This study aimed to explore the characteristics and dimensions of of systematic functional gestures employed by pre-service Earth science teachers during instructional sessions. Data were collected from eight students enrolled in a university’s Department of Earth Science Education. The data included lesson plans, activity sheets, and recordings of one class session from participants. The analysis, conducted using the systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis framework, categorized gestures into scientific and social functional dimensions. Further subdivision identified meta gestures, analytical gestures, and interrelated gestures. Additionally, pre-service teachers used gestures to explain scientific concepts, concretely represent ideas and facilitate communication during instruction. This study emphasizes the nonverbal strategies used by pre-service Earth science teachers, highlighting the importance of noverbal communication in teachers’ professional development and the need for its integration into education. It also establishes a systematic conceptual framework for understanding gestures in the instructional context.

Spasticity, a frequently encountered symptom in patients with upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome, poses a significant challenge, negatively affecting function, activity, and social engagement. Despite the acknowledged benefits of exercise in the rehabilitation of UMN syndrome, therapy sessions often trigger an unwelcome increase in muscle stretch reflex activity, resulting in considerable muscle tension despite improvements in function and activity levels. Despite the recognized benefits of exercise in UMN syndrome rehabilitation, there's often an undesirable rise in muscle stretch reflex activity during therapy, leading to considerable muscle tension despite improvements in function and activity levels. The challenge lies in identifying effective strategies that enhance function, activity, and participation while curbing excessive muscle tension caused by heightened stretch reflex activity. Spasticity significantly disrupts the daily lives of affected individuals and presents substantial challenges for caregivers. However, existing methods for measuring and evaluating spasticity have their limitations and are susceptible to errors. This article describes both established and innovative methods utilized for quantitative spasticity assessment and management of spasticity, with the overarching goal of improving the definition of spasticity and identifying assessment techniques suitable for clinical application.

The seven-year research project entitled “Development of workflow for integrated 3D geological site descriptive modeling” is being carried out from 2023. This research is funded by Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE). Progress of the research is discussed here. The integrated 3D geological SDM (site descriptive model; GSDM hereafter) consists of three part; 1) three dimensional representation of geologic elements, 2) database for material properties and modeling results from SDMs of other disciplines (e.g., rock mechanics), and 3) a visualization tool for geology, material properties and modeling results. The GSDM is comparable to the GDSMs of SKB and POSIVA in its representation of geology by volume of geologic elements. However, our GSDM is different in that extra information of material properties and an extra tool for visualization is included in the GDSM. The rationale for incorporating material properties and a visualization tool into the GSDM is to expedite the development of the GSDM and SDMs of other disciplines by allowing single institution to integrate database and visualization with the GSDM. SKUA-GOCAD is used for representation of geologic surfaces for ductile and brittle shear zones, and also for surfaces for delineation of volumes of rock units. We have adopted SKUAGOCAD because the program offers powerful functions of interpolation including borehole data and geophysical prospecting. So far, we have tested the program for five different geologies, including sedimentary, high-grade metamorphic, and intrusive igneous geology. The test results are promising. Incorporation of data and modeling results for the SDMs of other disciplines is at conceptual stage. The working conceptual model involves the following steps, 1) to provide the modeler of other disciplines with surface information representing geologic elements, 2) the modeler returns not only material properties but the results of numerical analysis, and 3) incorporation of material properties and modeling results into database. Since the numerical codes in other disciplines adopt different types of formats for 3D geology, we plan to adopt the widely used FEM format prepared by Gmsh. The visualization tool will also adopt Gmsh for graphical representation of 3D geology as well as database for material properties and modeling results. When the working model of GSDM becomes available, rapid and significant progress is expected in the SDMs of other disciplines and related areas, for example, geotechnical investigation for deep geological repository.

