Starting from the relationship between the Shui Script and the almanac of the Han Ethnic Group, this paper observes further about the Shui Script, and thinks that the fundamental nature of the Shui Script system is its hybridity: the Shui script is generally the same as the almanac of the Han Ethnic Group in the basic principles, the divination of weal and woe, the logic of expression and cultural connotation. Besides, it also reflects the cultural characteristics of the nationality of Shui Ethnic Group, mainly in the spirit system and the selection of auspicious matters. The Shui Script is a hybrid system in cultural connotation. The analysis of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the Shui Script shows that the language system of the Shui Script is a hybrid system mainly composed of Chinese and mixed with a little Sui language. The system of the Shui character is a hybrid system composed of Chinese characters and Chinese form altered graph as very high frequency common words, and the self-defined characters of the Shui Script as low frequency uncommon words. On the basis of the above research, the nature of the Shui Script is re-recognized: the Shui character can record the content of the Shui Script word by word, it is the word writing, rather than the “phrase character”; the Shui character system is a hybrid system of borrowed words from Chinese, supplemented by Shui nationality’s own characters. From the perspective of language system and recorded content, it is possible that there is no pure self-initiated character, so we should distinguish the two concepts of self-initiated characters and self-defined characters.

홍콩의 소수민족 학생들을 위한 효과적인 교육 방법의 부족은 중국어를 배우려는 동기의 부족으로 이어진다. 본 연구는 소수민족 중등학교 학생들을 대상으로 그림책 수업을 실시하였다. 인터뷰, 수업 참관, 텍스트 분석 등의 연구 방법을 활용하여 중국어 교사가 어떻게 그림책 텍스트 속의 한자와 문장을 판별하게 하는지, 그리고 이야기의 내용과 주제를 이해시켜 깊은 성찰에 이르게 하는지를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 교사와 학생은 그림책 수업의 효과에 대해 긍정적인 평가를 하고 있으며, 그림책 수업이 학생들이 한자의 의미를 쉽게 인지하게 하고 텍스트의 내용 과 주제를 깊이 있게 이해하는데 도움을 준다고 생각함을 알게 되었다.

This study examines the concept of Korean ethnicity by looking into how the Choseonjok, ethnic return migrants from China, are perceived in online news comments. Data were collected from 3,109 comments, which were written in response to 28 news articles regarding the Choseonjok, and analyzed using a Python-based text-mining technique and critical discourse analysis. The findings show that the commenters perceived the Choseonjok negatively, including as potential criminals or social vice. They not only placed the Choseonjok in an inferior position to pure Koreans but also excluded them from the category of compatriots, arguing that speaking the same language and sharing a similar appearance were not enough to make the ethnic return migrants Korean compatriots. This study critically demonstrates how a group of ethnic return migrants is depicted in online public discourses and how this portrayal can shed light on the conceptualization of Korean ethnicity in this era of multiculturalism.

다민족성은 현대 사회의 국가들에게서 발견되는 가장 중요한 다양성의 유형이다. 전 세계적으로 다양한 민족들이 하나의 국가를 이루는 경우가 많기 때문에, 민족문제는 학자들이 주목하는 주요 연구주제 중 하나가 되 었다. 다문화 상황이 확산되고 있는 한국사회에서도 최근에 이러한 문제들 이 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 카자흐스탄과 우즈베키스탄은 130개 이상의 소수 민족을 포함하는 대표적인 다민족 중앙아시아 국가이다. 두 나라의 민족정책은 역사적 배경 때문에 유사해 보이지만, 소련의 통치에 대한 인 식과 민족정책의 방향과 강도가 달랐다. 이 글은 법적 측면과 사회문화적 측면으로 구분하여 카자흐스탄과 우즈베키스탄의 다민족 정책을 비교한다. 궁극적으로 다민족 정책의 모순과 한계를 분석하여 다민족 국가가 민족을 초월한 진정한 통일 국가로 나아갈 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 이러한 결과 는 한국사회에서 고려할 수 있는 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

