As the defense core of the Northeast region, the construction of the city defense system of Jilin Garrison city has played an important role in resisting foreign enemies and maintaining local stability. Jilin Garrison city has assumed the important functions of stabilizing the border and defending Shengjing. This also makes it occupy a core position in the defense system of Northeast China in the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the spatial structure and defense system of Jilin garrison city from 1867 to 1907 with the existing relevant data of the Qing Dynasty as the center. Jilin Garrison City was originally established as a military castle with a single function, and a simple and effective defense structure was built with its geographical advantages. The Eight Banners system is the basis of the city's defense system. With different historical periods, the defense facilities have undergone many adjustments and gradually adapted to the military needs of the era of hot weapons. The core defense area in the city is the General's Office, and the military facilities that provide gunpowder and weapons are mainly distributed outside the city. The cooperation inside and outside the city has formed a multi-level, three-dimensional defense network. The garrison cities in the jurisdiction are connected to Jilin Garrison city through post roads, building a linkage defense system with Jilin Garrison city as the command center.
Flagpole supports were stone structures used in temples, symbolizing the temple or hanging a Dang on the Danggan to announce event, and played a crucial role in supporting both the Dang and the Danggan. The flagpole supports are not merely stone structures but hold significance in their relationship with the temple itself. Currently, around 86 of these flagpole supports remain in Korea. Despite a considerable number of flagpole supports still remaining, research papers and materials on the subject have been scarce, except for recent survey reports, precise measurements, and Um Ki-pyo's “A Study on the Dangcan and the Dangcan-Jiju in Korea.” While art historical research is abundant, architectural studies are still needed, and this study aims to fill that gap. First of all, the status of Flagpole Supports was identified based on the field survey, a precision survey report and other data were used, and an analysis study was conducted. This study, therefore, focuses on (1) the current status of the altered flagpole supports, and (2) the classification of the types of jointing, categorizing the methods of flagpole support jointing into five types based on the presence or absence of a base. Therefore, this study aims to identify the current status of flagpole supports and, through analysis, classify the jointing methods to provide foundational data for future research.
Since 2022, the Honam Institute for Korean Studies has conducted a comprehensive survey of Nujeong-gardens in the Honam region with the support of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. This paper examines, among the results, the Nujeong associated with the Gwangsan Kim clan in the Gwangju area, focusing on their distribution and characteristics. A total of seven Nujeong related to the clan have been identified: Buyongjeong, founded by Kim Moon-bal around 1410; Pungyeongjeong, built by Kim Eon-geo around 1540; Hwanbyeokdang, established by Kim Yun-je around 1545; Pungamjeong, constructed by Kim Deok-bo in the early 17th century; Yeonpajeong, founded by Kim Hee-soo during the Japanese colonial period; and Haeunjeong, established by Kim Yong-hak. The concentration of such a large number of Nujeong belonging to a single clan within one region is a highly unusual case. Therefore, this study aims to explore the distinctive characteristics of these Nujeong, focusing on the process of the Gwangsan Kim clan’s settlement in Gwangju, the historical and cultural background of each construction, and the networks of social relations developed through kinship and scholarly exchanges in different periods.
Building on a preliminary study that analyzed the Chunyanggyo site excavation and the principal of jointing systems of the members, this paper develops and specifies a concrete restoration design. The main conclusions are as follows. 1) Core structural concept: Chunyanggyo is interpreted as a flat-deck stone bridge in which guitile shaped stones (귀틀형 석재) installed above and below the sailboat-shaped pier (교돈) interlock with diagonal brace stones (sa-teng-seok), thereby shortening the length of the beams. By tying these guitile shaped stones to those set over the intermediate piers, the span structure is completed. 2) Module and dimensions: Reviewing pier spacing and principal member lengths led to a design module of 290㎜ (so 1尺=290㎜). The bridge length is set to 190尺, and the intervals among the three central supports to 50 尺, thereby regularizing the plan. Each structural member was designed on the basis of standardized modules. 3) Detailed jointing: Installation positions for the guitile shaped stones were determined from the grooves and morphologies of the stones. 1:2 coupling pattern is adopted and treated as one “set”; across the three piers the structural series is arranged 2:1:2 sets. For the sa-teng-seok, the inclination of elements jointed is set to 52°. 4) Superstructure design: Parapet base stones clamp the floor stones together with eaves-profiled members, and the parapet composition is designed with reference to contemporary stone bridges. The deck width is 5.4m. The deck surface consists of four rows of floor stones.
In nineteenth-century Joseon Korea, large-scale panoramic paintings vividly depicting royal palaces newly appeared. Yet, in the absence of surviving records, their precise purpose and function remain uncertain. This study examines the historical process that led to their emergence, situating them within the broader trajectory of Joseon architectural representation. Previous scholarship has treated palace paintings through separate art-historical and architectural approaches. This study instead emphasizes the transformation of practical architectural diagrams, produced since the early Joseon period for functional purposes, and traces their evolution into pictorial and panoramic paintings in the nineteenth century. Originally serving as design plans and simplified records of structures, architectural diagrams in the late Joseon period began to incorporate techniques from cartography and painting. This shift gave rise to forms such as Ganga-do (detailed architectural drawings with extensive information) and perspectival diagrams pursuing realism and spatial depth, which ultimately culminated in panoramic palace views. Palace paintings of late Joseon court were thus hybrid works, neither purely pictorial nor strictly technical. Produced by court painters under royal commission, they embodied both functional and aesthetic purposes, representing a distinctive synthesis of architectural knowledge and visual artistry in late Joseon Korea.