자율주행차량을 상용화하기 위한 노력이 계속되고 있으며, 완전 자율주행 교통 환경이 조성되기 전까지 자율주행차량과 일반 차량 이 혼재된 혼합교통류가 형성될 것이라 예상된다. 이러한 혼합교통류에서 자율주행차량과 일반 차량은 주행 행태가 다르므로 기존에 는 발생하지 않았던 사고 위험상황을 유발할 수 있으며, 따라서 자율주행차량의 도입에 따른 사고 위험상황을 사전에 파악하고 이에 대한 안전관리 전략을 마련할 필요가 있다. 이러한 안전관리 전략 수립의 첫 단계로 자율주행차량 도입 시 자율주행차량이 사고위험 상황에 처할 수 있는 취약 구간과 취약 상황을 정의해야 한다. 기존 연구의 경우 자율주행 취약 구간 및 취약 상황 정의를 위해 전문 가 설문 조사 방법을 사용하였으며, 자율주행차량 데이터 구득에 어려움이 있어 주로 시뮬레이션 분석을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 더 실질적이고 구체적인 자율주행 취약 구간과 취약 상황을 정의하기 위해 두 가지 출처의 데이터를 활용하였으며, 다양한 방법론을 적용하여 과학적이고 다각적인 분석 결과를 도출하였다. 세종시 자율주행 실증구간에서 수집할 수 있는 자율주행차량 주행 궤적 데이 터를 활용해서는 사고위험 판단 안전 지표를 기준으로 사고 취약 구간 및 상황을 정의하였으며, 캘리포니아 DMV 자율주행차량 사고 데이터를 활용해서 연관규칙 기법과 토픽 모델링을 적용해 자율주행 사고에 영향을 미친 주요 요인들과 요인들 간의 연관성을 분석하 였다. 최종적으로는 세종시 자율주행차량 데이터 분석 결과와 캘리포니아 DMV 사고보고서 결과를 종합하여 종합적인 자율주행 취약 구간 및 상황을 정의하였다. 향후 본 연구에서 정의한 자율주행 취약 구간과 취약 상황 및 본 연구의 방법론을 활용하여 미래 교통 시스템의 안전 관리 전략을 마련할 수 있으며, 도로 운영자와 관리자의 의사결정을 도울 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

2020년 이후 코로나-19로 인해 전 세계적으로 다양한 사회･경제적 문제가 발생하였고, 이로 인해 비대면 문화와 소셜 네트워크 서비스(SNS)를 통한 활동이 급격히 늘어났다. SNS 데이터는 저비용으로 많은 양의 데이터를 확보할 수 있으며, 다양한 정보를 포함하고 있어 도시 계획 및 운영에 활용될 수 있다. 이에 따라, 새로운 방법의 적용이 필요해졌고, 최근 발전한 인공지능 기술을 활용하여 공간 유형의 변화를 설명하는 것이 가능해졌다. 이를 위해 머신러닝 군집화 방법을 사용하여 관광지 분포 패턴 및 도시 관심 지역을 추출할 수 있게 되었다. 기존에는 군집화를 위해 K-means, DBSCAN을 활용해 왔으나. HDBSCAN에 대한 국내 연구 활용 사례는 부족한 상황이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 2019년과 2020년의 서울시 플리커 데이터와 HDBSCAN을 활용하여 도시 관심 지역에 대한 공간 유형의 변화를 설명하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 HDBSCAN 방법을 이용하여 플리커 게시물을 군집화하고 도시 관심 지역을 도출하였으며, 실루엣 점수를 통해 각 군집에 대한 군집화 정도를 점수화하였다. 연구 결과, 실제 서울 시내의 도심 및 부도심 등 주요 지점을 따라 군집이 도출되었고, 실루엣 점수를 활용한 평가 결과 군집화 정도가 통계적으로 유의미한 수준으로 계산되었다.

