The levels of Indoor radon can increase in newly built apartments that mainly use construction materials such as concrete. However, radon measurement in newly built buildings has only been implemented recently, and there is a lack of sufficient data for radon management purposes. This study aimed to determine the levels of indoor radon in newly built apartments by regions, sizes of household, and floor (lower, middle, upper floor), and to explore the trend of radon reduction by time according to ventilation methods. Indoor radon was measured in 48 households in four regions (Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do). Measurements were performed for 48 hours and 24 hours under closed and ventilated conditions using real-time measurement devices FRD400 and RAD7, respectively. To analyze changes in radon concentration by floors, data were collected by dividing households into lower, middle, and upper floors according to their vertical height. The concentrations of indoor radon ranged from 12.1 Bq/m3 to 559.0 Bq/m3 when windows were closed and 12.0 Bq/m3~500.0 Bq/m3 when ventilated (including both mechanical and natural ventilation). On average, the concentration of closed conditions of household when sealed (arithmetic average 185.3 Bq/m3) was 1.5 times higher than the concentration during ventilation (including mechanical and natural ventilation: 123.8 Bq/m3), and around three times higher than the average for mechanical ventilation (65.7 Bq/m3). It was found that the indoor radon concentration statistically increased as the height increased and the size of the house became smaller. Typically, it took 7 to 8 hours to exceed the standard of 148 Bq/m3 after windows were closed. It decreased to less than 148 Bq/m3 within 3 to 4 hours after operating the mechanical ventilation system. However, in the case of natural ventilation, it takes more than 24 hours to reach below the standard value, and the concentrations stagnated after 24 hours. In conclusion, radon concentration in narrow spaces can be relatively high if ventilation is not sufficient due to the nature of apartments with wall-type structures. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare various radon reduction measures according to floor, size, and ventilation methods.

한국의 도시 상황에서 공동주택단지의 옥외공간은 시민들이 가장 일상적으로 접하는 외부환경 이자 풍경이라는 사실을 부인할 수 없다. 이렇게 계획된 옥외공간은 최초 조성된 시대의 가치 뿐만 아니라 이후 지속해서 사회문화적 요구를 반영하며 변화한다. 본 연구는 한국 최초의 대 규모 고층 아파트단지로 알려진 여의도 시범아파트 외부공간의 생성과 변화에 담긴 다양한 역 사적·사회적 담론을 살펴보고 조경의 역할과 의미를 고찰하고자 한다. 특히, 조성 초기 이상 적인 공간을 재현하려는 계획적 의도부터 이어지는 각종 사회적 담론의 수용과 그 안에서 전개 되는 공간적 실천 사이의 관계를 분석한다. 이를 위해 당시 계획과 설계에 관한 문헌과 신문자 료 등을 고찰하였고, 도면과 항공사진, 현장 방문과 관계자 인터뷰를 통해 아파트단지 외부공 간의 물리적 변화와 이용 현황을 파악하였다. 연구의 결과로는 첫째, 외부공간 구성의 이론적 배경과 기법으로서 모더니즘적 ‘이상도시’를 꿈꾼 당시 주거계획의 보편적인 개념인 서구의 근 린주구 이론을 바탕으로 보행자 위주의 슈퍼블록이 전체 공간의 구조적 틀임을 확인하였다. 둘 째, 초기 계획안에서 양적인 녹지공간의 이미지를 구현하려는 의도는 뚜렷하였으나, 실제 공동 체 생활공간으로서 녹지와 공공 오픈스페이스 조성에 대한 구체성과 전문성은 드러나지 않았 다. 셋째, 각종 제한사항에도 불구하고 양적으로 갖춰진 녹지 및 공공공간은 시대 상황과 요구 에 맞춰 변화함으로써 동시대 주거단지 내 옥외공간 이용의 양상이 어떻게 전개되어왔는지를 드러낸다. 본 연구는 한국에서 전문 업역으로서 조경이 시작할 무렵 조성된 주거단지 옥외공간 의 초기의 모습에서부터 지금까지 어떻게 변화해왔는지를 살펴봄으로써 근현대 주거단지의 조 경이 어떻게 발전해왔는지 확인하는 데 학술적인 의의가 있다.

