The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of the influence of animal assisted therapy on elderly people's depression, stress and suicide ideation. The research was carried out in the order of preparatory conference, subject selection, composition of program plan, pre-test, AAT program, post-test, and processing of results during the period of March to November 2016. Seven elderly people considered in having depression and suicide probability as a result of selection test for life respect will was chosen from Goyangcity Daehwa Senior Welfare Center, province Gyunggi as the subjects for this research. The content of AAT program was implemented on the experiment group for a total of 12 sessions, 60 minutes once a week including pre-test and post-test. Elderly depression scale, Elderly stress scale, and Elderly suicide scale were used as research tools, and the results of pre- and post-test were analyzed. The findings of this research produce meaningful and positive result that the depression and stress level of subjects marked a lower score on the post-test compared to the pre-test, and that the score of suicide ideation marked a lower score on lower score on the post-test compared to the pre-test. This paper concludes that AAT test has a positive effect on the restraint of elderly people's depression, stress and suicide ideation.

목적 : 본 연구는 산재근로자를 대상으로 작업능력강화프로그램이 자기효능감, 우울, 재활동기에 미치는 효 과와 원 직무복귀에 따른 그룹 간 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2015년 6월부터 2016년 8월까지 경상남도 소재의 C병원에서 작업능력강화프로그램을 실시한 산재근로자 49명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 작업능력강화프로그램은 1일 1회 3시간 이상 주 5회, 총 4~8 주간 실시하였고, 프로그램 중재 전･후 자기효능감, 우울, 재활동기를 측정하였다. 산재요양기간 종료 후 2개월 뒤 추적관찰을 통해 원 직무복귀 그룹과 원 직무복귀 실패 그룹을 나누어서 두 집단 간 차이를 알아보았다. 결과 : 작업능력강화프로그램 실시 후 자기효능감, 우울, 재활동기에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 산재 요양기간 종결 2개월 뒤 원 직무복귀 여부에 따라 두 집단 간 차이를 확인했을 때 자기효능감의 변화량 에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구는 작업능력강화프로그램이 산재근로자의 자기효능감, 우울, 재활동기 향상에 효과적임을 보 여주었고, 자기효능감이 원 직무복귀 성패에 중요한 요인임을 제안한다.

목적 : 신체활동, 인지활동, 사회적 상호작용, 놀이 및 수공예 등의 목적있는 활동 및 사회적 상호작용을 포 함한 집단 복합 중재가 초기치매 노인의 인지기능과 우울에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 유사 실험연구로써 단일 집단 사전-사후 설계(one group pretest-posttest design)로 중재는 회당 90분, 주 1회, 8회기 동안 실시하였다. 중재 전과 후의 인지기능과 우울 수준의 변화를 비교하기 위 해 치매 선별용 간이정신상태검사(Mini-Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening; MMSE-DS) 와 단축형 한국어판 노인우울척도(Korean Version of Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale; SGDS-K) 를 사용하였다. 결과 : 초기치매 노인에게 집단 복합중재 후의 인지기능은 통계적으로 유의미한 향상이 있었고(p<0.01), 우울 수준은 통계적으로 유의미한 감소가 있었다(p<0.05). 우울증 의심에 해당되는 대상자 6명은 모두 정상범주로 분류되었다. 결론 : 신체활동, 인지활동, 사회적 상호작용, 놀이 및 수공예 등의 목적 있는 활동을 포함한 집단 복합 중 재는 초기 치매 노인의 인지기능의 퇴행을 늦추고 우울수준을 감소시키는데 유의한 효과가 있다. 향후 연구결과의 확증이 필요하며 치료사의 태도나 역량 등 중재의 정확한 전달에 필요한 질적인 내용을 포 함하는 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

This paper aims at studying how the effects of Animal Assisted Therapy on the elderly’s depression, cognition are. The questions of this paper are as followings. 1. What is the demo-social characteristics of elderly in Uisung nursing home? 2. What are the effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on the elderly’s depression, cognition? In this paper, we collected the data by interviews through questionnaires and observations during program. The results of the analyses of the elderly in Uisung nursing home are as follows. In the demo-socio factors, the elderly’s average age is 78, The score of depression of experiment group is 47 in comparison of the previous test 52. The score of cognition is 14 in comparison of the previous test 13. Although there is a little difference between test group and experiment group in post test of MNSE-K, depression, the differences of test group and experiment group in post test of MNSE-K, depression are statistically meaningless. With a view of this point, we can conclude that we need more observation of the effect of the animal assisted therapy in nursing home Uisung area in spite of better conditions than before. The agency to solve the elderly depression, cognition in nursing home need more observation to recognize the important factors affecting the elderly’s depression, cognition in Uisung Kyungbuk Area. In reality, the elderly in nursing home feel more better than before therapy, which implication is very meaningful in elderly welfare.

