In this study, the quality characteristics of kimchi, such as its salinity, pH, and acidity, were measured and compared, and the HT-29 human colon cancer cells were used to show the anticancer effects of kimchi. The kimchi samples used herein included standard kimchi (SK), turnip kimchi (TK), and turnip-powder-added kimchi (TPK). The measured pH and acidity of TK and TPK showed no significant differences with those of SK. Compared to SK and TK, TPK had higher DPPH scavenging activity and higher total flavonoid content, confirming its antioxidant activity. The cancer cell growth inhibition rates of TK and TPK were significantly higher than that of SK. In HT-29 cells treated with TPK, the mRNA expression of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptosis-related gene, was lower, and the mRNA expressions of the apoptosis-related genes Bax, Bad, and caspase-9 were higher. TPK showed significantly higher levels of mRNA expressions for the cell-cycle-related genes p53 and p21 than the other samples, in addition to suppression effects on cancer cell proliferation. Compared to SK, TK and TPK suppressed the growth of colon cancer cells and showed higher anticancer effects. Therefore, it is shown that kimchi with added turnip powder had high anticancer effects.

Ulva compressa Linnaeus (UCL) is a green algae seaweed that performs photosynthesis and is used as a food material in some Asian regions including Korea. It is known to be the dominant species in copper ion-contaminated seas, and many studies on copper ion resistant mechanisms have been reported. UCL is known to have an excellent antioxidant effect, but limited information is available regarding its other physiological activities. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of 30% prethanol extracts of Ulva compressa Linnaeus (30% PeUCL) and the underlying mechanisms of its activity on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. The 30% PeUCL extracts suppressed FaDu cell viability without affecting normal cells (L929), as determined by MTT and viability assays. Furthermore, the 30% PeUCL extracts induced apoptosis, as determined by DAPI staining. The 30% PeUCL extracts inhibited colony formation effectively as well as wound-healing of FaDu cells, even at noncytotoxic concentrations. In addition, 30% PeUCL extracts induced apoptosis significantly through proteolytic cleavage of caspase-3, -7, and -9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and by downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax in FaDu cells, as determined by Western blot analysis. Collectively, these results suggest that the inhibitory effect of 30% PeUCL extracts on the growth of oral cancer cells, colony formation and wound-healing may be mediated by caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways in human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, 30% PeUCL extracts can be administered as a natural chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of human oral cancers.

D-pinitol is an analog of 3-methoxy-D-chiro-inositol found in beans and plants. D-pinitol has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Additionally, D-pinitol induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in breast and prostate cancers. However, to date, no study has investigated the anticancer effects of D-pinitol in oral cancer. Therefore, in this study, whether the anticancer effects of D-pinitol induce apoptosis, inhibit the epithelialto- mesenchymal transition (EMT), and arrest cell cycle was investigated in squamous epithelial cells. D-pinitol decreased the survival and cell proliferation rates of CAL-27 and Ca9-22 oral squamous carcinoma cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Evidence of apoptosis, including nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and caspase-3 fragmentation, was also observed. D-pinitol inhibited the migration and invasion of both cell lines. In terms of EMT-related proteins, E-cadherin was increased, whereas N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug were decreased. D-pinitol also decreased the expression of cyclin D1, a protein involved in the cell cycle, but increased the expression of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Hence, D-pinitol induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CAL-27 and Ca9-22 cells, demonstrating an anticancer effect by decreasing the EMT.

Ganjang and doenjang are known as major fermented soy-based foods in Koreans. Current investigations have proved that fermented soybean foods impart anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer activities of commercialized soy food, Ganjang, as a function of aging period. The test groups were classified into four time periods-short (under 5 years, S group), mid (under 10 years, M group), long (under 15 years, L group), and eternal (over 15 years, E group). The anti-cancer effects of Ganjang were determined by cell cytotoxicity assay of three types of cancer cell lines and splenocyte proliferation assay. Besides these assays, we also analyzed NK cell activity for cancer immunotherapy. The results show that the anti-cancer effect increased in the S and M period aging groups for all three cancer cell lines. Interestingly, similar to the anti-cancer result, splenocyte proliferation and NK activity showed the highest effect in the S and M groups. In contrast, Japanese ganjang-treated (JG1, JG2) groups and E group showed significantly reduced splenocyte proliferation. Collectively, these results suggest that the short and middle periods of traditional fermented Ganjang might have potential anti-cancer activities.