The traditional Korean heating system ondol, one of the most important characteristics of Korean architecture, still remains as hydronic floor heating. Various studies have been conducted on the modernization of ondol, but the process of introducing the hydronic floor heating has not been seriously studied so far. Therefore, this paper aims to demonstrate how the hydronic floor heating had been introduced to Korea, taking the 1950s and 1960s Haengchon, Jongam, and Mapo Apartments for example – these three are regarded as the first Korean apartment houses after the Korean War. While Western advanced construction technology was imported for these apartments, various methods of modernizing ondol were also considered. What was remarkable in these attempts is that hydronic floor heating first appeared in Mapo 1st Apartment in 1962, because this is the universal heating method in the present Korea. This fact signifies that the traditional principle of floor heating has been maintained, and it would also be meaningful in terms of architectural exchanges between East and West, if considered along with Wright’s application of the Korean heating principle to his houses since 1930s.

This study introduces a newly developed PC non-bearing wall system to prevent the damage of RC wall-type apartments that have been heavily damaged by the 2017 Pohang Earthquake. In order to evaluate the performance of the developed PC non-bearing wall system, a static cyclic test is conducted. The prototype of test specimen is from the RC wall-type apartment which has been severely damaged by the 2017 Pohang Earthquake. The specimen with the conventional non-bearing wall system showed the similar damage of RC wall type apartment suffered from the Pohang Earthquake. In case of the specimen with the developed PC non-bearing wall system, cracks and damages were not transmitted between the walls due to the seismic slit and there were almost no cracks in the non-bearing walls. Therefore, the proposed non-bearing wall system, separated from the structural walls, could prevent spreading cracks to bearing walls and make it possible to effectively control damage due to earthquake loads.

The purpose of this paper is to find out how each districts(Gu) of Seoul are related based on the apartment price trends. All the data used in this paper comes from a public data sources, Seoul apartments transaction data provided by ‘Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport Korea’ and the apartments properties from NAVER’s real estate service. To analyze the similarities between the price trends of each apartments, this study uses FastDTW algorithm which is quite popular in time series analysis domain. After figured out the distance matrix from FastDTW, this study uses Hierarchical Clustering algorithm and Chi-squared test to compare each districts’ relationship. The analysis result shows that which districts in Seoul are similar and which districts are not.

About half of the South Korean population lives in the three major metropolitan areas, which are Seoul, Kyeonggi and Incheon. Among this group, more than 50% live in apartments. In this study, the relationship between the concentration of indoor VOCs and environmental factors was investigated in metropolitan apartments in the occupation stage. The maximum concentration of TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) was monitored in spring season. Among the identified VOCs, toluene was present in the highest amount, followed by terpene, aldehyde and hydrocarbon. Due to the specific indoor sources, the I/O ratio of terpene (e.g. d-limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene) was relatively higher than that of the others. The construction year and length of residence were revealed as the environmental factors having the greatest influence on the concentration of indoor benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene and hydrocarbon, and the relationship was statistically significant. The floor and size of the apartment influenced the levels of indoor nonanal. The relationships between individual VOCs showed highly positive correlations that are statistically significant. Through the relationship study, it was found that factors including newly built apartment, short period of time after moving in, high floors and small floor area were the main factors inducing an increased concentration of indoor VOCs in apartments.