Swine atrophic rhinitis is a respiratory disease that causes nasal turbinate loss and septal deformation due to Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida. Turbinate loss facilitates pathogens to infect lungs, which leads to various respiratory diseases and productivity reduction. In this study, descriptive analysis was implemented for atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia. From 6 pig farms shipped to slaughterhouses in Chungbuk province, 20 heads and 20 lungs were collected by each farm from March 2020 to September 2020. Their atrophic rhinitis lesions and lung lesions were scored and blood samples were also collected to test the seroprevalence of several respiratory diseases. Pasteurella multocida from nasal swab was cultured and antibiotic resistance tests were performed. Correlation between atrophic rhinitis scores and lung lesion scores was not found. Abdominal nasal lesions were more severe than dorsal lesions. Differences in lung lesion scores were relatively small between lobes. The score of pneumonia was higher in castrated pigs than in female pigs. There was no relationship between lesion score and seroprevalence of respiratory diseases. Antibiotic resistance levels for Pasteurella multocida differed by farm, and several antibiotics were not effective. The results of this study imply that antimicrobial susceptibility tests are highly recommended before administration.

This study evaluated the sensory characteristics of sauerkraut prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) sea salt to cabbage. The quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and acceptance test of sauerkraut were determined for each salt concentration, and the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) analysis were performed to confirm the correlation between each factor. Results of the QDA determined 14 descriptive terms; furthermore, brightness and yellowness of appearance and the sour, salty, and bitter flavors differed significantly according to the salt concentration. Results from the PCA explained 22.56% PC1 and 65.34% PC2 of the total variation obtained. Sauerkraut prepared using 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% sea salt had high brightness, moistness, sour odor, green odor, sour flavor, carbonation, hardness, chewiness, and crispness, whereas sauerkraut prepared with 2.0 and 2.5% sea salt had high yellowness, glossiness, salty flavor, sweet flavor, and bitter flavor. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the products into two clusters: sauerkraut of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%, and sauerkraut of 2.0 and 2.5%. Results of PLSR determined that sauerkraut of 1.0 and 1.5% were the closest to texture, taste, and overall acceptance. We, therefore, conclude that sauerkrauts prepared using 1.0 and 1.5% sea salt have excellent characteristics in appearance, taste, and texture.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the sensory characteristics and protein concentration of enzymatically hydrolyzed isolated soy protein. As a result of QDA, 34 attribute descriptors were developed. According to the results of the flavor profile, the strengths of most color and tastes except sourness were evaluated before activated carbon treatment sample. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize the relationship between attributes and samples. The result of PCA was 56.35% (F1) and 35.05% (F2), having explained 94.13% in total variablility. In case of the untreated sample of active carbon, it was located in the first quadrant and correlated with color, flavor, a slightly salty taste, and a slightly bitter taste. It also showed high correlation with meju taste. The activated carbon treatment samples were located in the second quadrant and correlated with delicate taste, slight saltiness, sourness, and umami, having high correlation with burned rice.

Since the introduction of criterion-referenced evaluation into the English Section of the 2018 College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT), it has become more important than ever to maintain the same level of its difficulty each year. This study was designed to examine whether 2017 and 2018 CSAT reading passages do not differ in terms of text difficulty. Both unidimensional and multidimensional indices Coh-Metrix (Version 3.0) provides were used in this study. Descriptive indices involved the respective count and length of sentences and words. As unidimensional indices, the Coh-Metrix L2 Readability score as well as the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores was measured. Indices for text easibility at different discourse levels (the surface structure, the textbase, the situation model, and the genre and rhetorical structure) were also included. Results showed that there were no significant differences between 2017 and 2018 passages. Compared with other easibility components (narrativity, syntactic simplicity, word concreteness, and deep cohesion), referential cohesion was rather low in both 2017 and 2018. Some pedagogical implications are also provided.

This paper examines the use of the present perfect by Korean learners of English. Forty-four first grade high school students and eleven college students participated and wrote an essay on a given topic. The writing samples were analyzed in terms of the appropriate, inappropriate uses of the present perfect and the relations between the inherent lexical aspects and the form use. The results showed that the learners used the present perfect in a good sense with appropriate perfect types. Most of them were accompanied with temporal adverbials such as since or so far. In addition, they also showed many misuses with past, present, and pluperfect for the present perfect, revealing that they tended to encode only one temporal part of the present perfect. Regarding the use of the aspectual verb, activities and states occurred more in the use of the present perfect in the students’ writings. Based on these results, pedagogical implications were suggested.