본 연구의 목적은 주거지역 녹지공간의 유형별 식재 특성을 분석해봄으로써, 향후 녹지공간 개선 을 위한 대안을 제시함에 있다. 난창시의 5개 주요 주거지역의 녹지를 공공, 도로 및 주택녹지로 구분하고, 전체 30곳을 대상으로 8개 평가항목(①식재 수종의 다양성, ②관상용 식물의 다양성, ③식물 계절별 다양성, ④수종별 성상 다양성, ⑤녹지와 인공환경과의 조화, ⑥녹지와 생활환경 과의 조화, ⑦녹지와 주거 환경 전반과의 조화, ⑧조경공간의 다양성)에 대한 AHP 분석을 수행하 였다. 결과를 정리해보면, 첫째, 난창시 주거지역 녹지경관의 경우 상대적으로 최근에 조성된 주거지역이 구 주거지역보다 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 공공녹지에 대한 평가 결과 관상용 식물을 포함한 개방, 반개방 및 위요된 공간이 확보된 대상지가 높게 평가되었다. 셋째, 도로녹지 의 경우, 그늘을 줄 수 있는 교목의 식재 및 대교목 및 소교목의 조화를 이루는 층위식재 지역이 상대적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 넷째, 주택녹지는 다양한 수종과 지피식물의 식재 등으로 식물 밀도가 높은 곳의 점수가 높게 나타났다. 향후, 주거지역의 녹지경관 개선을 위해서는 식재 수종 및 성상별 다양성, 층위를 고려한 식재, 그리고 최근 식재 설계의 경향이라 할 수 있는 볏과 및 사초과 식물의 식재와 같은 초본류 식재를 확대하여 상대적으로 오래된 주거지역의 개선에 활용 할 수 있다. 또한 이용자들이 개방감을 느끼고, 충분한 채광이 가능하도록 개방공간의 설계가 필 요하며, 필요에 따라 반개방공간 및 위요된 공간의 적절한 배치가 필요하다.

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of odorous components that have been generated from the downtown sewer system based on twenty-three survey items for complex odor and designated offensive odor. As a result of the research, the contribution rates for the causative materials of the odor indicated 73.5% of hydrogen sulfide, 26.0% of methyl mercaptan, 0.4% of dimethyl sulfide, and 0.1% of dimethyl disulfide. The occurrence for the odorous materials according to sampling site revealed data of which contribution rates showed 56.9% of hydrogen sulfide and 36.8% of methyl mercaptan from the combined sewer system in the business district; whereas the combined sewer system in the residential area showed 16.4% of dimethyl sulfide and 4.3% of dimethyl disulfide. The seasonal occurrence rate of the odor materials was observed higher in summer and lower in winter And, the combined sewer system in the business district recorded the highest concentration of 4.61 ppm of hydrogen sulfide among the sampling site. An hourly occurrence rate for the odor materials consistently showed the greatest increase between 11:00 and 14:00 at each location and showed a decreasing tendency afterward.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this fundamental study is to estimate the concentration of resuspended road dust in urban areas. This involves examining and measuring the factors that affect the dust concentration and measuring these factors and the concentration directly and indirectly by analyzing the factor-effect relationship of the dust in actual operation. METHODS : From the literature review, the factors that influence resuspended road dust, including traffic, environment, and weather data of roads and their relationship analysis were obtained to determine the effects of each element on resuspended road dust. The data characteristics and the quantitative changes in the factors when a high concentration of resuspended road dust is generated are analyzed for each condition. The concentrations of the resuspended dust are presented from the perspective of each factor. RESULTS : When the vehicle speed increased from 60 to 80 km/h, the measured resuspended dust concentration increased by 8㎍/m3 on the average. When the traffic was grouped, the resuspended concentration at 1200-1400 veh/h was 15.84㎍/m3 higher than that of 500-800 veh/h. A high concentration of 60㎍/m3 or more was generated in the SCL high and middle sections, and a high concentration of 10㎍/m3 or more was generated in the SCL low section. Eight cases were observed in the SCL high and middle section at an intense atmospheric wind speed of 3 m/s or more than the SCL level of zero cases. A high concentration of 89.8㎍/m3 resuspended dust was observed after 31 h of rainfall, and the dust concentration gradually decreased by over 50 h. Hence, the passing time after the rainfall, SCL and wind speed, traffic and vehicle speed, and air background (observation) concentration, all have a direct effect on the resuspended dust concentration. Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on atmospheric dust concentration. CONCLUSIONS : The quantitative indicators of the factors using an estimation model of resuspended road dust in urban areas can be obtained if the conditions for high concentrations of resuspended dust are established using the quantitative relationship of the resuspended road dust factors presented in this study.