아파트 단지의 문주는 외부영역과 단지 내의 영역을 연결시켜주는 전이공간으로써 아파트 단지의 이미지를 형성하고 상징성을 내포하는 공간이다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 평택시 남부지역에 건설된 아파트 단지를 중심으로 1980년대(도입단계),1990년대(발전단계), 2000년대(성숙단계)로 구분하여 추출된 단지를 대상으로 사람들이 느끼는 각 아파트 문주에 대한이미지를 분석해 보고자 하였다.18개 형용사에 대한 요인분석 결과 ‘특이성’, ‘쾌적성’, ‘친숙함’, ‘개방감’의 4가지 요인으로 명명될 수 있었고 T.V(%)값은 68.784%로 비교적 높은 설명력을 나타내고 있었다. 시각적 선호도는 시대별 흐름에 따라 대체적으로 증가하는추세를 보였고 선호도와 형용사 이미지간의 회귀분석 결과로는 1980년대의 이미지 특성에서는 ‘쾌적성’이 가장 큰 영향력을미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 1990년대에는 ‘특이성’이, 2000년대에는 ‘특이성, 쾌적성’이 높은 유의성을 보였다.

본 연구는 서울시 아파트 200가구의 거주자를 대상으 로 실내식물이 거주자의 행복지수에 미치는 영향을 알아 보기 위한 조사로서, 그 동안 원예치료와 식물의 기능성 연구 등 여러 연구를 통해 나타난 식물의 인간에 대한 긍정적인 역할에 착안하여, 거주자와 가장 가까이 있는 실내식물이 궁극적인 목표인 거주자의 행복에 어떻게 관여하고 있는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 실내식물을 키 우면서 행복감이 가장 컸을 때는 꽃이 피었을 때라고 응 답한 사람이 전체의 57% 로 가장 많았고, 그 뒤를 이어 새싹이 돋았을 때가 33% 를, 분갈이 했을 때와 직접 키 운 식물을 분양했을 때가 각각 2%, 기타가 7% 였다. 식 물과 함께하는 시간이 많을수록 행복지수는 1시간 내 에서 정비례관계를 보였다. 실내식물의 재배관리주체가 누구냐에 따른 행복지수 에서는 본인이 직접 관리하는 경우의 행복지수가 67.90, 가족구성원이 관리하는 경우의 행복지수는 65.09, 기타가 64.79로 분석되었다. 실내식물 선호도와 실내정원의 면 적에 따른 행복지수도 정비례관계를 나타냈으며 실내화분 식물의 개수가 많아지면 행복지수도 증가하였다.

본 연구는 아파트 필로티 공간 활용과 친보행환경 조성을 위한 내용으로 설계안을 구성하였다. 계획대상지 면적은 약 11,700㎡이다. 이웃과의 소통이 줄어드는 최근 주거문화의 문제점을 해결하고 아파트라는 단순한 주거시설을 넘어 예술적 문화공간을추구하는 이념 아래 예술과 자연, 그리고 이웃이라는 삼각형 구조를 유기적으로 연결하여 소통이 있는 주거 공간 형태를계획에 반영하였다. 설계의 주안점으로 첫째, 기존의 단절된 아파트로서의 이미지를 개선하고 소통의 장을 열어주어 친보행공간을제공하도록 계획하였다. 둘째, 보행로를 램프로 설계하여 노약자가 존중받을 수 있는 주거 문화를 창출하도록 계획하였다.셋째, 자원 순환 프로그램과 다양한 참여 프로그램을 통해 문화 예술 활동이 가능한 유연한 공간을 창출하였다. 본 연구는 기존의 아파트 조경설계 개념을 벗어나 예술과 이웃, 그리고 더 나아가 자연과의 소통을 이끌어냄으로서 새롭고진보적인 아파트 공간 조성 계획에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

In order to improve indoor air quality of apartment, indoor ventilation system had to be installed in each unit, from 2006 in Korea. However, a duct which is connecting each room in ventilation system became a flanking path of sound. Sound which is generated in one room can easily transmitted into the adjacent room by the duct and speech privacy in apartment room can be seriously degraded. In this study, low noise duct system consisted of noise diffuser and multi drop chamber was developed and noise reduction performance was measured in mock-up system. Noise reduction performance of low noise duct system was compared with conventional duct system. From the result of measurement, it was found that noise diffuser reduce more than 10 dB in the range of 200 Hz and higher frequency band, also multi drop chamber was effective in 2000 HZ and higher frequency band. Noise reduction performance of low noise duct system is effective in the frequency range (from 300 Hz to 4000 Hz bands) of speech conversation.