金庸 무협소설에 묘사된 시대 배경은 민족 간의 분쟁이 첨예하게 나타나던 시기로 설정되었고, 그 민족 분쟁을 해결하는 사명을 띤 민족 영웅들이 묘사되고 있다. 그 가운데는 자민족의 이익을 위해 강호를 행보했던 인물이 있는가 하면, 자신의 부귀 영화를 위해 민족을 저버리는 인물도 있다. 그리고 묘사된 여성들은 남성과 함께 민 족 간의 분쟁에 참여하지만 때로는 사랑을 위해 자신의 부귀와 명예는 물론 민족과 국가까지 포기하기도 하였다. 金庸은 또 민족 집단과 지도자의 비교 묘사를 통해 민 족관을 표현하기도 하였는데, 이를 한족의 우월성을 표현하기 위한 수단으로 사용하 지 않았고, 도리어 상당한 부분에서 소수민족 집단과 지도자의 도덕성과 용맹함을 부각하여 상대적으로 한족 집단의 무능과 부패를 묘사하기도 하였다. 金庸의 무협소 설에서 묘사된 민족관은 창작시기에 따라 변화를 보이는데, 초기의 작품에서는 한족을 중심으로 한 민족관을 보이며, 이후 민족 간에 발생하는 폭정과 전쟁에 반대하는 것을 표현하였고, 중후기에는 모든 민족은 평등하다는 민족관을 표현하였고, 마지막 으로 중화민족을 융합하는 민족관을 표현한 것으로 나타난다.

소수 민족 음악은 중국 전통 문화의 중요한 부분으로서 소수 민족 사회 발전 과정에 크나큰 기여를 해 왔다고 할 수가 있다. 소수 민족 음악의 독특하고 심오한 역사 문화 내포는 중국 음악 문화와 역사 발전에 강한 영향을 미치기도 한다. 최근 몇 년 동안 음악 예술 분야에서 음악 인류학의 심층적인 발전과 함께 소수 민족 음악과 서양 현대 음악이 통합되고 소수 민족 음악에 대한 전문가와 학자의 연구는 중국에서 소수 민족 음악의 지속 가능한 발전을 이끌어 왔다. 선행연구를 보면 대부분 음악 형태학과 민속학 분야에 초점이 맞춰져 있어 음악 인류학과 음악사에 대한 연구는 보기 드물다는 것을 알 수가 있다. 본고는 음악 인류학을 음악사 연구와 결합하여 중국 소수 민족 음악 발전의 특징을 심층적으로 분석하고 소수 민족 음악의 계승과 지속 가능한 발전을 위한 관련 제안을 제시하고자 한다.

The Tay people are the ethnic minorities with the largest population in Viet Nam, mainly distributed in the Northern Uplands and Midlands, mostly concentrated in the provinces of Cao Bang, Lang Son, Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang. Over the long history of development, along with the development and improvement of their language, the Tay people have gradually created a type of writing system using the graphic, phonetic, and meaning elements of Chinese characters in combination with indigenous phonetic and linguistic elements, to create the system that is called the Nom-Tay scripts or the Nom script of the Tay ethnic group. Traditional Tay literature is mainly recorded in this Nom - Tay script. The article reliesupon the texts that belong to the genre of narrative poetry (in this genre, a story is written as a long poem) written in Nom - Tay- the most significant part of the written classical folk literature of the Tay ethnic group. Materials from the texts, currently stored at the Institute of Sino - Nom Studies (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences), will be used to conduct an analysis of the usage and the method of writing of the Chinese characters in these texts. Thereby, the article strives to confirm the important role and the ample appearance of the Chinese characters in VietnameseNom- Tay texts.