버섯은 우리나라를 비롯한 전 세계적으로 널리 이용되고 있는 식품 중의 하나로 최근 다양한 생리 활성 효과 등 다양한 분야에서 활발하게 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 여러 다양한 버섯 중에서 우리나라에서 식용으로 널리 이용되고 있는 새송이 버섯과 팽이버섯 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 세포독성 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 실험결과, 새송이버섯과 팽이버섯추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 각각 19.60±0.10 mg/g 과 22.28±1.10 mg/g으로 나타났으며, 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 15.21±1.31, 20.51±4.52였다. 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mg/mL 농도에서의 DPPH radical 소거능은 새송이버섯과 팽이버섯 각각 2.5 mg/mL의 농도에서 7.98±0.58, 8.71±0.45였고, 10 mg/mL 농도에서 각각 35.35±0.52, 39.39±0.26으로 고농도에서 높은 DPPH 라디컬 소거능을 보여주었다. 환원력은 10 mg/mL의 농도에서 각각 1.417±0.011, 1.171±0.006으로 시료의 농도가 증가할수록 흡광도 값도 증가하여, 높은 환원력을 보여주었다. 새송이버섯 추출물과 팽이버섯 추출물의 인간 정상 신장세포 HEK293으로 본 정상세포에 대한 세포독성을 측정한 결과에서는 새송이버섯, 팽이버섯 추출물 모두 80%의 생존력을 나타내어 독성이 없는 것으로 보여진다. 한편, 위암세포, 유방암세포 및 간암세포에서 암세포 성장억제율이 높게 나타나 항암 효과의 가능성을 보여주었다.

An oxidative fumigant is potent to kill insect pests infesting stored grains. Its oxidative activity generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been considered to be a main insecticidal factor. Furthermore, the oxidative fumigant has cytotoxic effect to insect cell lines, but the cytotoxicity is abrogated by antioxidant treatment. This study aimed to extend the usefulness of the oxidative fumigant in terms of medical purpose against cancer cells. Five cancer cell lines HCT 116 (human colorectal), Lovo (human colorectal), SW480 (human colorectal), MDA-MB-231 (human breast), and MCF-7 (human breast) were tested to determine their susceptibility to the oxidative fumigant with reference to two insect cell lines (Sf9 and Hi-Five). All cancer cell lines were highly susceptible to the oxidative fumigant, compared to the insect cell lines. Interestingly, basal ROS levels of the cancer cell lines were much higher than the insect cell lines. Furthermore, the oxidative fumigant significantly increased the ROS levels in the cancer cells. Treatment of vitamin E as an antioxidant mitigated the cytotoxicity of the oxidative fumigant. Thus, the high susceptibility of cancer cells to the oxidative fumigant may be induced by their high inducible ROS production. This study also investigated the antiviral activity of the oxidative fumigant against insect and plant viruses. The oxidative fumigant significantly inactivated a baculovirus (dsDNA virus) by inhibiting polyhedral production in Sf9 cells. It also inactivated tobacco mosaic virus (ssRNA virus) by suppressing phytopathogenicity. These results support a broad effect of the oxidative fumigant, which can be applied to agricultural and medical purposes.