Remodeling is an architectural activity that transforms the existing state of specific building which has been aged and clichedinto new state overcoming those aged and cliched state. Remodeling can be a means to increase building’ s physical lifecycle and also a countermeasure to cope with the changes in use that are from social demand, use and technical development. The performance evaluation on the remodeling tenement shall be done by understanding the performance and state of the building before and after remodeling and then it shall represent the improvement in performanc objectively by comparing the differences before and after remodeling. In this aspect, we performed basic research to conduct performance evaluation on the remodeling tenement by comparing and analyzing the performance evaluation and performance certificate systems of Korea and Japan in order to suggest objective evaluation system on the change of tenement building before and after remodeling.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can produce adverse health effects. Various indoor and outdoor combustion sources make NO₂ the most ubiquitous pollutant in the indoor environment. Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. In the present paper, we used a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements with 10 houses. Subsequently, mean contributions of indoor and outdoor sources were 28.86% and 81.09%, respectively, suggesting that both indoor and outdoor sources had contributions to indoor concentrations of NO₂.

현재 국내에서도 내진설계에 대한 요구 및 관심이 증가하여 지진해석의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 특히 벽식 아파트는 주거용으로 가장 많이 건설되고 있어 내진설계를 위한 지진해석이 활발히 수행되고 있다. 지진해석을 위해 벽식 아파트 전체를 유한요소로 세분화하여 모형화하는 것은 시간 및 노력에 있어 효율적이지 못하다. 따라서 자유도를 감소시키면서 실제 구조물의 동적 거동을 정확히 표현할 수 있는 등가모델이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 구조물의 변형형상과 밀접한 관계가 있는 유효질량계수를 이용하여 간편하게 사용할 수 있는 등가모델 구성방법을 제안하였다. 이 등가모델은 기둥과 보로 구성된 골조구조물을 사용하여 벽식 구조물을 등가의 모델로 치환하였다. 등가모델은 어떤 상용프로그램에서도 쉽게 적용할 수 있으며, 해석시간단축이 가능하여 단시간 다양한 지진에 대한 해석이 필요한 경우 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 또한 등가모델은 바닥슬래브를 모형화 할 수 있어 실제 벽식 아파트의 거동을 잘 표현할 수 있다. 더욱이 등가모델은 구조물의 비대칭성을 표현할 수 있어 매우 우수하다.

This study was undertaken to investigate the concentration of VOCs from newly built apartments in three cities (Suncheon, Yeosu, and Gwangyang) of Honam province in Korea. VOCs were sampled using canister and analyzed by GC/MSD. The result of the canister blank test showed that, most VOCs were not detected when 5 ppb was cleaned once and 10 ppb was cleaned with two times. In case of the replicate alalysis to check for the precision of GC/MSD, RSD values were found to be excellent at 6%. The upper floor of C apartment (25 pyong) showed the highest concentration of TVOCs at 3,235 ㎍/㎥. The average concentration of TVOCs was the highest in C apartment (25 pyong) as 1,833±1,217 ㎍/㎥. The average concentration of TVOCs in K (52 pyong) and S apartment (16 pyong) were 1,820±1,035 ㎍/㎥ and 498±71 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The I/O ratio of TVOCs were 8.99∼35.90 (mean : 25.99), 11.51∼35.43 (mean : 20.07) and 6.03∼7.90 (mean : 6.92) in K, C and S apartment, respectively. From these results, it is believed that the concentration of TVOCs was comparatively high in new apartment. Therefore, it is important to use low VOC emission materials to reduce the emission concentration of VOCs from in new apartment. It is hence necessary that a scientific study is performed to secure clean indoor air quality.