본 연구는 중국의 28개 도시풍경명승구에서 선정한 200개 디지털 이미지를 대상으로 경관의 매력도에 영향을 미치는 경관요소 및 시각조형요소의 선호도를 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국내 관련 선행연구들을 종합하여 28가지 경관요소 및 7개 경관의 시각조형요소를 선정하였으며, 직관평가법을 이용하여 이들에 대한 선호도를 평가한 결과, 경관요소의 시각적 선호도는 꽃, 잔디, 유희시설 및 정원시설물의 순으로 나타났으며, 시각조형요소는 규모, 색상 및 상대위치의 선호도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 요인분석 결과 28개 경관요소는 8개의 경관요인(관광서비스, 수경시설, 안전·지도시설, 매력물, 식물, 도로·광장, 자연풍경 및 지형요인)으로 설명될 수 있었다. 셋째, 도출된 경관요인 및 시각조형요소를 대상으로 피평가자들의 선호도 성향을 분석(T-검정, 분산분석)하였다. 경관요인의 경우 매력물 및 식물재료에서 성별에 따른 선호도 차이를 보였는데, 정원, 문화유적 등을 포함하는 매력물의 경우 여성이 남성보다 높은 점수를, 식물재료의 경우 남성이 여성보다 높은 점수를 주었다. 연령별로는 도로·광장인자의 경우 40세 이상의 평가자들이 20대 이하의 젊은 층에 비하여 높은 점수를 주었다. 시각조형요소 중 색상요소의 경우 여성이 남성보다 선호도가 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 명승구 계획에 있어 자연경관뿐 아니라 안내판, 안전지도 등의 관광기반시설 설치가 중요한 경관요소임을 알 수 있었으며, 주 이용객의 특성을 반영한 설계가 이루어져야 함을 알 수 있었다.

PURPOSES: We studied the signal operation method with a focus on swift evacuation of people from disaster-affected urban areas. METHODS: We selected Yeouido, which is at a high risk of being affected by natural disasters, as the urban area in our study. The analysis time for the Yeouido network was divided into four stages of six hours each, based on the traffic characteristics. The disaster scenarios were divided into small-scale and large-scale, and the analysis time and the disaster scale were set as the variables. RESULTS: From the analysis, it was found that the evacuation efficiencies were similar in the cases of entry control and increasing the green light duration for the main direction. However, the most effective approach is to apply entry control in case of disasters occurring at dawn and in the evening, with relatively low traffic volume. The most effective method is to increase the green light duration for the main direction of the main line in the time zone. CONCLUSIONS: As the scale of the disaster and the traffic volume increase, there is a limit on the extent to which the evacuation time could be reduced through signal operation. Therefore, signal control is most effective when the traffic volume is low and the disaster scale is small.

본 연구의 목적은 한국 중부지방 도시와 산림에 서식하는 매미종을 대상으로 번식울음 패턴과 번식울음에 영향을 미치는 종간영향 및 기상요인을 규명하여 번식울음 특성 차이를 밝히는데 있다. 연구대상지는 도시는 서울시 방배동 경남아파트로 산림은 원주시 치악산국립공원으로 선정하였다. 연구방법은 현장에 녹음기를 설치하여 24시간 녹음하고 그 결과를 분석하였다. 기상요인은 기상청 자료를 이용하였다. 연구기간은 2017년 6월 19일부터 9월 30일이었다. 연구 결과 두 대상지는 출현종에 차이를 보였다. 공통적으로 털매미(Platypleura kaempferi)와 참매미(Hyalessa fuscata), 애매미(Meimuna opalifera), 유지매미(Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata), 늦털매미(Suisha coreana)가 관찰되었 으며, 도시에서는 말매미(Cryptotympana atrata)가 출현하였고 산림에서는 소요산매미(Leptosemia takanonis)가 출현 하였다. 