Animal-Assisted Intervention programs and interventions with students are becoming promising field in school and therapeutic settings. Following this trend, Animal-Assisted Intervention (AAI) program was designed to help students adopt more easily to school life and to encourage them to keep healthy relationships with others. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of animal-assisted intervention (AAI) on the middle school students' sociability and depression. The participants in this study, 8 middle school students residing in Seoul who were interested in animals and agreed to the research attended this program. This study was conducted two times a week for 6 weeks (a total of 12 times) with one main researcher and three research assistants. The major research tool was the test of sociability and depression and the statistical test being used for this study was Wilcoxon's signed ranks. The results were as follows. First, the study showed the significant effects of animal-assisted intervention on sociability for middle school students. There were significant differences in many aspects such as reliability, autonomy, sociability and compliance. Second, significant reductions in anxiety and depression were found after the introduction of animal-assisted intervention for students. Students who participated this program experienced a reduction in depression and stress to some degree. Also, they began to form much more positive friendships and followed school rules as well. Based on the above results, it can be seen that animal-assisted intervention program significantly has the positive effects on the social adaptability and depression of the middle school students. Therefore, this animal-assisted intervention should be considered as a positive program for emotional and psychological support for middle school students.

This paper aims to contribute to the developing literature of brand attachment and detachment theory, in the context of harsh economic conditions. The Cognitive Appraisal Theory and the Attachment Theory are brought to bear in order to describe and explain consumer shifting patronage decisions.

대학생 시기는 여러 가지로 첫 시작을 위한 중요한 준비 시기라 할 수 있겠다. 이 시기에 있어 감정적 부분은 개인적, 대인관계적, 가치관, 직업적 기초 뿐 아니라 사회적으로도 서로간의 영향을 줄 수 있겠다. 무엇보다 사회복지 서비스를 준비하는 대학생 스스로에 대한 성향과 생각들은 인성과 그 준비에 중요한 관점이라 할 수 있다. 대학생의 시 기는 독립적인 시기의 준비이자 스스로에 있어 여러 다양한 새로운 경험과 문제를 다루는 것을 알게 되는 시기로 이러한 부분에 있어 우울감은 대학생활과 사회적 기초가 되는 이 시기에 학교생활과 대인관계 그리고 일생의 발달과업의 시작인 다양한 사회적 관계의 순간들에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이에 대학생의 자기애성향과 우울 및 자기애 성향과 우울간의 관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 자기애성향은 우울에 영향을 미쳤으며, 성별에 따른 우울감 차이로는 정서적 우울, 인지적 우울, 동기적 우울에 있어 남학생보다 여학생이 더 높았다. 자기애성향과 우울간의 관계로는 서로간의 유의미하게 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 자기애성향이 높을수록 우울 경향이 높았다. 자기애성향의 하위 요인들로는 자기중심성이 높을수록 정서적 우울이 높았고, 자기중심성이 강할수록 인지적 우울과 동기적 우울이 높았다. 이에 대학생들의 우울감에 대한 관심 및 대인관계와 학교 생활에 있어 어려움에 대한 보다 다양한 방법으로 다각적인 상담 및 소규모 프로그램들을 통해 현실적인 평가와 자존감 향상을 통한 다양한 상담 및 활동 프로그램이 필요하다고 할 수 있겠다.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with multiple comorbidities, including depression, which carries a higher risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in patients with stable COPD. A newly developed questionnaire, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), was developed as an alternative to other complex, time-consuming tools for quantifying the symptom burden of COPD in routine practice. It is possible that the correlation between the CAT and depression scales could be useful for early evaluation and management of depression in COPD patients. Thus, we investigated the relationship between the CAT and depression as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaires-9 (PHQ-9). We performed a retrospective observational COPD cohort study. A total of 97 patients were enrolled. The Korean versions of the CAT and PHQ-9 were completed for stable patients. A correlation analysis was performed between the PHQ-9 and CAT scores. Significant depression among the groups based on the 2011 GOLD guidelines occurred only in class Gold B and D patients (40% and 60%, respectively). The frequency of depression was significantly higher in the group with higher CAT scores (20~29 versus ≥30; odds ratio: 5.67 versus 22.66). Significant association was observed between the PHQ-9 and CAT scores (r=0.545 and P<0.001). As a result, the PHQ-9 score was significantly higher in COPD patients with a higher CAT score. The CAT is a simple and valuable predictor of depression in COPD patients, and it should be frequently used to detect COPD patients with depression in clinical practice.