This study was performed to estimate the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to evaluate the risk level affected by indoor air pollutants (IAPs) in 27 new apartments (prior to residence) in Seoul City from December 2004 to March 2005. The indoor air pollutants investigated in this study include formaldehyde, several aromatic VOCs (benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene, and ethylbenzene). All measurements were made based on the standard method of Ministry of Environment in Korea. The indoor concentration levels for benzene, xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and formaldehyde have significant increase trend 5 hours after closing windows and doors. Levels of air pollutants did not exhibit significant difference between living rooms and bedrooms. The air exchange rates by the concentration decay method using SF6 were 0.37 for low floor, 0.32 for middle floor, and 0.75 for high floor. The emission rate showed the highest level in the middle floor and second one in the low floor, when estimated by the IAQ model for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, and formaldehyde. Considering the above result, it is suggested that the estimation of emission rate be considered when the new apartment is designed and constructed with respect to construction materials to emit low VOCs. Moreover, the related regulation should be established for IAQ management.

The seismically design of building has objects to minimize in judge of people by preventing brittle fracture and to guarantee serviceability of building. But I come to the conclusion that the seismically design is not easy to use, even though we recently use it applyed with shear wall-type evaluation method, because we don't know how to estimate seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete wall-type apartment and evaluation method of wall-type apartment. so in this study, we conduct analysis program by using MIDAS-Gen & MIDAS-SDS, structure analysis program, after conducting a preliminary evaluation about research apartment by seismic performance evaluation method of existing safety & Technology corporation. In addition we show the problem when research apartment is applied with shear wall-type evaluation method that is estimate and grade of seismic performance level by capacity spectrum method.

아파트단지 내부녹지가 온도변화에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 서울시 서초구, 강남구, 송파구 등 한강 이남지역에 위치한 아파트단지중 36개 지역을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 아파트단지 내부온도는 Landsat ETM＋영상 2scene을 분석하여 추정하였으며 온도변화 영 향요인으로는 토양피복유형과 건물밀도, 식생활력도로 구분하였다. 토양피복유형과 아파트단지내 온도와의 상관관계 분석결과 녹지율은 음(－)의 상관관계를, 불투수포장율은 양(＋)의 상관관계를 보였으며 건폐율은 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 투수포장지를 녹지면적과 불투수포장면적에 각각 합산한 값과 온도값의 상관관계 분석결과 투수포장면적을 불투수포장면적에 합산하여 산출한 상관계수보다 녹지면적에 합산하는 것이 상관계수가 보다 높게 나타나 투수포장지역도 녹지지역과 함께 도시온도를 낮추는 요소로 작용하는 것으로 판단되었다. 건물밀도의 요소로 선정한 용적율은 온도값과 유의성이 없었으며 NDVl는 값이 높을수록 온도가 낮았다. 아파트단지내 온도분포모형 구축을 위해 투수＋녹지율, 녹지율, 건폐율, NDVI값을 독립변수로, 대상지온도를 종속변수로 한 회귀분석 결과 두 시기 영상 모두 독립변수 중 투수＋녹지율만이 회귀식에 채택되었으며 회귀식의 수정 결정 계수(R2)는 각각 41.4(2000년 9월)와 40.4(2001년 6월)이었다.

Through psychological evaluation, this study attempted to verify the effect of quality of life improvements from gardening activities in apartment landscaping spaces. The study was conducted on 32 mothers raising children. Psychological valuation was conducted using world Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire(WHOQOL-Bref), the Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS), the Life Satisfaction Experience Scale(LSES), and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised(SCL-90-R). The psychological analysis results showed that, engaging in gardening activities for two weeks had, a positive effect on mothers’ environmental of quality of life evaluation. The LSES indicates that satisfaction with oneself significantly increased after starting the gardening activities. The activity resulted in a positive change in attitude toward life. The SCL-90-R results showed changes in the mother’s psychological state. There was a significant amelioration of obesessive-compulsive behaviors, hostility, and phobic anxiety. In conclusion, this study was found that, for mothers in apartments, outdoor gardening activities can significantly affect their quality of life. Moreover, it can help prevent mental health deterioration, Further study should be conducted on the beneficial effects of gardening on the variety of age groups and activities.