두 대상지는 매미 출현 시기에서도 차이를 보였다. 산림에서는 털매미와 소요산매미의 활동이 두드러지게 나타났으나 도시에서는 소요산매미가 관측되지 않고 털매미의 활동이 짧았다. 도시에서는 말매미가 출현하여 매우 오랜 기간을 울었으며 참매미, 애매미, 유지매미가 산림에 비해 빨리 나타났다. 늦털매미는 도시보다 산림에서 더 빠르게 출현하였다. 일주기 분석 결과 같은 매미종이라도 지역에 따라 일주기에 큰 차이를 보였으며 서로 다른 매미 간의 종간영향과 도시와 산림의 환경적 차이가 매미의 울음에 영향을 주고 있었다. 각 매미 번식울음 여부와 각 대상지 별 기상요인 간 상관분석 결과는 털매미와 늦털매미를 제외한 대부분의 매미가 온도에 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 동일 출현종은 산림 서식 매미가 일사량 등 더 다양한 기상요인에 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 울음시기가 겹치는 매미들은 종간 번식울음에 유의미한 양의 영향을 미치고 있었다. 도시에만 출현한 말매미는 같은 시기에 우는 참매미, 애매미, 유지매미의 울음빈도에 양의 영향을 미쳤다. 산림에만 출현한 소요산매미는 같은 시기에 우는 털매미와 서로 양의 영향을 미쳤고 산림에서는 애매미가 참매미와 유지매미의 울음빈도에 양의 영향을 미치고 있었다. 기상요인의 경우 매미 울음빈도는 도시와 산림의 평균기온에 양의 영향을 받고 있었으며 산림에서 출현한 매미는 일사량에도 양의 영향을 받고 있었다. 통계분석 결과를 종합하면 활동 시기가 비슷한 도시 매미들은 도시 우점종 말매미를 중심으로 종간영향을 주고 받으며, 산림 매미들은 산림 우점종 애매미를 중심으로 종간영향을 주고 받고 있었다. 기상영향 분석결과는 상관분석 결과와 유사하게 기온에 주로 영향을 받았고, 산림에서 일사량의 영향력이 더 늘어나는 것을 확인하였다.

본 조사는 도심 중앙부와 외곽지역에 서식하는 곤충의 종류에는 어떤 차이점이 있는지를 알아 보고자 하였다. 대전시에서 중앙부는 대전천 한남대교, 외곽지역은 갑천 원천교에서 50m 구간을 포충망을 이용하여 쓸어잡기로 3회 조사하였다. 그 결과 한남대교 지역은 3목 13과 27종이, 원천교는 4목 20과 39종이 조사되었다. 도심 중앙부는 하상도로와 자전거도로가 개설되어 있고 외곽지역은 자전거도로만 있어 상대적으로 환경의 교란상태가 적은 외곽에서 많은 곤충이 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 중앙부에서 우점종은 시골가시허리노린재와 더듬이긴노린재, 외곽지역은 운계방패멸구와 꽃매미로 나타나 두 지역의 우점종 모두는 환경이 교란된 지역에 서식하는 종들이다. 도심 중앙부에 많은 인공시설들은 곤충이 서식하기에는 부적합한 것으로 나타났다.

The South Korean Ministry of the Environment has revised the laws relating to the management of interior air quality for multiple use facilities, and recommends maintaining carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in passenger vehicles below 1000 ppm during operation in urban areas of large cities. However, the interior CO2 concentration of passenger vehicles can rapidly increase and exceed 5000 ppm within 30 min, as observed when two passengers are traveling in urban areas of the South Korean city of Jeonju with the air conditioner blower turned off and the actuator mode set to internal circulation mode. With four passengers, CO2 concentration can reach up to 6000 ppm within 10 min. To counter this, when the actuator is set to external mode, CO2 concentration can be maintained below 1000 ppm, even after a long period of running time. As part of the air conditioning system, alkali-treated activated carbon fiber filters are considered to be far superior to the commercial non-woven filters or combination filters currently commonly in use.