대인관계의 어려움은 이차적으로 우울과 같은 정신적인 문제 를 유발한다. 이에 이 연구에서는 청소년을 대상으로 대인관계 와 우울 사이에 매개변인을 규명하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 일반 고등학생 291명을 대상으로 대인관계와 우 울사이의 매개변인에 대한 경로모형 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결 과, 대인관계가 자아존중감을 거쳐 우울에 영향을 미치는 것으 로 밝혀졌으며, 자아존중감의 매개효과는 유의미한 것으로 나 타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 대인관계와 우울감에서 사회적 지지의 매개효과는 유의미하지 않았다. 이 연구를 통하여 '자아존중감'과 '사회적 지지'가 대인관계 와 우울 사이의 매개변인으로 작용하는 경로 모형을 검증하였 으며, 이러한 결과가 향후 청소년에 대한 연구의 기초자료로 사용되길 기대한다.

Objective : Dementia prevention program has been applied in Center for dementia by the occupational therapists. We evaluated the efficacy of this program to the elderly non-demented women in senior citizens center for cognitive, physical function and depression.Methods : We applied this program to women subjects from a senior citizens centers in 12 sessions. Cognitive and physical functions and depression were compared between pre and post-intervention with Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Timed-Up and Go test (TUG), One Leg Standing Test (OLST) and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form-Korea version (GDSSF-K).Results : We enrolled 26 non-dementia women from four senior citizens centers in Seoul Yangcheon-gu. The K-MMSE improved after the dementia prevention program significantly (p=.00). The GDSSF-K was significantly different between pre and post-intervention (p=.02). For physical function, TUG (p=.02) and OLST in opening eyes were significantly improved (respectively, p=.00 in right side, and p=.00 in left side). OLST in closed eyes were tend to be improved after the intervention, however, they were not significantly different.Conclusion : The dementia prevention program of Center for dementia has proved to improve cognitive and physical function and to reduce depression in the non-demented women from senior citizens centers. These findings suggest that the dementia prevention program that has led by occupational therapist in Center for dementia can be applied other setting in a community.

Objective : This study examined the impact of a sixteen-week time-use intervention perio on the depression and rehabilitation motivation of stroke patients with psychological difficulties.Methods : Ten stroke patients who were divided into an experimental group and a control group participated in this study from May 2014 to August 2014. Depression changes were measured using a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and their rehabilitation motivation was evaluated using the Rehabilitation Motivation Scale.Results : The results of the present study showed that the experimental group and control group presented significant differences before and after intervention in terms of their depression and rehabilitation motivation. However, after intervention, the depression and rehabilitation motivation did not differ between the two groups.Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that time-use intervention was effective in improving the depression and rehabilitation motivation of stroke patients, and therefore time-use intervention with occupational therapy will be useful as a clinical method for improving their level of depression and rehabilitation motivation.

This study was carried out to determine the depression symptoms and nutritional status of elderly females that ate congregate meals at lunch in rural Pocheon. The subjects were 18 elderly females aged over 65 (75.7±4.6 years) and information on smoking, subjective health status, depression symptoms and malnutrition risk were collected using a questionnaire administered with the help of trained research assistants. Measurements included mid-arm circumference and calf circumference. Food consumption for 3 days during breakfast and supper were determined by 24-hour recall and food consumption at lunch was determined as the difference between the amounts served and the plate waste. All data were compared between two age groups (≤ 75 and > 75). The subjects had the lowest nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin B6 (0.523), followed by calcium and niacin and the lowest index of nutrient quality (INQ) for calcium (0.738). The older elderly had significantly lower NAR for vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6 and niacin as well as significantly lower mean adequacy ratio (MAR) compared to the young elderly. They also had significantly lower INQ for vitamin B1 and vitamin C and significantly thinner arm circumference (28.3 cm vs. 31.3 cm). They consumed more than 40% of their daily intake for each nutrient at lunch. Higher proportions of nutrient intake from lunch provided evidence of the importance of congregate meals, suggesting that the government and society should support congregate meals to improve nutritional status.