In this study, we used a choropleth map to explore the spatial variation of the risk of cattle herds being bovine tuberculosis (BTB) positive in Gangwon-do in 2015. The map shows that the risk of being BTB-positive was lower in provinces located in the middle of Gangwon-do (Wonju, Youngwol, Peongchang, and Kangneung) than in other provinces. In addition, one province located in the north (Goseong) had a low risk of BTB. The estimate for the intercept of the spatial lag model was 0.66, and the spatial autocorrelation coefficient (lambda) was 0.20 (Table 1). The Moran’s I was 0.33 with p-value of 0.02. In 2015, provinces located in the North West (Hwacheon) and East (Donghae) of Gangwon-do had a higher BTB risk. We identified some specific provinces at low BTB-positive risk, information that may prove useful for control of BTB in the study area.

This study examined the use of conjunctions in Korean high school EFL learners’ writings in two discourse modes–description and argument. A corpus of seventy-six descriptive essays and eighty argumentative essays was developed, in which the essays were rated based on their cohesiveness and divided into three groups by their grades. Conjunctions were analyzed based on Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) framework: additive, adversative, causal, and temporal conjunctions. The results revealed different trends of using conjunctions in the two different discourse modes. The descriptive writings with high scores on cohesion tend to exhibit more conjunctions when compared to lower-quality writings, and the argumentative writings with high scores showed fewer conjunctions. The high-quality writings in descriptive mode showed highly frequent uses of additives and adversatives, while those in argumentative mode displayed a lower frequency of additives and a more frequent use of adversative however. Small numbers of causal and temporal conjunctions were used in both discourse modes, and they were particularly limited in descriptive writings regardless of the cohesiveness of writings. This implies that more explicit instructions on causal and temporal conjunctions for each mode are needed in the writing classes. In addition, the scores on cohesion were significantly lower for the descriptive essays than for the argumentative essays, and a much narrower range of conjunctions was employed in descriptive writing. These results suggest a more balanced focus on various discourse modes of writing and the introduction of conjunctions that are appropriate for each mode, since the ability to use conjunctions in one mode does not seem to be automatically transferred to another mode in high school EFL learners’ writings.

High pressure and enzymatic hydrolysis was applied to anchovy in order to produce a natural seasoning salt enhancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the sensory characteristics and protein concentration of enzymatic hydrolysates with anchovy. According to the results of QDA, 24 attribute descriptors were developed. Based on the flavor profile, the strengths of most tastes, except sourness, color flavor, and odor were evaluated before activated carbon treatment. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize the relationship between attributes and samples. The result of PCA was F1 72.13% and F2 22.01%, having explained 94.13% in total variability, as F1 was shown according to the correlation about activated carbon treatment before or after samples. The characteristics of color, flavor/odor, and saltiness or bitter taste had higher correlation before activated carbon treatment samples. Also, F2 was shown to have no correlation to the samples.

The objective of this study was to determine sensory profiles of rice confections. The samples used in this study obtained from Korea (traditional Korea rice snack and local specialty rice snack) and three countries (USA, Japan, and China) were evaluated and compared. The sensory characteristics of five kinds of rice confections were evaluated using a sensory test and were analyzed via quantitative description analysis (QDA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In the descriptive analysis, 10 trained panelists evaluated sensory characteristics consisting of 19 attributes, and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the 16 characteristics. For the descriptive data, multivariate analysis of variance was carried out and identified differences among the samples. The PCA of rice confections for the first two principal components could explain 85.66% of the variations. The Korean, Japanese, and Chinese rice confections were savory, gritty, and particle-sized, the other Korean local specialty rice confections were fruity, sweet, honey-flavored, compact, and crispy, and those from the USA were glossy, grainy, bright, adhesive, cohesive, crispy, and sweet.

동해 영덕 연안의 저염수를 보기 위하여 지난 2010년 격월별(2월 23일, 4월 6일, 6월 8일, 8월 19일, 10월 6일, 12월 20일)로 20개의 정점에서 CTD 관측을 수행하였다. 혼합층은 여름에 약 10 m 깊이로 얕았으며, 겨울에 약 20 m 깊이에서부터 저층까지 혼합층을 나타내었다. 연중 5℃ 이하의 찬 물이 수온 약층 이심을 점하고 있었다. 염분 약층은 8월에는 깊이 20 m에, 10월에는 깊이 40 m에 분포하였으며 연중 가장 뚜렷하였다. 뚜렷한 저염수는 10월에 깊이 10 m에서 나타났는데, 10월에 강수량-증발량의 값이 음을 보였다, 이것은 10월에 영덕 연안에서 나타나는 저염수가 이류되어 온 것임을 시사하였다. 동해의 영덕 연안에서 나타나는 저염수는 동한 난류가 주요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보여진다.