신종코로나바이러스감염증(코로나19)의 확산과 거리두기와 같은 방역 정책의 시행은 도심의 생활인구 분포에 상당한 변화를 가져왔다. 그러나 이러한 변화의 양상은 서울시 안에서도 상권의 유형과 주거인구의 특성에 따라 다르게 나타나며, 외국인 밀집지역 간에도 해당 지역에 주로 거주하는 외국인의 체류 기간과 이주 목적 등에 따라 상당한 차이를 보일 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울의 대표적인 중국인 밀집지역인 가리봉동과 대림2동을 사례로, 두 지역에서 코로나19 확산 이후 내외국인의 분리 수준이 어떻게 변화했는지 살펴볼 것이다. 내외국인의 공간적 분포는 서울 생활인구 데이터를 통해 확인하였으며, 분리 수준의 측정에는 커널 밀도 기반의 측도인 S를 사용하였다. 본 연구 결과는 코로나19가 중국인 밀집지역에 미친 영향을 실증적으로 파악하고, 지역의 특성에 따라 이러한 영향이 차별적으로 나타날 수 있음을 밝혔다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

The study investigates Atlas fabrics, the Ikat weaving method used by the Uygur People in Xinjiang, China. Based on domestic and foreign papers and other literature, different cultural characteristics of Ikat fabrics from various regions are compared. Following a theoretical investigation, characteristics of fabrics from the Indian Patola, Indonesian Ikat, Japanese Kasuri, and Uzbekistan Adras are summarized and compared with the characteristics of pattern, color, and manufacturing process of Atlas silk from Xinjiang China (also an Ikat fabric). The results are as follows. First, although the weaving process used for Ikat fabrics differs from country to country according to different national cultures, lifestyles, colors, patterns, and usage methods, they are all Ikat dyed fabrics. Therefore, they are all regarded as precious objects symbolizing a certain social status, and are used as a gift for special occasions, such as weddings. Second, the form of the pattern varies. Indian Patola has clear outlines and regular patterns, while the patterns of Japanese Kasuri are mainly inspired by folk life ideas. Indonesian Ikat contains influences from indigenous tribes, and Uzbekistan’s and China’s Atlas textiles are influenced by geography, religion, and national culture, including bright colors and pattern designs inspired by plants, musical instruments, and geometric figures. Finally, the patterns and colors of Xinjiang Atlas fabrics present strong ethnic characteristics. Unlike the Uzbekistan fabric which is mostly influenced by Islam, human and animal patterns would not feature in Xinjiang Atlas patterns, which mostly consist of long strips, repeated in a neat and orderly form.

The present study examines the extent to which key competence and learning competence in particular are promoted in the high school English classes attended by Chinese students. Eight hundred and thirty five college freshmen at a comprehensive four-year university in Jilin Province were surveyed on their experiences in high school English classes. In part 1 of the survey, we found that high school English instruction in China tends to be exam-focused rather than emphasizing the development of key competences. In part 2 of the survey, we found that three aspects of learning competence – attitudes toward learning English, meta-cognitive awareness concerning one’s own English learning, and knowledge about English language instruction – are not consistently instilled in high school English classes. Virtually no differences between ethnic majority and minority students were observed in survey. We believe that because English instruction in Chinese high schools is exam-oriented so that instructors do not have enough time to enhance learning competences. Our conclusion is that reform of instructional methods needs to include greater attention to the aspects of learning competence.

본고는 기본적으로 이슬람권 지역에 대해 어떻게 하나님의 선교를 할 것인가를 분석하는 학적 시도이다. 체첸이 속한 연방국가인 러시아와 체첸 간의 관계를 잘 이해하는 올바른 지역학적 연구 방법이 적용되어야 한다는 것을 본 논고는 강조하였다. 연방 내에서 약소민족이 전쟁을 경험한 정치적 사건도 선교 대상적 학적 체계의 일부분이 될 수 있다는 입장으로 기술된 내용이다. 즉 본고는 지역학적 관점에서 선교 전략을 도출하고자 하는 것을 목적으로 서술되었다. 지역연구로서의 대상지역을 체첸으로 설정하였지만, 전체적으로 러시아와 체첸 관계가 그 중심적인 내용이 될 것이다. 특히 매우 강력한 연방 국가에 속한 체첸공화국에서 발생한 체첸 전쟁을 둘러싼 역사적, 정치적, 문화적 요소를 통해 선교를 어떤 방식으로 도출해야 할 것인지에 대한 반응으로 본고의 내용이 서술되었다