Background: South Korea is one of fastest aging countries in the world. Poor balance and falls of the elderly are main health issues. Objects: The goal of this study was to understand the association between the socioeconomical factors and the standing balance of elderly living in the rural and urban area. Methods: One hundred sixty-six elderly participants who were older than 65 and were able to walk without an assistive device were recruited in the city of Gwangju and in the rural area of Jeonnam, South Korea. All participants performed the static and dynamic standing balance tests. Static standing balance was measured with chronometer in seconds while standing on one leg. Dynamic balance was tested with the timed up and go test (TUG), measured in seconds while getting up from a chair and walking 3 meters and back to sit. The static and dynamic standing balance was analyzed using analysis of variance and the Fisher’s Least Significant Difference post hoc test. Results: Male participants from both areas had no difference in one leg standing and TUG. The female elderly living in rural area took shorter in TUG than females living in urban area. Age decreased the one leg standing time in both areas while did not affect the TUG significantly. As the monthly income increased, both of one leg standing and TUG increased in urban area, while the medium monthly income showed best performance (it was not statistically significant) in both of one leg standing and TUG in rural area. Conclusion: Socioeconomical factors affects differently the standing balance of the elderly living in rural and urban South Korea. Female living alone in urban area with low monthly income demonstrated worst standing balance in this study.

In recent years, urban areas occurred several times a sinkhole. In Korea, this limestone area where the sink hole sink holes occur based on not much was seen as a very rare phenomenon. However, the occurrence of accidents in recent Subsidence and urban areas is occurring in the limestone sinkhole may yet see another one called artificial Subsidence phenomenon. Subsidence in urban areas can have various causes, such as depression groundwater level changes due to the influence of soil, underground, etc. underground utilities by anthropogenic actions. But a lot of research on natural sinkhole by geological experts continued steadily since the past Subsidence that occurred in recent years the city has become an urgent problem to formulate a countermeasure to be very concerned about the human and material damage. In this study, the city by analyzing existing research on the causes and countermeasures of Subsidence recently released look at the announced sinkhole, published statistics and cases of Subsidence data, and overseas corresponding practices in each relevant agencies and to suggest measures for local Subsidence.

지금까지 매미 울음에 영향을 미치는 환경요인에 관한 연구는 많지 않으며 특히 야간에 우는 매미에 대한 이해는 매우 부족한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구는 도심지 열대야 및 빛 공해가 매미 울음에 영향을 미치는지 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상지는 서울시 서초구 아파트단지와 원주시 치악산국립공원이었다. 연구 대상종은 여름철 우점종 인 참매미와 말매미를 선정하였다. 매미 울음은 7~8월 사이에 아파트단지는 25일간, 치악산은 14일간, 매일 24시간 녹음하였다. 매미 울음에 영향을 미치는 환경요인은 기온, 강수량, 습도, 일조량을 선정하였다. 통계분석은 시간당 울음, 24시간 울음, 야간 울음(21:00~04:00)의 세 가지 항목과 기상요인과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 첫 번째, 참매미는 아침 여명기에 울음을 시작하고 이른 아침에 울음의 피크를 이루며, 말매미는 오전과 오후에 울음의 피크를 형성하고 저녁 여명기에 울음을 멈추어 두 종간 울음 패턴의 차이가 있었다. 두 번째, 참매미는 말매미가 본격적으로 울기 시작하면 울음 빈도가 낮아져 종간 영향을 미칠 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 세 번째, 참매미와 말매미 울음과 기상요인과의 상관관계 분석결과, 두 종 모두 기온이 높을수록 많이 울고 비가 오는 날은 적게 우는 경향을 나타내었다. 네 번째, 야간으로 한정해 보았을 때, 말매미는 야간의 온도가 높을 때(24℃~30℃, 평균 27℃) 우는 데 반해, 참매미는 기상요인과는 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 그러나 참매미는 조명이 있는 지역에서만 야간에 울고 있어 빛공해가 원인으로 추정되었다.