버섯은 우리나라에서 식용으로 널리 이용되고 있는 식품으로 많은 연구들에서 다양한 생리활성 효과에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 버섯 중에서 최근 많이 이용되고 있는 느타리버섯 추출물을 이용하여 항산화 활성 및 세포 독성 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구결과, 느타리버섯의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 30.2±0.7 mg%와 20.4±0.6 mg%로 나타났다. 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/mL 농도에서의 DPPH radical 소거능은 0.625의 농도에서 4.5±0.1%, 1.25의 농도에서 11.0±0.4%, 2.5 mg/mL 농도에서 23.2±0.1%, 5.0 mg/mL 농도에서 44.1±0.6%의 결과를 보였다. 환원력은 5 mg/mL의 농도에서 1.648±0.047로 가장 높은 환원력을 보여주어 시료의 농도가 증가할수록 흡광도 값도 증가하여 높은 환원력을 나타내었다. 느타리버섯 물 추출물의 인간 정상 신장세포 HEK293을 이용한 정상세포에 대한 세포 독성을 측정한 결과에서는 느타리버섯 물 추출물 80.5%의 생존력을 나타내어 독성이 없는 것으로 보였다. 한편, 이들 버섯 추출물의 암세포 성장 억제에 미치는 영향을 검색한 간암세포 생육 저해능의 결과는 최고 5 mg/mL의 농도에서 70.0± 5.3%의 세포 생존력을 나타내어, 암세포 성장에는 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 사료된다.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of fucoidan on the activation of macrophage and on induction of apoptosis in AGS cell. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-α assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cell. Treatment with fucoidan significantly increased production of NO and TNF-α, indicating activation of macrophages. The result of MTT assay shows that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. Fucoidan increased to enhance mitochondrial membrane permeability, as well as the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Fucoidan decreased Bcl-2 and XIAP expression, whereas the expression of Bax was increased in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. In addition, the active forms of caspase-9 were increased, and the inactivation of Akt was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitor, z-VADFMK, canceled the apoptosis of fucoidan, expression of Bax and caspase-9 were decrease. These results indicate that fucoidan induces activation of macrophage and apoptosis through activation of caspase on AGS cell.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities and anticancer effect in 80% ethanol extract from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Methods and Results : These extracts were evaluated for contents of total polyphenol and antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In concentration of 1000 ㎍/㎖, total polyphenol contents of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum were 7.68 - 12.74 ㎍․GAE/㎖, 13.01 - 14.79 ㎍․GAE/㎖ and 48.24 - 62.33 ㎍․GAE/㎖, respectively. Sorghum extracts showed strong radical scavenging activity comparable to well-known antioxidant, trolox. Anticancer effect was evaluated for MTT assay using AGS human gastric cancer cells. All extracts decreased growth of AGS cancer cells. Foxtail millet extracts were decreased about 40% of cell viability in all concentrations. Sorghum extracts were decreased cell viability, concentration dependent manner. Especially, Donganme extract (one of the sorghum variety) was the highest anti cancer effect under AGS cancer cells. Conclusion : Based on these results, millet and sorghum has potential health promoting bioactive compounds as functional food.

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phenolics and various anthocyanin compounds, and antioxidant and anticancer activities of the extracts from pomergranates, which were produced in two different regions including Goheung, Korea and California, USA. These pomergrantes were divided into juice, pericarp, and seed parts and each part was extracted with 95% methanol. Content of total phenolics [mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/kg DW] was highest in pericarp, followed by juice and seeds from pomergrantes in both regions. The anthocyanins identified in pomegranate fruit were cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride (Cy3,5G), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Cy3G), delphini din-3,5-di-O-glucoside chloride (Dp3,5G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Dp3G), pelargonidin- 3,5-di-glucoside chloride (Pg3,5G), and pelargonidin-3-glucoside chloride (Pg3G). Among these, cyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside chloride (Cy3,5G) was the major anthocyanin in California pomegranate fruit juice and Goheung pomegranate fruit pericarp. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was dose-dependently increased, and was higher in pericarp part than juice or seed parts from pomergrantes in both regions. By MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, pericarp extracts from pomergrantes in both regions showed the highest anticancer activity, which was higher on Calu-6 for human pulmonary carcinoma than SNU-601 for human gastric carcinoma. Correlation between polyphenols and anticancer activity on Calu-6 was determined to be in the range of r2=0.8904 to 0.9706.