Reform and opening-up in China brought rapid changes in the society of ethnic Koreans in China. And those changes caused following changes in language identity and language attitude of those ethnic Koreans that eventually led to change in their language use. The present study investigates relation between changes in language identity and language attitude and their language use. The rates that Ethnic Koreans living in Jilin, China consider their mother language to be Korean(Joseon language, South Korean language and North Korean language) are different by their generations. Middle aged and older people tend more to consider Korean as their mother language compared to younger generation. Those two generations, however, showed opposed opinions about the future language they will use. More of older generation predicted that Korean will be rarely used among ethnic Koreans living in China in the future compared to younger generation. The difference of language identity and the attitude to the language across generations was reflected in their actual language use. Older generations use Korean in general.They may borrow Chinese words when they can’t come up with appropriate Korean words or sometimes show code mixing by using Chinese words and sentences while speaking in Korean. In generations younger than middle age, code mixing and code switching are more frequently observed when their conversation topics are Chinese politics and Chinese cultures. The youngest generation mainly uses Chinese and showed code switching most frequently among all generations. The language use observed differently among the generations is reflection of changes in language identity and language attitude.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between perceived value, ethnic identity and purchase intention of ethnic apparel. This study examines how Hanfu (traditional costume of the Han Ethnic Group of China) customers perceive certain types of values (emotional value, social value, uniqueness value, conditional value and perceived value). Then this study determined how customers’ perceptions of these values and ethnic identity were correlated with perceived value, and intention to buy Hanfu. Findings from this study indicated that perceived value and ethnic identity were generally associated with purchase intention of ethnic apparel. Hence, ethnic identity moderated the relationship between perceived value and purchase intention. Finally, compared to emotional value, social value, and uniqueness value, conditional value showed the most influential impact on the perceived value. The findings provide an insight in recognizing factors which play an important role in wearing ethnic apparel. More specifically this research provides insight for traditional apparel marketers to design apparel products and reposition the existing products.

Existing literature provides strong evidence to suggest that e-commerce adoption is subject to the effect of culture. In this stream, researchers adopting Hofstede’s framework (1980) conceptualise culture at the aggregate level, and thus they assume country’s cultural homogeneity. Yet, the argument emerges that this view does not seem to be appropriate anymore, as every country having its unique mix of ethnic groups portrays cultural diversity (Cleveland and Laroche, 2007). Research exploring the adoption of e-commerce by ethnic minority consumers however, is scarce (Lacka and Yip, 2018). Considering growing migration levels, and particularly intra-European migration as well as the increase of ethnic consumers internet use (Kizgin et al, 2018), the investigation of migrants’ attitudes and behavioural intentions toward adopting e-commerce, as well as factors affecting adoption decision are important research topics for researchers, practitioners and policy makers. Although technology adoption has been extensively researched, previous studies on e-commerce adoption suffer from two limitations, which this study aims to address. First, most research on e-commerce adoption considers consumers to be a homogeneous group. However, within group differences exist, and they have an impact on the e-commerce adoption decision. So far however, only a handful of studies have explored the role of consumers’ individual characteristics on behavioural intentions to adopt e-commerce (e.g. Hasan 2010). Second, although the effect of culture on e-commerce adoption has been extensively studied, the simultaneous impact of various cultural influences that migrants are subject to has not been examined. To address these research gaps, the aim of this research is to assess the role of individual characteristics in e-commence adoption, and to reveal the impact of contact with heritage and host cultures on ethnic minority consumers’ attitudes towards behavioural intentions to adopt e-commerce.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between perceived value, ethnic identity and purchase intention of ethnic apparel. This study examines how Hanfu (traditional costume of the Han Ethnic Group of China) customers perceive certain types of values (emotional value, social value, uniqueness value, conditional value and perceived value). Then this study determined how customers’ perceptions of these values and ethnic identity were correlated with perceived value, and intention to buy Hanfu. Findings from this study indicated that perceived value and ethnic identity were generally associated with purchase intention of ethnic apparel. Hence, ethnic identity moderated the relationship between perceived value and purchase intention. Finally, compared to emotional value, social value, and uniqueness value, conditional value showed the most influential impact on the perceived value. The findings provide an insight in recognizing factors which play an important role in wearing ethnic apparel. More specifically this research provides insight for traditional apparel marketers to design apparel products and reposition the existing products.