최근 한국의 가족구조는 대가족구조에서 핵가족구조로 변화하면서 핵가족화가 보편화되고 이혼이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이혼이 증가함에 따라서 한 부모 가정의 빈곤이 아동의 우울감과 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 그에 대한 빈곤 이혼 한 부모 가정에 지원하는 프로그램을 개발하고 실천하기 위한 정책과제를 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, 여성 한부모 가정에 현황과 문제점을 검토해 보았고 둘째, 빈곤이 자녀의 우울감과 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 알아보았으며 셋째, 빈곤가정에 대한 지원의 경우 정책이나 현장 활동 모두 단순한 경제적 지원으로 끝나는 것을 확인하여 끝으로 빈곤한 가정을 지원하는 프로그램을 개발하고 실천하는 정책과제로서 첫째, 프로그 램의 빈곤한 가정을 통합적으로 지원하는 형태로 변화 둘째, 빈곤가정에 대한 지원서비스의 변화 등을 통한 빈곤 한부모 가정에 대한 경제적 이외의 지원을 제시하였다.

목적 : 주관적 기억장애가 있는 지역사회 노인에게 다요인 기억프로그램을 실시하여 기억력과 메타기억, 우울에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 서울시 ○○노인종합복지관을 이용하는 지역사회 노인 중 주관적 기억장애를 호소 하는 11명의 노인이었다. 다요인 기억 프로그램은 시각적 자료를 통한 교육과 집단 기억훈련, 개별 기억 훈련으로 구성되며 1회당 90분씩, 주 1회 실시하여 10주 동안 시행하였다. 한 집단의 사전-사후 실험 설계로 다요인 기억프로그램 전, 후의 기억력과 메타기억 그리고 우울 점수의 변화를 비교하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 지역사회 노인의 단어목록기억과 단어목록 회상 그리고 구성행동이 유의미하게 향상되었 고(p<.05) 메타기억에서의 기억책략 사용의 증가와(p<.01) 우울의 감소에서 유의한 변화가 있었다 (p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 지역사회에서 주관적인 기억장애를 호소하는 노인에게 다요인 기억프로그램이 기억 력과 메타기억의 긍정적 변화와 우울 감소에 효과적임을 확인하였다.

Animal companionship is thought to make a positive contribution to health, health behaviors and the general well-being of older people. More specifically companion animal ownership is often proposed as a solution to the problem of loneliness and decreased sociality etc in later life and specific 'companion animal based' interventions have been developed to combat the problems of elderly people. The aim of this paper is to review the association between animal companionship and the problems of elderly people like as the decreased self-esteem and depression by exploring if companion animal ownership is a response to, or protection against, the problems of elderly people. We summarizes and analysis the current literatures about the effects of animal companionships on the self-esteem and depression of elderly people.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function, physical function and depression of long-term care insurance nongrading elderly dementia using Daytime protection service. For achieve this purpose, 30 dementia elderly were randomly assigned in to the experimental group(n=15)and control group(n=15). All subjects performed a general therapeutic exercise and 20- 30minutes takes virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program were conducted with experimental group 2 times a week for 8 weeks. The intervention effects were measured by using cognitive function is mini-mental states examination-Korean version(MMSE-K), visual perception is MVPT(Motor-Free Visual Perception Test), Berg's balance scales(BBS), depression test GDS-K and lower limb strength. The results of study represented that the training group showed significant improvement in MMSEK( p<.05), visual perception(p<.05), balance(p<.05), lower limb strength(p<.05) and depression (p<.05). In conclusion, the virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation training using improves visual perception included cognitive function, physical function included balance, and lower limb strength and depression. These results suggest that virtual reality training using virtual reality cognitive rehabilitation program is feasible and suitable for mild dementia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among snacking behaviors and depression in middle school students. A survey was conducted on 777 middle school students (491 boys and 286 girls). Using a self-reporting method, the participants took 20 minutes to complete the questionnaires. Our data revealed that the height and weight of boys were 172.66 cm and 63.48 kg, respectively, whereas those of girls were 159.86 cm and 51.62 kg, respectively. Sleep durations of boys and girls were 6.44 and 6.41 hours, respectively. Boys ate more rice cake than girls, whereas girls ate more biscuits than boys. The average B.D.I (Beck Depression inventory) scores for boys and girls were 9.73 and 11.49, respectively. Degree of depression was significantly higher in girls compared to boys. We also observed significant correlations between depression and snacking (rice cake, biscuits, chocolate, and fried potato). This study may provide basic information on snacking behaviors and depression in middle school students, and the findings suggest that proper control of emotions is required to maintain desirable eating behaviors in middle school students.

