The objective of this study was to establish the optimal conditions for hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test to assess the functional integrity of the membranes of boar fresh or frozen/thawed spermatozoa. When pooled semen sample was incubated for 30 min at 37℃ with different test solution of varied osmolarity, the highest percentage of HOS positive spermatozoa was observed in a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution (33.6%). Incubation time did not affect significantly the score of HOS positive spermatozoa observed in a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution at 37℃, but the osmolarity affected the score of HOS positive spermatozoa under the same condition above. Fresh semen was significantly better than frozen/thawed semen in semen parameters evaluated such as motility, viability, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation (p<0.05). In the relationships of sperm parameters, motility vs viability, motility vs membrane integrity and viability vs membrane integrity were positively correlated (0.82～0.94) but lipid peroxidation vs other estimated factors was negatively correlated (－0.90～－0.98). Among the evaluation methods, motility vs viability, motility vs membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation vs other estimated factors were significantly correlated (p<0.05). These results of this study indicate that the optimal condition of HOST in boar spermatozoa is a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution for 30 min incubation at 37℃ and HOST can substitute the examination of motility, viability and lipid peroxidation.

원자력시설 해체부지를 재이용하는 과정에서 유발될 수 있는 방사선학적 리스크를 사전에 선별하기 위한 목적으로 단순화된 방사선량 평가모델을 개발하고, 이를 Microsoft 스프레드시트와 내장된 Visual Basic 및 마크로 기능을 활용하여 기능별로 모듈화된 평가도구를 구현하였다. 이와 함께 부지 특성자료가 불충분할 경우 신속한 사전평가를 위해 적용할 수 있는 일련의 입력변수 값 목록을 제안하였다. 동일한 조건에서 이 연구에서 개발된 평가도구를 이용해 유도한 사전 선별준위가 RESRAD Ver.6.2를 이용해 계산된 유도농도지침한계 및 독일 방사선방호령에 규정된 핵종별 부지 재이용 기준농도를 합리적으로 근사할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

포장하부구조의 지지력을 평가하기 위해 많이 사용되는 방법은 평판재하시험(Plate Bearing Test) 현장 CBR시험(California Bearing Ratio Test) 등이 있으나, 시험을 수행하는데 있어 많은 인력과 시간이 소비되는 단점이 있어, 많은 연구자들은 현장에서 포장하부구조의 강성을 측정할 수 있는 간편한 방법으로 동적 콘 관입시험(Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test)을 제안하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 DCP의 현장적용성을 평가하기 위해, 총 4개 현장의 노상층과 보조기층에서 DCP, 평판재하시험, 현장CBR시험, FWD시험을 동시에 수행하여 그 결과를 상호 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 DCPI, MFWD, PBT_ K30은 서로 일정한 상관관계가 존재하는 것으로 나타났으나, CBR은 다른 결과 값들과 비교한 결과 상관관계가 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 이 결과로부터 DCPI-MFWD, DCPI-PBT_ K30 관계식을 다음과 같이 제안하였다.

Hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) is used for evaluating the plasma membrane function and fertilizing ability in mammal spermatozoa. However, HOS solutions and experimental conditions have not been determined clearly for assessing canine spermatozoa. This study was conducted to examine the HOS solutions and assay conditions, including incubation time (30 to 120 min), storage temperature (4, 17 and 20℃), semen status (fresh and frozen). Maximum spermatozoal plasma membrane swelling was obtained in an 150 mOsm Na-citrate/Fructose solutions with an incubation time for 45 min. The storage temperature and semen status affected the percentage of HOS positive spermatozoa. The HOS test adapted to canine spermatozoa in this study was simple and highly consistent assay with good repeatability. The optimal condition of HOST in canine spermatozoa is an 150 mOsm Na-citrate/Fructose solutions with an incubation time for 45 min regardless of semen storage temperature and semen status.

The apartment structures built using tunnel form method in 1980's, are vulnerable to lateral loads since wall elements don't exist in longitudinal direction and especially they were not seismically designed. In this study, in order to evaluate the seismic performance of those apartment structures, nonlinear analysis was performed and static test was conducted using small scale partial specimen. Both shear and moment should be considered for the structure subject to lateral load. Most existing methods, however, consider only shear force in test specimen because it is difficult to realize the actual moment distribution of the practical structure, and furthermore axial force is often neglected. This study propose a testing method which can realize similar moment and axial force distribution of a specimen to that of the practical structure by controlling the lateral loading condition. Numerical analysis was performed using moment-curvature curve considering stiffness degrading parameter, ductility-based strength and energy dissipation. The result of this study shows that only 15~20% difference exist between analysis and test, which confirms that the performance of wall elements in a non-seismically designed wall type reinforced concrete apartment can be accurately evaluated.