본 연구는 국내 주요 과학관 및 자연사 박물관의 지구과학 관련 전시 라벨 텍스트의 서술 특징을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 국립 중앙 과학관과 서대문 자연사 박물관에서 자료를 수집하였고, 체계기능언어학을 일부 적용한 분석틀을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 라벨들은 1) 대부분 평서형 문장, 2) 적절한 과학적 정보의 양, 3) '사실' 위주의 정보 제시, 4) 모두 논리적 설명 장르로 구성되어 있었다. 특히, 국립 중앙 과학관의 라벨들은 5) 전체 어휘 중 과학 용어의 비율이 높고 6) 주어의 절반 이상이 생략되거나 긴 명사화 형태였다. 결론적으로, 분석 대상 라벨들은 전시물과 관람객들 사이에서 과학 문화에 관한 양 방향적 의사소통을 이끌기보다 일 방향적인 의사소통을 일으킬 가능성이 높은 것으로 해석할 수 있었다. 이를 토대로, 과학 문화와 관람객의 일상 문화 사이의 열린 구조를 만들어 보다 교육적으로 유의미한 의사소통을 가능하게 하는 라벨 텍스트의 서술 특징들을 제안하였다.

최근 교육계에서는 학습자의 고차원적인 능력인 사고력과 창의력의 신장을 위 한 평가 방법을 중시하고 있다. 기존의 4지, 5지 선다형의 문항이 지닌 단순한 평 가 방식에서 벗어나 학습자의 생각을 다양하게 표현할 수 있는 평가 방식으로의 변화를 꾀하고 있다. 이러한 시대적 흐름에 적합한 평가 방법이 서술형 평가이다. 한문과는 한문의 독해와 올바른 가치관 함양을 교육과정의 주로 삼고 있으므로, 서술형 평가에 의한 평가방법은 교과타당도를 높이는 방법이 될 것이다. 한문지식 서술형 평가는 한문지식의 내용영역을 대상으로 하며 고등 사고능력 과 표현력을 측정할 수 있고 정답의 형식이 짧고 간단한 문장으로 답하는 유형이 다. 서술형 평가의 특성상 채점기준을 명확하게 해야 하며, 교사의 수업 방식도 이에 맞도록 다양하게 재구성되어야 한다. 한문과의 서술형 평가 문항은 이미 ‘국가수준 평가도구 개발’을 통해 일부 문항 이 개발되었으나, 현재의 개념과 다소 거리감이 있었다. 이에 한문지식 영역별 서 술형 문항을 기존의 문항에 대한 분석과 좁은 의미의 서술형 개념에 맞도록 8개 문항을 개발하여 현장에서 적용 가능하도록 하고자 하였다.

2010년부터 주로 客觀式五指選多型의 紙筆評價와 遂行評價로 이루어지던 학교 평가에 敍述形評價가 學校現場에 適用되면서 다양한 문제가 드러나고 있 다. 아직 한문과에는 적용되지 않고 있지만 向後適用을 對備하고, 評價의 多樣性을 確保한다는 側面에서 機敏한 意味가 있다. 한문과 서술형 평가는 公正性과 客觀性을 確保하면서 敎育課程이 意圖한 評價目標를 達成할 뿐만 아니라 明瞭한 答案作成과 採點도 容易하게 하는 방안에 중점을 두어야 한다. 그러므로 본고에서는 고등학교 ‘한문’을 대상으로, 紙筆評價중에서 總括評價 의 방법을 검토하였다. 또한 서술형 평가에 대한 範圍를 알아보고, 漢文科敎育課程內容의 詳細化를 통하여 評價目標를 抽出하였으며, 평가 목표를 대상으로 例示問項을 開發하고 採點基準案을 마련하여 보았다. 서술형 평가에 대한 연구 는 이제 시작단계이다. 더 많은 評價道具의 開發과 評價에 대한 多樣한 接近이 이루어져야 할 것이다.