목적:신체활동, 인지훈련, 사회적 상호작용 활동을 동시에 제공한 복합 중재법이 치매노인의 삶의 질, 우울, 인지기능에 미치는 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다.연구방법:복합 중재법의 효과를 알아보기 위한 유사 실험연구로써 단일군 전·후 실험설계를 적용하였다. 2013년 9월 4일부터 2013년 11월 18일까지 10주간 주 1회씩, 치매진단을 받은 노인 총 6명을 대상으로 진행되었고, 모든 연구 대상자는 자발적으로 연구 참여에 동의하였다. 사전·사후 검사는 1회기와 10회기에 실시하였으며, 복합 중재법은 8주 동안 주 1회, 매회 120분 씩 시행되었다. 측정도구로는 노인 삶의 질 척도(Geriatric Quality of Life; GQOL), 한국판 노인우울척도(Geriatric Depression Scale Korean Version; GDS-K), 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사(Mini Mental State Examination-Korean; MMSE-K)를 사용하였다.결과:치매노인의 GQOL이 유의미하게 향상되었다(p<.05). GDS-K의 점수는 중재 후 감소하였지만, 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다(p>.05). MMSE-K 역시 중재 후 점수가 증가하였지만, 유의미하지 않았다(p>.05). 경도 치매와 중등도 치매노인 집단 간의 GQOL, GDS-K, MMSE-K의 변화량에는 모두 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>.05).결론:복합 중재법은 치매노인의 삶의 질 증가에 효과적이며, 우울과 인지에도 긍정적인 영향을 끼칠 수 있다. 또한 본 연구는 향후 작업치료사들이 치매노인들에게 보다 전문적이고 체계적인 치료를 제공하기 위한 근거를 제시한다는 점에 의의가 있다.

Fall is one of the most intimidating health conditions in elders. Comprehensive assessment is necessary to understand the individual and environmental aspects of the falls such as balancing abilities, depression, and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to compare the balancing ability, depression, and quality of life between elderly fallers and elderly non-fallers. Thirty-two community-dwelling elders (fifteen males and seventeen females between 65 and 83 years old), who have experienced fall on walking during last twelve months, were involved in the elderly fallers group. And twenty-four males and twenty-two females between 65 and 83 years old of community-dwelling elders, who have no experienced fall on walking during last twelve months, were involved in the elderly non-fallers group. Berg balance scale (BBS), timed up and go test (TUG), and functional reach test (FRT), were used to evaluate the ability of the physical balance. ‘Beck depression scale in Korean’ questionnaire was used to assess the depression. ‘Korean version of World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument-Bref’ questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life. The results were as follows: 1) Balancing abilities measured by the BBS, TUG in the elderly fallers group were meaningfully lower than that of the elderly non-fallers group (p<.05), whereas no significant difference in the FRT was found (p>.05). 2) Depression level in the elderly fallers group was significantly higher than that of the elderly non-fallers group (p<.05). 3) Quality of life in the elderly fallers group was significantly lower than that of the elderly non-fallers group, excluding environment domain (p<.05). Therefore, in order for clinical evaluation of the community-dwelling elders those with reduced balancing ability, it is necessary to evaluate and understand the fall experience, depression, and quality of life.

In this paper, the wave run-up height and depression depth around air-water interface-piercing circular cylinder have been numerically studied. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) and continuity equations are solved with Reynolds Stress model (RSM) and volume of fluid (VOF) method as turbulence model and free surface modeling, respectively. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software “Star-CCM+” has been used for the current simulations. Various Froude numbers ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 are used to investigate the change of air-water interface structures around the cylinder and experimental data and theoretical values by Bernoulli are compared. The present results showed a good agreement with other studies. Kelvin waves behind the cylinder were generated and its wave lengths are longer as Froude numbers increase and they have good agreement with theoretical values. And its angles are smaller with the increase of Froude numbers.