This study aims to evaluate the antitumor effect of Adonis multiflora, one of the plants in the Ranunculaceae, on mice to which hepatoma cells were transplanted and to suggest its possibility as a candidate natural substance to replace antitumor drugs. We performed the MTT assay to assess the extract had a decrease in the growth rate of hepatoma cells depending on concentration. In particular, 100 ㎍/㎖ of the extract showed 40% of growth retardation rate. We assessed the autophagy activity to identify the inhibitory autophagy mechanism of tumor cells in the extract. This proved that the activity increases more as the concentration of the extract is higher. We conducted the Western blot test to confirmed the expression of two proteins LC3 and p62. The expression of p62 was in inverse proportion to the concentration of the extract whereas LC3-Ⅱ increased more as the concentration of the extract was higher. This showed that an increase in the autophagy relies on the conentration of the extract. We performed a test to discover the influence of the extracts on hepatoma cells transplanted to mice. The test proved that the extract triggers a significant decrease in the growth rate of tumor cells. Compared to the start of the test, the size of tumor cells with 50, 100 and 200 ㎎/㎏ of the extract respectively increased by 4, 3.7 and 3.5 times whereas in the controlling group by 6.3 times. The size of tumor cells in benign tumor controlling group increased by 3.1 times. This showed a significant decrease in the growth rate of tumor cells compared to the controlling group. We carried out the experiment of influence of the extract on the expression of two proteins LC3 and p62 in the tumor tissue transplanted into mice. The experiment showed that LC3-II increases more as the concentration of the extract is higher. However, there was a rapid decrease in p62 with 200 ㎎/㎏ of the extract compared to the controlling group. In this study, we proved that the autophagy activity of Adonis multiflora extract inhibits the growth of hepatoma cells by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In conclusion, the inhibitory autophagy mechanism of tumor cells in the extract can be used as a new treatment of antitumor.

본 연구에서 고추장 제조시 발효가 항돌연변이 효과와 in vitro 항암효과에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 고추장 제조 재료인 원료 밀, 1차발효밀, 2차발효밀, 최종발효밀, 고춧가루와 최종발효밀로 제조된 고추장의 Sal. Typhimurium TA100을 이용한 Ames test를 실시하여 MNNG에 대한 항돌연변이 효과를 살펴보았으며, HT-29 인체 대장암세포와 AGS 인체 위암세포의 성장 억제효과를 살펴보았다. 실험한 결과 원료 밀보다 1차발효밀, 2차발효밀보다 최종발효밀이 발효진행에 따라 점차 증진된 항돌연변이 효과와 in vitro 항암효과가 나타났으며 최종발효밀과 고춧가루로 제조된 고추장이 가장 높았다. 15, 30일 발효시킨 고추장이 발효되지 않은 고추장보다 더 높은 항암효과가 나타났다. 따라서 발효과정(기간)이 고추장의 항돌연변이 효과와 항암효과에 중요하게 관련되어 있다고 할 수 있으며 고추장의 주재료인 고춧가루의 capsaicin, 비타민C와 β-carotene 등의 작용만이 아닌 밀에서 온 발효 숙성 중에 많이 증식된 미생물 그리고 발효에 의한 생성된 다른 활성물질이 항돌연변이와 항암 효과에 관련되어 있다고 하겠다.