Level of urbanization in China has reached 53.73% in 2013, indicating a tremendous progress on the urbanization of China. On the other hand, the number of villages in China reduces by around one million from 3.6 million in 2000 to 2.7 million in 2010 (Zhang, 2014). Issues in both urban and rural areas of China appear, including the imbalance between increased population and limited resources in urban region, and more significantly, the increasing disparity between rural and urban areas. Chinese researchers interpret and analyse these matters from different perspectives. For instance, Zheng (2006) and Ma (2006) suggest the importance of the infrastructure construction and public service. Wu (2006) advises that the government should pay attention to the development of the secondary and tertiary industry. Wen (2005) proposes that the improvement of social institution and the recovery of social cultural environment are required to achieve sustainability in the urbanization process in China. Previous studies in environmental psychology put quality of life, attachment to place, and residence satisfaction at the center to understand the relationship between inhabitants and their neighborhood of residence. However, there are gaps in this research realm in both practice and theories. Firstly, very limited research studies this environmental psychology issue in China (e.g. Mao, Fornara, Manca, Bonnes, & Bonaiuto, 2015). Secondly, there are different opinions on the causal order between quality, attachment, and satisfaction. Research on the relationship between perceived residential environment quality (PREQ), place attachment, and environmental satisfaction has not reached a consensus. The debate on the direction of the causal relationship between perceived quality and satisfaction has been summarized by Bradya and Robertson (2001). They conclude that the quality to satisfaction causal order holds up well across diverse cultures. However, relevant debate is still ongoing. A number of research articles place satisfaction as an antecedent to attachment, e.g. Chen, Dwyer, and Firth (2014); Lee, Kyle, and Scott (2012); Ramkissoon and Mavondo (2015); etc. Some argue that place attachment is an indicator of satisfaction. Kyle et al. (2004) investigate the effect of place attachment on the perceived values of tourists and find that place attachment is an important factor explaining the variance of perceived values. This is supported by research e.g. Hwang, Lee, and Chen (2005); Prayag and Ryan (2012); Yuksel, Yuksel, Biljm (2010); etc. As to the relationship between perceived quality and attachment, the debate has not stopped. Through comparisons, Mesch and Manor (1996) conclude that the residents who give a higher evaluation of the social and natural environment may have greater place attachment. Brown, Perkins, and Brown (2003) also suggest that the residents who agree that the street environment is better would attach to this place. Sam, Bayram, and Bilgel (2012) have certified the relationship between residential environment quality and place attachment. Furthermore, Borrie and Roggenbuck (2001) and Walker and Ryan (2008) find that the connection between human beings and the nature environment would affect their affection toward the environment. It means that the closer the relationship with the nature environment is, the stronger the attachment would be, which in turn, enhances the intentions to protect the environment. This quality to satisfaction relationship is supported by other research such as Bonaiuto, Aiello, Perugini, Bonnes, and Ercolani (1999); Grisaffe and Nguyen (2011); Yu, Chen, and Chen (2015); etc. Nevertheless, a different opinion arguing that attachment to a place may affect one’s perception on the quality related to a place is emerging in tourism research (e.g. Neuvonen, Pouta, & Sievänen, 2010). This paper takes the credit of quality → attachment → satisfaction causal order as the initial model and proposes three hypotheses as follows. H1a: One’s PREQ has a positive impact on his/her attachment to this place; H2a: One’s attachment to a place has a positive impact on his/her satisfaction to the environmental settings in this place; H3a: Place attachment in addition performs as a mediating role between PREQ and environment satisfaction.To be noted, the initial model has its theoretical basis as discussed above but is not necessarily the absolute optimal model. Relatively, this model provides more theoretical interpretation and practical implications in the specific research context: residential psychology in urban and rural areas of China. On this basis, this article further examines a competing model illustrating an alternative theoretical framework on the relationships between these three constructs (satisfaction → attachment → quality). Relatively, another group of hypotheses in this competing model is listed as follows. H1b: One’s attachment to a place has a positive impact on his/her PREQ; H2b: One’s satisfaction to the environmental settings in this place has a positive impact on his/her attachment to this place; H3b: Place attachment in addition performs as a mediating role between environment satisfaction and PREQ. A survey approach is employed and data are collected from several backgrounds. Dataset A (rural) is collected from three villages from Heilongjiang Province and two villages from Shandong Province in China from July to August 2014. The choices of the provinces, rural areas, and the sampling process are random. 