To find out the possible inefficiencies of artificial inseminators at rectovaginal insemination in cows, inseminators' skill were evaluated by controlling the semen thawing procedure adopted and by using the technique of dye deposition in the genital tract of slaughtered cows. This was followed by refreshment training for the inseminators. Thirty seven artificial insemination technicians regularly working in the government, cooperative and NGO (Non Government Organization) artificial insemination programmes at different places of Bangladesh were included in the study. Individual technicians were asked to thaw a semen straw and deposit dye in the genital tract of slaughtered cows following the procedures they would have adopted in their actual practices of insemination. The time and water temperature adopted by technicians were recorded and genital tract after sham artificial insemination was dissected to determine the site of dye deposition. Then, the inseminators took part in a three days intensive training program. The training program was ended up with the same tests for thawing frozen semen straw and dye deposition in the genital tract of slaughtered cows. At pre training evaluation, only inseminators adopted co..ect thawing time and temperature, respectively. At post training evaluation, all inseminators thawed semen straws for proper time and temperature. At pretraining evaluation, inseminators deposited dye at the body of uterus, in the vagina or in cervix, and into the horn of uterus, respectively. In cases dye did not pass into the genital tract, instead back flowed through the space between the barrel of insemination gun and sheath. At post training evaluation, all inseminators successfully deposited dye in the body of uterus. Frequent evaluation of inseminators' skill and subsequent training would help improvement of the artificial insemination technicians' skill.

Recently, earthquakes occur over 30 times a year in Korea. In addition, earthquakes originating from the neighborhood countries were sensed in Korea and caused serious human casualties and economic loss. In Japan, U.S.A., New Zealand and etc., forces seismic design of building structures to prevent seismic damage. In Korea, seismic design has been applied to building structures with a scale larger than defined in the building code since 1988. However, serious seismic damages are expected for wall-type apartment buildings, which were designed before 1988 without application of seismic design. Therefore, appropriate seismic retrofitting methods that are economical and easy to construct are required for such buildings. In this study, seismic retrofitting methods using steel plates or sections are developed for the wall-type apartment buildings. Proposed retrofitting methods improve lateral stiffness of the wall-slab system without excessive increment of loads on base structure. The effect of retrofitting using plates, T-sections and H-sections was examined experimentally for wall-slap system test models. In the experiment, the performance of the joint and slab of the test models was improved and the retrofitting effect was proved to be excellent.

한국산 요시마쯔깔따구(Chironomus yoshimatsui)의 세 가지 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 수은)에 대한 급성독성 및 행동 독성을 외국 표준 실험 종인 리파리깔따구(C. riparius)와 비교하였다 48시간 및 96시간 동안 수중 노출(water-only exposure)을 시킨 후 두 가지 실험종의 반수치사농도(LC50)및 깔따구의 유영 능력 감소에 영향을 주는 농도(EC50)를 바탕으로 두 실험 종간의 차이를 살펴보았다. 카드뮴

Observational methods to evaluate postural load have an intrinsic week point that is the problem of reliability in observing postures subjectively, although they have been widely used in assessing risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the industry. In this study, observational reliability was discussed based on reviewing several previous studies. Practical guidelines was presented to reduce the observational errors when using video recording for the assessment of risk factors. In addition, previous studies on observational reliability were summarized and analyzed according to body parts to be observed, media for observation, objective measures, analysis, statistics, etc. It is expected that this basic study can be used to increase the applicability and accuracy of the observational methods.

In this paper the authors presents a new method, named FR-SER VQUAL, of evaluating perceived service quality in Public Sectors, using triangle fuzzy numbers and semantic differential scale. By conventional quantification methods, it is not easy to express

서비스품질은 고객이 서비스를 경험하기 전에 기대한 기대값과 서비스를 경험한 후 느끼는 인지값을 이용하여 측정되고 있다. SERVQUAL은 분석적 우수성에도 불구하고 통계적 분석력이 낮음으로 인해 많은 비판을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서비스품질을 그 비율(인지값/기대값)을 척도로 하여 측정한다. 설문은 Likert 척도 대신에 어의차이(Semantic Differential)척도를 이용하고, 설문된 척도에 대해서는 삼각퍼지수를 이용하여 설문과정에서 발생되는 개인적인 언어적 판단을 확률적으로 분석하고 개인적인 차이에서 발생되는 오차를 최대한 감소한다. 기존의 SERVQUAL 및 SERVPERF 모형과 본 연구에서 제시한 삼각퍼지수를 이용한 기대값 및 인지값의 비율에 의한 서비스품질 측정모형인 FR-SERVQUAL을 공공부문의 서비스품질 측정에 적용한 결과 서비스품질 속성과 성과변수간의 회귀분석에서 보다 우수한 설명력과 결정계수가 높은 서비스품질측정 모델임을 입증한다.

In case of rectangular lattice dome which shearing rigidity is very small, it has a concern to drop Buckling strength considerably by external force. So, by means of system to increase buckling-strength, there is a method of construction that lattice of dome is one with roof material. In a case like this, shearing rigidity of roof material increases buckling-strength of the whole of structure and can be designed economically from the viewpoint of practice. In case of analysis is achieved considering roof material that adheres to lattice of dame, there is method that considers the rigidity that use effective width frame as method to evaluate rigidity of roof material. therefore, this study is aimed at deciding effective width of roof material united with rectangular lattice dome to evaluate rigidity of roof material by effective width of frame and investigating how much does rigidity of roof material united with lattice of dome increase buckling-strength of the whole of structure according to rise-ratio. Conditions of loading are vertical-type-uniform loading. Analysis method is based on FEM dealing with the geometrically nonlinear deflection problems.