and retractable roof structure is calculated by KBC2016, AIJ2004, ASCE7-10, EN2005, and the applicability of wind pressure coefficient is compared with wind tunnel test.

In this paper, a structural design method of a smart tuned mass damper (TMD) for a retractable-roof spatial structure under earthquake excitation was proposed. For this purpose, a retractable-roof spatial structure was simplified to a single degree of freedom (SDOF) model. Dynamic characteristics of a retractable-roof spatial structure is changed based on opened or closed roof condition. This condition was considered in the numerical simulation. A magnetorheological (MR) damper was used to compose a smart TMD and a displacement based ground-hook control algorithm was used to control the smart TMD. The control effectiveness of a smart TMD under harmonic and earthquake excitation were evaluated in comparison with a conventional passive TMD. The vibration control robustness of a smart TMD and a passive TMD were compared along with the variation of natural period of a simplified structure. Dynamic responses of a smart TMD and passive TMD under resonant harmonic excitation and earthquake load were compared by varying mass ratio of TMD to total mass of the simplified structure. The design procedure proposed in this study is expected to be used for preliminary design of a smart TMD for a retractable-roof spatial structure.

도시 스프롤 정의를 구성하는 핵심적인 두 가지 요소는 저밀도와 분절화이다. 밀도를 기반으로 스프롤을 측정하는 경우 분절화 정도를 파악할 수 없고, 분절화를 중심으로 스프롤을 측정하는 경우 밀도 변화를 고려하기 어렵다. 본 연구의 목적은 밀도와 분절화 정도를 동시에 고려하는 새로운 스프롤 측정치를 고안하는 것이다. 이를 위해 동일한 측정 범위를 갖는 밀도 기반의 스프롤 지수와 두 개의 공간구조 기반 스프롤 지수인 인접 통계량과 분할 지수를 가중치 기법을 이용하여 결합하였다. 이 새로운 측정치를 밀도-공간구조 기반 스프롤 지수로 명명하였다. 밀도, 인접 정보 및 도시화된 지역의 면적을 이용하여 지수를 손쉽게 계산할 수 있고 결합한 세 지수의 측정 범위와 해석 방향이 동일하기 때문에 개발된 지수의 해석이 직관적이다. 사례분석의 결과는 개발된 지수가 밀도기반 접근과 공간구조 기반 접근의 단점을 보완할 수 있음을 보여준다.

A retractable-roof spatial structure is frequently used for a stadium and sports hall. A retractable-roof spatial structure allows natural lighting, ventilation, optimal conditions for grass growth with opened roof. It can also protects users against various weather conditions and give optimal circumstances for different activities. Dynamic characteristics of a retractable-roof spatial structure is changed based on opened or closed roof condition. A tuned mass damper (TMD) is widely used to reduce seismic responses of a structure. When a TMD is properly tuned, its control performance is excellent. Opened or closed roof condition causes dynamic characteristics variation of a retractable-roof spatial structure resulting in off-tuning. This dynamic characteristics variation was investigated. Control performance of a passive TMD and a smart TMD were evaluated under off-tuning condition.