490 valid questionnaires are included in the data analysis. Dataset B (urban) is collected via an online survey portal, which allows a nationwide sampling reach. In total 1368 online survey entries are recorded and 420 valid questionnaires are included, resulting in a valid rate of 30.7%. The measures for each construct are based on an extensive literature review. The measurement of perceived residential environment quality is from Sam, Bayram, & Bilgel’s (2012) development on the perception of residential environment. The measurement of place attachment in this study is adopted from Kyle, Graefe, and Manning’s (2005) and Chen, Dwyer, and Firth’s (2014) evaluation based place attachment dimensionality and scales. As for the scale of environmental satisfaction, Pelletier, Legault, and Tuson’s (1996) measure was applied. All the entire variables adopted multiple-item, 5-point Likert scales were adopted, where “1” indicated “strongly disagree” and “5” indicated “strongly agree”. After pre-testing the preliminary version of the survey instrument, a revised version was developed. This study adopts structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) modeling given the small sample size and the explorative purpose of this study (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015a). The software used was Smart PLS 3.0. The reliability and validity of the constructs were assessed. Cronbach’s alpha and the value of CR of each construct were found to exceed the cut-off value of 0.70 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), except for adequacy of education which is close to 0.70 (only for Cronbach’s alpha but not for CR). Furthermore, the AVE of each construct exceeded the variance attributable to its measurement error cut-off value of 0.50 (Chin, 1998; Fornell & Larcker, 1981). In addition, heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT) is recommended as a better method to test discriminant validity (Henseler, Dijkstra, Sarstedt, Ringle, Diamantopoulos, Straub, Ketchen, Hair, Hult, & Calantone, 2014). The result shows that there is neither value of the HTMT higher than the threshold of 0.85 nor confidence interval containing the value one, indicating that all the constructs exhibit satisfactory discriminant validity. The hypothesized effects in the theoretical model were tested by structural equation modeling (SEM). The first group of models tested the effect of perceived environmental quality on environmental satisfaction through place attachment i.e. initial model (Model A, Model B, Model C), while the second group of models tested the reverse effect of environmental satisfaction on perceived environmental quality through place attachment (Model D, Model E, Model F). Both the full model and the multi-group model were tested. The value of SRMR of the full model that tests either the effect of perceived environmental quality on environmental satisfaction (SRMR = 0.104, t = 41.826, p < 0.001) or the reversed effect (SRMR = 0.106, t = 37.736, p < 0.001) shows that the models fit the data quite well (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015b). However, the former is little bit more significant. In this study, PREQI is found different impacts on place attachment and environmental satisfaction. This provides evidence to support a similar mechanism of studying residents’ psychology with SERVEQUAL model. However, the model testing is found significantly different between rural and urban samples, indicating a systematic difference in the psychology of rural and urban populations. Quality  attachment  satisfaction causal order is found significant and supported by both samples in this study. However, a reversed causal order model (satisfaction  attachment  quality) is also supported by the samples. Although the results may not be able to end the debate on alternative models between PREQ, place attachment, and environmental satisfaction, this paper provides empirical evidence from a specific context (urban and rural China) for further research. Specifically, PREQ has a significant impact on place attachment in both urban and rural areas in China. As for the impact of place attachment on environmental satisfaction as well as the indirect impact of PREQ on environmental satisfaction, the influence is more significant in cities of China compared to rural areas. This suggests in the urban areas in China, affective and emotional responses to their lives play an important role to residents. Local government in cities should balance between improving and maintaining quality of the environment and strengthening local residents’ psychological attachment to the place. Governments in rural areas, on the other hand, should lay great focus on the physical aspects of the environment including nature, health, education, commerce, and venture of the rural areas, to enhance residents’ living experience and satisfaction. Further, there are some limitations. Although this study attempts to clarify the framework of “perception-affection-attitude” in the field of environment management, considering the practical implications, the future study could bring the individuals’ behaviors or intentions into this model such as willingness-to-pay for environment-friendly products. It will also benefit from reviewing more literature on community-based social marketing.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly and to identify their affecting factors.Methods : Data were collected from 77 rural and urban elderly. The instruments used in this study were Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Log (OPTIMAL), Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-Participation). Data were analyzed using a chi-Square test, t-test, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression.Results : All four functions had a statistically significant correlation with their participation. There were significant differences in factors relating to participation between the rural and urban elderly. A high level of negative correlation was found between participation and depression in rural elderly (r=-.486, p<.01), and a high level of positive correlation was found between participation and self-esteem in urban elderly (r=.598, p<.05). The main affecting factor was self-esteem in the urban elderly (p<.01).Conclusion : There were differences in the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly, and the rural elderly were found to have more weaknesses than those from an urban area. An intervention program for participation should be designed differently between those from rural and urban areas.