참외 종자의 기능성을 규명하는 연구의 일환으로 항암활성을 조사하고자 하였다. 추출용매에 따른 항암활성을 조사하고자 헥산, 에탄올, 물 등 다양한 추출용매를 사용하여 참외 종자 추출물을 제조하였고, 가공에 따른 활성 증진효과를 알아보기 위해 볶음 처리하였다. 볶음 처리한 참외 종자는 볶음 처리하지 않은 종자보다 활성이 2~4배까지 증가하는 경향을 보여주었다. 추출용매에 따른 활성은 에탄올 추출물, 헥산 추출물, 물 추출물 순으로 항암활성이 나타났다. 인체 유래 5종(MCF-7, A549, AGS, HT-29, HepG2) 암 세포주를 이용하여 항암 활성의 조직 특이성을 알아보고자 하였다. 참외 볶음 종자 에탄올 추출물이 간암 세포주인 HepG2세포와 유방암 세포주인 MCF-7 세포에서 우수한 항암활성을 보여주었다. 용매분획법을 실시하여 제조한 분획물의 경우 에탄올 추출물보다 활성이 증가하였고, 비극성 분획물인 에칠아세테이트층이 극성 분획물인 부탄올층 보다 강한 항암활성을 보여주었다. 이상의 연구결과, 참외 볶음종자가 간암과 유방암 예방 및 치료 소재로서 개발될 가치가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 새로운 기능성 소재를 탐색하기 위하여 튤립나무 가지의 메탄올 추출물을 조제하여 생리활성 물질 함량, DPPH, 환원능력, Fe2+ chelating효과와 지질과산화 억제 활성 그리고 세포독성을 측정하였다. 총 페놀성 화합물과 플라보노이드 함량은 75.34 mg gallic acid/g과 20.15 mg quercetin/g이고; DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성에서 EC50은 289.68±2.04 μg/mL; 환원력 측정에서 100 μg/mL 농도에서 흡광도는 0.388이었으며, Fe2+ chelating 효과에서는 200 μg/mL 농도에서 36.33%로 나타내었고, 지질과산화 억제 효능에서는 200 μg/mL의 농도에서 비교적 높은 38.56%의 억제율을 나타내었으며, 암세포 증식 억제 효과에서는 HT-29와 Hela cell line에서 튤립나무가지 메탄올 추출물이 200 μg/mL의 농도에서 56.94%와 35.73%의 세포생장 억제율을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 항산화능력은 총 페놀성분과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 사료되며, 튤립나무 가지에 대한 기타 생리활성 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The antioxidant and anticancer activities of Phellinus linteus, Inonotus obliquus, and Pleurotus ostreatus according to extraction methods were measured. The contents of polyphenolic compounds were higher in fermented extracts than those in water extracts. The contents were 192.4mg/100 ml for Inonotus obliquus vinegar, 186.9 mg/100 ml for Phellinus linteus vinegar, and 156.5 mg/100 ml for Pleurotus ostreatus vinegar, respectively. EDA(electron donating ability) in Phellinus linteus that was highest among mushrooms was 83.9% in the water extract and 96.8% in the fermented extract. The growth of stomach cancer cells, SNU-719 was inhibited 62.4%, 65.5%, and 53.0% by Phellinus linteus vinegar, Inonotus obliquus vinegar, and Pleurotus ostreatus vinegar, respectively and also the growth of liver cancer cells, Hep3B was inhibited 67.1%, 68.3%, and 57.6% by Phellinus linteus vinegar, Inonotus obliquus vinegar, and Pleurotus ostreatus vinegar, while the growth of normal cell, DC2.4 was not affected. Even though Phellinus linteus and Inonotus obliquus showed higher inhibition in cancer cell growth, Pleurotus ostreatus can be efficiently used for antioxidant and anticancer activities due to their cheap price in the market.

머위의 뿌리, 줄기, 잎을 사용하여 추출물에 따른 항산화 활성을 분석하였고, 추출물을 분획 정제하여 암세포 생장 억제성을 실험하였다. SOD 유사활성은 머위 잎의 에탄올 추출물이 96.7%의 가장 높은 활성을 보였으며, 추출 용매에 따른 머위의 SOD 유사활성은 물 추출보다는 에탄올 추출물이 더욱 높은 항산화 활성을 나타냈다. 총폴리페놀 함량은 물 추출물에서 전체적으로 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 머위 잎이 223mg/g dry weight으로 가장 높았다. 시료별로 전자공여능 효과를 살펴보면 머위 뿌리의 물 추출물에서 61.5%, 머위 잎의 에탄올 추출물에서 34.9%로 가장 높은 전자공여능을 나타냈다. 암세포 생존 억제성의 실험에서 머위 추출물의 분획물들은 정상세포 DC2.4의 생육에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않으면서도 위암세포주 SNU-719의 생육은 41.9%로 크게 억제시켰고, 간암세포주 Hep3B의 생육은 72.7% 억제시켰다. 본 연구 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 머위를 이용한 새로운 기능성 식품 소재 및 약용자원식물로 개발이 가능하다.

The antioxidant activities of Agrimony (Agrimonia pilosa L.) and Chinese lizardtail (Saururus chinensis Baill) according to extraction methods were measured. SOD-like activity showed greater antioxidant effects with ethanol solvent than those with water. Ethanol extracts of Agrimony leaves showed the highest SOD-like activity of 94.4%. SOD-like activity differed according to the extraction solvents. The contents of polyphenolic compounds were higher in water extracts than those in ethanol extracts. The contents were 161.4 mg for Agrimony roots, 100.2 mg for Agrimony leaves, and 79.1 mg for Agrimony stalks in order. EDA in Agrimony leaves that were highest among medicinal plants were 83.4% in the water extract and 81.7% in the ethanol extract. The anticancer effects of the extracts by water and ethanol from Agrimony and Chinese lizardtail were experimented. The growth of stomach cancer cells, SNU-719 was inhibited 94.5% by the hexane fractions of Agrimony and also the growth of liver cancer cells, Hep3B was inhibited 83.2% by the hexane fractions of Agrimony, while the growth of normal cell, DC2.4 was not affected.